A Gender perspective on Environmental Security- A case study of the Kyoto Protocol

近年來隨著屬於環境安全的氣候變遷議程成為國際間的討論焦點，環境安全的概念亦開始逐漸受到安全研究社群的重視。但回顧當前的環境安全研究論述，本文發現其相當缺乏一個性別觀點；而這樣的現象實與性別觀點並未進入國際關係領域的核心有關。究其原因則可歸納為以下兩點，首先，傳統國際關係學者誤解女性主義途徑並無法進入當前的國際關係作實際的探討或問題解決，甚至批判其根本不是一個理論。次則為女性主義者亦懼怕進入傳統的框架下將有失女性主義的色彩與價值，特別是對於以單一架構或觀點作為切入議題的邏輯，正是當前父權價值主導國際關係的現象。因此女性主義者往往拒斥提出一個一統的觀點，而是堅持開放性、多元性、解構與懷疑主義角度來分析當前國際關係的議題。 因此本文認為，正是這樣觀點與研究取向使得性別觀點受到誤解並成為國際關係理論的置外者（outsider）。然而，有別上述策略性別利益取向的關懷，這樣的困境可透過女性主義所提出的「實際的性別利益（practical gender interests）」取向，即是強調女性對自身的地方生活經驗以及所面臨的問題而衍生出的各種短暫利益與需求，來解決這樣的困境。故此種實用性利益是短暫的、與現存社會結構有一定的包容性，而非志在建構一個烏托邦的夢想。故有鑑於此，本文將以此取向來梳理及分析當前環境安全的理論論述，並據此點出其中的性別盲（Gender Blind）現象。而最後本文將以一個初步地性別環境安全論述，切入實際的環境議程—「京都議定書」，分析其建制談判過程、發展與運作成效。 透過上述的過程，本文將環境安全論述分為三個取向，分別是環境衝突、廣義環境安全以及生態安全取向；並透過性別的觀點來對其進行分析與批判。而這樣的過程除有助於研究與決策者對環境安全論述與理論有更深入的理解外，亦可消彌環境安全理論的性別盲現象，並建構一個初步的性別環境安全論述。而以此性別視角的環境安全論述切入實際的經驗性議程（京都議定書）後，本文亦發現，女性的環境經驗與安全觀及以其為主要的環境NGO是促成京都機制談判成功，使議定書得以簽訂完成的關鍵角色。故本文認為這樣的性別觀點將是未來建構整體主義環境安全建制重要論述與理論基礎。Over the recent years, there has been growing concern with the concept of environmental security due to an upsurge in the research on climate change. On the other hand, despite its wide engagement in various agendas in the field of international relations, however, gender perspective is still not accepted as an approach by academic community of international relations. There are two important reasons for this. First, most traditional scholars have been mistaken in believing that gender approach cannot be a way of problem-solving and even cannot be a theory. Secondly, feminists also fear that using a single framework or viewpoint as an entry point for issues is exactly one among the phenomena of the dominance of patriarchal values in international relations. Thus, feminists always insist on openness, pluralism, deconstructivism and skepticism, and refuse to offer a single, unified view or solution. In my point of view, personally, it is exactly such an orientation itself that leads to a misunderstanding of gender perspective, and that renders itself an outsider of the traditional community. Rather than strategic gender interests, which adopt a plural, deconstructive and skeptical approach, the dilemma of this can be approached from practical gender interests, which focus on women’s local life experience, short-term interests and needs that derive from the problems facing them and without challenging gender division of labor or women''s subordinate position in society. Therefore, such practical interests are compatible with current social structure to a certain extent and do not intend to build up a utopia. Owing to these concerns, I use this approach to analyze discourses on environmental security and to point out the phenomena of Gender Blind within the current Environmental Security discourses. And finally I will to construct a preliminary Gender Perspective on Environmental Security to anatomize the process of negotiation, development and effectiveness of the agenda of environmental regime – the Kyoto Protocol. In sum, I find that categorizing the current discourses of Environmental Security which are the discourse of Environmental Conflict, general Environment Security and Ecological Security and bringing the gender perspective into each of them can help researchers and decision makers understand this concept more and also can tackle the problem of Gender Blind in the current discourses either. In addition, I also discovered that the experiences of woman and the Environmental NGOs which mostly are composed of women, playing a vital role in the negotiations and the achievement of the Kyoto Protocol. Thereupon, I think that this perspective on Environmental Security is a critical key to construct a holism environmental regime