Mención Internacional en el título de doctorIn the last 30 years, the study of orthogonal polynomials in Sobolev spaces has obtained an increasing attention from the research community. The first work on Sobolev orthogonal polynomials was published in 1962 by Althammer, who studied the Legendre-Sobolev polynomials orthogonal with respect to the inner product. The study of this family of orthogonal polynomials is not only interesting for a comparison with the standard theory of orthogonal polynomials, but these polynomials also arise in a natural way in a variety of contexts. In this thesis, we analyze the properties of polynomials orthogonal with respect to a discrete Sobolev inner product. More precisely, we will focus our attention on t...