Long-term follow-up in 12 children with pulmonary arteriovenous malformations : Confirmation of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia in all cases

International audienceObjective To assess whether pulmonary arteriovenous malformation (PAVM) is associated with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HI-IT). Study design This study wits a review of 12 children (sex ratio = 1) including family history, mutation analysis, and long-term follow-up. Results Five children were under age 3 years when PAVM was diagnosed. Presentations included pulmonary, symptoms (11 8), cerebral abscess (n = 2), and transient ischemic attack (TIA) (n = 1); 1 patient was asymptomatic. Nine of the 12 children (75%) had a family history of PAVM The diagnosis of HHT was con finned in all cases. A mutation in ENG was found in 9 of the 10 children available for testing. No mutation in ACVRL1 was found. During long-term follow-up (mean, 16 years), the following complications occurred: TIA (n = 2), hemoptysis (n = 2), and cerebral abscess (n = 2). Nine children experienced recurrence of PAVM The children with no recurrence were those without a family history of PAVM. Conclusions The diagnosis of HHT should be considered in a child with an apparently isolated PAVM. Because serious complications may occur at any age, we recommend screening for PAVM and long-term follow-up in children from families with HHT, especially those with air ENG mutation