Trapped by nature: provincial grain yields in Spain in the mid 18th century

This paper estimates original yields for five grains in thirty-three provinces of Spain in the mid-18(th) century. We observe a strong heterogeneity between the provinces with yields being considerably higher in the north of the country than in the south-east. Although average yields in Spain were below those in other countries of north-western Europe, the provinces in the north achieved yields not far behind the most advanced agricultural regions of the world. The heterogeneity of yields across Spain can be explained by the different climatic conditions in each province. Although all the provinces improved their yields in the long term, the differences between the provinces remained stable until the modernisation of Spanish agriculture around the mid-20(th) century.Financial support from the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad project «Bienestar y desigualdad en una sociedad preindustrial: España, 1500-1800» ECO2012-38028 is acknowledged