Thèse préparée entre 2006 et 2008 grâce à une bourse de l'IRD.The Amazon basin hydroclimatic variability is studied during the forty last years using for the first time in situ rainfall and discharge data from five countries. A low-stage diminution and lasting strong high-stage values in the main stream of the Amazon are particularly important since the beginning of the nineties; they are associated with annual rainfall and discharge reductions in the southwestern sub-basins and with increasing rainfall and high-stage discharge in the north-west, that is to say in Andean sub-basins. Oceano-atmospheric indices and weather regimes over tropical South America are used to explain the hydrological variability. Weather regimes are defined using E...