Development and review of Euro 5 passenger car emission factors based on experimental results over various driving cycles

The mass emissions of CO2 and regulated pollutants (NOX, HC, CO, PM) of thirteen Euro 5 compliant passenger cars (seven gasoline, six Diesel) were measured on a chassis dynamometer. The vehicles were driven repeatedly over the European type-approval driving cycle (NEDC) and the more dynamic WMTC and CADC driving cycles. Distance-specific emission factors were derived for each pollutant and sub-cycle which were subsequently compared to the corresponding emission factors provided by the reference European models used for vehicle emission inventory compilation (COPERT and HBEFA) and put in context with the applicable European emission limits. The measured emissions stayed below the legal emission limits when the certification cycle (NEDC) was used. Over the more dynamic cycles (representing real-world driving) the emissions were consistently higher but in most cases remained below the certification limit. The high NOX emissions of Diesel vehicles under real-world driving conditions remains the main cause for environmental concern regarding the emission profile of Euro 5 passenger cars. Measured emissions of NOX exceeded the type-approval limits, up to 5 times in extreme cases, presenting significantly increased values, 0.35-0.56 g/km on average depending on driving conditions. Comparison with the reference models showed good correlation in all cases, a positive finding considering the importance of these tools in emissions monitoring and policy making processes.JRC.F.8-Sustainable Transpor