Nation-States in Globalization: Impacts and Responses

民族主義在19世紀末到20世紀中期發威，民族國家在第二次大戰後成為國際社會的主流政治組織，聯合國為維持國際和平與安全，訂定憲章，其中具重要關鍵的是具有領土性與排他性的主權原則，確立民族國家成為國際社會的基本單位。民族國家對內制訂國家根本大法-憲法建立起憲政秩序，主權在民，憲法不僅保障人民權利義務，並賦予政府執行主權賦予之職權，在其領土之內運用國家資源發展國民經濟、繁榮社會與福國利民。 然而，對處在二戰後、美蘇兩極對立的冷戰格局中的歐亞中小型國家而言，既要促進國家之經濟成長和發展，又要維護國家安全，遂各自形成其區域安全與經濟貿易間之合作經驗，以因應內外部情勢之變動與需求，尤其是自1980年代以來的愈趨明顯的全球化浪潮。 本論文以歐盟與東協兩大區域組織經驗為案例，以民族主義研究途徑、歷史與文獻研究法，分由主權與政府、主權與領土、主權與人民三方面，討論民族國家以區域整合方式回應經濟全球化衝擊的發展，併同探討全球化其他浪潮之衝擊的作為，如網際網路發展與生態環境危機。 本研究發現歐盟與東協的區域整合經驗顯示，前者已走向部分的超國家結構，各會員國轉移部份主權到歐盟，然其最終決策權仍掌握在各會員國手上；東協則仍是以政府間會議為主。兩者仍有共通之處就是，經由民族國家間較緊密的區域整合，共同因應全球化浪潮之衝擊，獲取更大的生存能力與國際談判籌碼。 簡言之，民族國家係經由區域化來回應全球化之挑戰，並不會因此而喪失國家主權，民族國家主權並未衰退，民族國家長存。而在區域整合之外的事實，網際網路方面，需依賴各民族國家的基礎設施與投入資源來維持其品質與提昇其效率；至於地球生態議題的全球性，各國的「互賴」關係非常明確，各民族國家在聯合國的多邊機制下，協商因應措施，最後仍須回到各民族國家的配合度上。不可否認，國家主權的排他性與暴力若能適度調整，將會有助於地球環境的友善發展。Nationalism started being influential from the end of 19th century to the middle of 20th century. The political organization as nation-state becomes the mainstream of international society after World War II. In order to maintain international peace and security, United Nations established the Charter of the United Nations. The most important part is the sovereign principal involved territorial integrity and inviolability. Sovereignty makes the nation-state become the basic unit in international society. Nation-states established constitution to maintain the order and popular sovereignty. Constitutions not only protect people’s rights, but also give the government the power to execute its authority. Within the territory, government can utilize its resources to develop economy, enrich the society and create benefit for its people. However, after World War II , small and medium countries in Europe and Asia want to develop economic growth and protect national security. Therefore, especially for the clear tendency of globalization in 1980s, small and medium countries gain the cooperate experience from regional security and business cooperation to meet the changes and needs from the world. This thesis uses the case studies of European Unions and ASEAN, nationalist approach and research methods of history to argue the main topic in three aspects of sovereignty and government, sovereign and territory, sovereignty and people. The main idea is to discuss how nation-state uses regional integration to respond the impact of economic globalization and other impacts on internet and the crisis of ecological environment. This study discovered that the EU members have transferred parts of sovereignty to EU, but the power of final policy-making is still in every country’s hand; as for ASEAN, decision-making is still among intergovernmental meetings. The same part in both EU and ASEAN is that both of them gain more ability to survive under the wave of globalization and obtain more chips in international negotiation by the experience of regional integration, In short, nation-state will not lose sovereignty through regionalization to respond the challenge of globalization. Sovereignty of nation-sates does not decrease but lasts forever. Beyond the regional integration, it is nation-state that maintain the quality and effectiveness of the internet services. As for the issue of ecological environment, it depends on the interdependence of each country, the multilateral cooperation system of the United Nations and negotiations among countries. We cannot deny that if the exclusiveness and violence of sovereignty can be modified reasonably, it will be friendlier to the ecological environment