Mr. Scrooge's ironical expressions encountered in Charles Dickens' novel entitled : A Christmas Carol

The study under report tried to answer the following research questions: (1) What ironical expressions are used by “Mr. Scrooge”, the main character in Charles Dickens’ novel “A Christmas Carol” in communicating with other characters?, (2) Which ironical expressions are most frequently used by Mr. Scrooge in communicating with other characters?, (3) Why does Mr. Scrooge use those ironical expressions in communicating with other characters? To answer the first and the second questions, the writer read the novel entitled A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens, collected Mr. Scrooge’s ironical expressions and analyzed them (see Table Analysis 4.1, 4.2, and 4.4) and under certain parameters of Gorys Keraf and Kelly Griffith’s Ironical Expressions. She also used Janet Holmes’ social factors of communicative interaction (Participants, Social Settings, Topic, and Function) and the writer’s background knowledge about the subjects calculated. Its function is needed to see whether the findings answered the research questions. Whereas to answer the third question which related to the social factors that influenced Mr. Scrooge’s ironical expressions, a textual analysis of the data was performed. The analysis of the first data (Mr. Scrooge’s ironical expressions) brought the following results: all five ironical expressions of Keraf and Griffirth were used by Mr. Scrooge in communicating with other characters. And, the ironical expression used the most was Sarcasm (17.05%). It was followed by Attitudinal Irony (14.39%), and Cosmic Irony (2.27%) which were used by Mr. Scrooge. And the result of the analysis of the second data showed that participants, social settings, topic, and function or purpose; influenced the ironical expressions used by Mr. Scrooge of which participants was the most dominant factor and the setting was the least dominant factor. The research and its report are still far from being perfect. It is suggested that further research on the same topic be carried out with more modern theories. For the next researchers, the writer hopes that they do not use the same object as the writer took. The object from other authors who are older or even younger than the writer took. By taking different authors, the next researchers can find the different object that can be compared to the writer took in order to gain better results with fewer shortcomings