We analyse the thermal fluctuations of two types of flexible membranes : 1) Closed systems (such as the membrane of a biconcave red blood cell) where the chemical constituents of the membrane are fixed in number, but the membrane surface S is adjustable. 2) Open systems (such as bilayer films) where constituent molecules can be exchanged with a reservoir (at the outer surface of the rim). For the first case, the surface tension is zero; fluctuations are then very large, and limited only by certain anharmonic terms. We show that these terms can be analysed exactly - the problem being related to the spherical model of phase transitions. Although the anharmonic terms are strong, they do not modify the laws derived for the light scattering in t...