El código inclusión/exclusión y la persistencia de la integración en el populismo latinoamericano = The code inclusion/exclusion and the persistence of integration in Latin American populism

Over the last two decades, populism has been mainly studied from discursive approaches, which understand it as a radical, even moral, dichotomy between people and elite. However, such a dichotomy tends to darken the concrete operations of people’s inclusion and elite’s exclusion. Stated in another way, only through semantics, it is not possible to know who are effectively included and excluded, neither how these processes operate. In tackling this issue accurately, social systems theory provides us an adequate conceptual framework for studying inclusion and exclusion issues in current societies