Exploration and Analysis in Xian Liang and Wen Xue's Confucianism of the Discourses on Salt and Iron

桓寬纂輯的《鹽鐵論》一書為我們留下西漢昭帝始元六年所召開的鹽鐵會議之精彩論辯過程，參與這場會議的除了有官方代表如丞相史車千秋、御史大夫桑弘羊等人外，更有來自全國受各地方薦舉而來的賢良、文學凡六十餘人，雖然當時與會的這六十幾位賢良、文學之姓名絕大多數皆不可考，然而他們在會議上為民請命、秉義直言、思路清晰的思想言論，卻為西漢中期的儒學思想界帶來革命性的思潮。這些賢良、文學在思想理論的表達上，用語精確，文辭流暢；對於不同議題的探討，或視野宏闊，橫跨古今，或考察細膩，深入民瘼，為當時權貴與後人揭開武帝中晚期以來集權帝制下的真實民間生活景況。那麼我們是否能藉由相關史料的細究和梳理一窺這些賢良、文學所從何來的問題？他們在當時的政治和社會地位如何？與中央經學博士有何不同？他們何以能被漢帝國統轄下的各州郡舉薦前來參與此次會議？他們請求「罷鹽、鐵、酒榷、均輸」又是怎麼一回事？漢武帝初期以來，因為興太學，表彰六經，奠定了儒學在西漢學術的主流地位後，這些深受儒家思想薰陶的賢良、文學，在為民請命的立場上，如何汲取儒家思想資源並理論化為民請命的基礎論述？而這與他們對帝制政權下的君王之期待有何關係？他們又提出哪些具體的王道或仁政主張以因應時代課題？是否反映出何種有別於漢初迄武帝時代的儒學思潮？以上這些問題我們都可以在《鹽鐵論》一書中找到答案。本文將以《鹽鐵論》中所載錄的文本為主要研究對象和範疇，間或參酌西漢相關史料及諸子言說，以期探釋鹽鐵會議上的賢良、文學所闡揚的儒學思想之主題和內容為何的問題，並嘗試掘發他們的思想理論和儒家思想因應時局之變可能彰顯的時代意義。Huan Kuan edited the 《Discourses on Salt and Iron》that left us a brilliant exposition in the salt and iron conference convened by Emperor Zhao’s Shi yuan six years of the Han dynasty,in addition to the official representatives such as Prime Minister Prime Minister Che Cian Ciou and Imperial yu Chi sang hong yang and others, but also Xian Liang and Wen Xue, who more than sixty people from all over the country recommended by,although most of the names of the people participating in the meeting were unable to examine, they made speech for the people at the meeting, with straightforward speech with moral awareness and thought-clearly thought and speech, which brought revolutionary ideas to Confucianism in the mid-Western Han Dynasty Thoughts.In the expression of ideology and theory, the terms are precise and the essays are fluent. For the discussion of different issues, or the vast field of vision, across the ancient and modern times, or exquisitely investigated and deeply into the suffering of the people, they reveal the centralized power of the late Emperor Wu and later generations real folk life under the imperial system. So where do these Xian Liang and Wen Xue come from? How was their political status at that time? What is the difference with the Central Doctorate? Why can they be elected by the various prefectures under the rule of the Han empire to participate in the conference? What ideas do they advocate? Since the beginning of the Han Dynasty, the establishment of a central university institution, recognition of the Confucian classics,praising Confucian classics, which laid the foundation for Confucianism to dominate in Western Han dynasties and how Confucianism was absorbed by Confucianism and learned from Confucianism on the position of speaking for the people and forming the basis for the theory? And how does this relate to their expectation of kings under the imperial regime?What concrete propositions of Wang Tao thought or Ren Politics they put forward in response to the questions of the times? Does it reflect what kind of Confucianism is different from the Confucianism in the early Han Dynasty? We can all find answers to these questions in the《Discourses on Salt and Iron》.This paper will take the texts recorded in the《Discourses on Salt and Iron》research object and category. It is probable to explore the theme and content of Confucianism elaborated by Xian Liang and Wen Xue, and Their Confucianist ideological theory may reveal the significance of the times in the light of changes in the current situation