A Study of Collective Cultivate Taoism Education in Taiwan

[[abstract]]道教廟宇原本作為社會功能整合的角色，在社會變遷之進程中逐漸被分化，因此道士能提供的服務似乎逐漸被各種專業的社會制度（如：教育、經濟、養育、政治……等）給取代。為了吸收更多信徒，滿足信徒的精神與世俗層次的各需求，道士職能的「專業化」以及其服務項目的「多元化」就成了社會變遷下的必要走向。更因此，道教養成教育之形式與內容的重新檢討，與時俱進便是今日道教教育的重要思考方向。 為了有效理解台灣系統式道教教育的狀況並加以分析，研究生就個人曾參加的三種集體式系統道教知識教育機制加以介紹與分析。包括「中華道教總會」的「中華道教學院」、宜蘭三清宮道教總廟的「道學研習營」以及台中道教發展協會的「道教知識研習班」。本研究希望能達到以下目的：一、瞭解現今有積極進行系統化道教教育之機構以及其教育內容；二、瞭解三個道教教育機制的問題與契機，並加以比較；三、嘗試提出建議，找到現今道教教育內容應可增加的部分。 而透過研究，有如下發現：一、集體式道教教育在課程規劃、師資領域之多元性上都佔有優勢，同時透過集體上課，可以讓學生取得更為系統的知識。近幾年來，除了更加強經典教義之詮釋之外，對於寺廟之經營管理、實務操作也多有重視，這對於塑造出一位全方位的現代化道士有相當的意義；二、傳統道教養成教育是屬於「師徒制」或父子傳承模式，但是其教導內容之細膩度與專業度仍無可置疑，仍是現在台灣較為人信任的道士養成模式，若能在其教導內容上更具系統化，同時能積極與學術單位合作，相信更能得到社會的信任。 也因此提出在此有些個人實際建議：一、道教課程之課程設置應該更科學化、現代化，合於時代需求；二、積極協助各宮廟進行內部教育，擴大受教育面，把教育對象從道士等執業人員擴大到一般之信徒，如此才可以有效擴大道教之影響層面；三、在教育形式上，傳統「師徒相傳」模式以及現代「系統教育」模式應尋求互補融合之道。因為前者可以讓學生深入瞭解各項儀軌唸誦之精髓，也能確實傳承老師之功夫，但是缺點是口傳容易產生錯誤，並且容易產生門派之分；而後者雖能讓學生都得到一定之道學知識，但是畢竟無法深入。因此需得兩者有效融合，看看是否能產生真正深刻而又系統正確的道學知識。 Taoist temples once played as social integration function role, were gradually disintegrated during rapid social development. The services provided by Taoists were replaced by various professionalism. Therefore it is timely to cultivate the professionalism of Taoists in providing pluralistic services. The aim of this thesis is to achieve the following objectives: 1) to study the current Taoist associations and their training system; 2) to study and compare the current three Taoist Associations; 3) to try to recommend improvement to the current cultivation system. This thesis has the following findings: 1) there is advantage during Group Taoist cultivation system whereby students will be able to obtain more systematic knowledge, such as understanding of scriptures, temple management, and hands on ceremonial performance, thus enabling the cultivation of more “ Total” modern Taoist. ;2) It is no doubt that the cultivation of current Taoist is through apprentice or inherited from father to son, but a more systematic cultivation model and cooperation with academic field will gain more respect from public. Therefore this thesis concluded that: 1)The Cultivation program should be more scientific, modernistic and meeting public demands;2) there is a need to assist all Taoist temple to upgrade their services , 3) to bridge the gap between the traditional apprenticeship and the modern training system