Song Yuan shi qi Fo jiao yu dao jiao yu xiu yi shi yan jiu =: A study on the buddhist and daoist premortem death rituals in Song-Yuan period

Ph.D.Premortem death rituals（yuxiu 預修） refer to the pre-emptive ritual performed to the living person on the day of the survival in order to deal with the death issues. The earliest related ritual practice can be traced back to the Buddhist “preparatory cultivation concerning the seven feasts”（yuxiu sheng qizhai 預修生七齋 ）in the Northern and Southern dynasties. In the Song period, the yuxiu rituals had a new development in Buddhism and Daoism respectively, and gradually became an specific ritual type. During this period, “deposits of merit in the purgatorial coffers,”（jiku 寄 庫）“paying back the birth money,” （huan shoushengqian還受生錢 ）, “sublimation on living body,”（shengshen shoudu 生身受度 ） and “preparatory cultivation of yellow register retreat,” （yuxiu huanglu zhai 預修黃籙齋 ） were the new products of innovation, but the above-mentioned rituals still lack comprehensive research in the academic circles. This thesis will focus on these four rituals and examine the origins and features of them.Firstly, this dissertation traces the early concepts and ritual practices of yuxiu in Buddhism and Daoism during the Northern and Southern Dynasties. It points out that it is the core concern of yuxiu in this period to ensure the maximization of merits and to deal with the anxiety of death. In the Song dynasty, Buddhist jiku and huan shoushengqian, although popular in the society, was in conflict with some Buddhist doctrines because of its close relationship with paper money, and was criticized by some Buddhist elites at that time. This reflects the impact of religious efficaciousness and redemption capitalization on Buddhist ideology, and the internal tension between abstract doctrines and ritual practices.In Daoism, with the Divine Empyrean Movement（shenxiao yundong神霄運動 神霄運動 ）, the reinterpretation of classical Daoist classics, the emergence of “Great Rites of the Numinous Treasure,”（lingbao dafa 靈寶大法 ）, the sublimation rituals（liandu 鍊度） and huanglu zhai have achieved epoch-making development in the Song. Based on these two ritual structures, shengshen shoudu and yuxiu huanglu zhai also came into being. People were able to receive sublimation and transmission, and make guarantee for the salvation in their present lives. Shengshen shoudu was to bring about a quasi-salvation effect to the living, the one who received the sublimation and transmission could became transcendent after the death under certain conditions. “Great Method of the Jade Hall of the Three Heavens, of the Supreme Mysterious Origin,”（Wushang xuanyuan santian yutang dafa 無上玄元三天玉堂大法 ） and “Great Rites of the Book of Universal Salvation,”（Lingbao wuliang duren shangjing dafa 靈寶無量度人上經大法 ） have been recorded the specific shengshen shoudu ritual choreography. Yuxiu huanglu zhai, which is firstly recorded in the “Golden Book of Salvation according to the Lingbao Tradition,”（Lingbao lingjiao jidu jinshu 靈寶 領教濟度金書 ）, is based on the ritual structure of huanglu zhai to include the cults of Ten Kings, jiku, hai shoushengqian, and shengshen shoudu in one ritual, which is the synthesizer of the Daoist yuxiu in Song-Yuan period.The thesis attempts to present the diversity and new developments of yuxiu rituals in Song-Yuan period on the basis of Buddhist and Daoist texts as well as literati’s writing. Through a detailed research, this dissertation strives to reveal the tension of “correct”（zheng 正） and “vulgar”（su 俗） practices within Buddhism and Daoism.預修是指生人為處理自身死亡問題，在自己生存之日預先進行的預備性儀式。最早的相關儀式實踐，可以追溯到南北朝時期的佛教預修生七齋。及至宋代，預修儀式在佛教與道教均各自有嶄新的發展，並逐漸成為一種獨立的儀式類型。這時期又以佛道皆有的寄庫與還受生錢、道教生身受度及預修黃籙齋四種儀式為預修的新貴，但上述的儀式仍然在學界欠缺綜合性的研究。本論文將重點以這四種儀式為研究對象，並考察這些預修儀式的傳統源流與革新。首先，本文會追溯南北朝時期佛教與道教的早期預修觀念與儀式實踐，指出在現世預先行齋以確保功德迴向的最大化藉此處理對死亡的焦慮，是該時期預修的核心關懷。在宋代，佛教新興的預修寄庫與還受生錢雖然在民間社會流行，卻由於與紙錢冥財有密切關係而與部分佛教義理有所抵觸，為當時的部分佛教精英所批判。這反映了宗教靈驗與救贖資本化對佛教義理的衝擊，與及抽象義理與儀軌實踐的內在張力。道教方面，伴隨神霄運動、對古典道經的再詮釋與靈寶大法的興行，鍊度儀與黃籙齋儀在宋代得到劃時代的發展。以這兩種儀式結構為基礎的生身受度及預修黃籙齋亦應運而生，使到人在生之時已能夠接受鍊化與傳度，預先為身後超昇作保障。宋代道教的生身受度目的在於為生者帶來凖擬超度效果，使受度的道教信士能在一定條件下死後登真。《無上玄元三天玉堂大法》及《靈寶無量度人上經大法》都有收錄到專門的生身受度儀。上接宋代靈寶法傳統的元代儀式匯編《靈寶領教濟度金書》記載的預修黃籙齋，則以黃籙齋儀的儀式結構同時包攬十王崇拜、寄庫、還受生錢及生身受度四項預修形式，可謂宋元道教預修儀式集大成者。本文將會結合佛道二教文獻及文人書寫的記載，涵蓋內部與外部描述的視角，呈現宋元時期佛道預修儀式的多樣性，從而指出該時期二教儀式發展的新趨勢。藉著對上述預修儀式的詳細考證，本文將會致力揭示佛道儀式在正與俗的界限中所反映的張力與變革動力。李志誠."2019年9月".Parallel title from added title page.Thesis Ph.D. Chinese University of Hong Kong 2019.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 226-261).Abstracts in Chinese and English.Title from PDF title page (viewed on February 11, 2022).Li Zhicheng