Legitimization and Sinicization: A Study of Mainland China's Construction of Socialist Spiritual Civilization

「改革開放」二十多年以來，中國大陸在經濟上取得了令世人矚目的重大成就，同時也帶動社會、文化、思想及政治等領域的變遷。不過，在發展社會主義市場經濟體制的過程中，出現了一些不相適應的矛盾，譬如貪污腐敗、道德淪喪與治安不良等問題，加上現實、功利的價值觀湧現，造成社會大眾無論在精神、思想、道德等方面都產生失衡現象，因此需要以提倡精神層面的變革去改變這些現象，這也就是中共近年來頻頻呼籲加強「社會主義精神文明建設」的主要原因之一。所謂「社會主義精神文明」，是指適應社會主義生產方式建立起來的精神文明，也就是中共所指的社會主義精神生活、思想、道德觀念的進步狀態，目標是培養有理想、有道德、有文化、有紀律的社會主義新人，提高全民的思想道德和科學文化素質，因此「社會主義精神文明建設」的主要內容，不脫思想道德建設和教育科學文化建設這兩大部分。本論文藉由撰者所蒐集的文書資料，以及實地到中國大陸進行參觀訪問的所得，論述「社會主義精神文明建設」的理論和中共推行「社會主義精神文明建設」的歷程，並且透過政治社會化的概念架構，以家庭、學校、社區、企事業單位、軍隊和傳播媒體等六個媒介，論述中共在推行「社會主義精神文明建設」中的實際作為。本論文認為，中國大陸的「社會主義精神文明建設」的是一種顯性的、計畫性的、直接的，且由官方發動的政治社會化工作。而在建設「社會主義精神文明」的過程中，中共也借用了中華傳統文化的精華，逐步建立起新的道德理論，希望從中汲取能夠被群眾認同的精神，並將它和中共既有的意識形態內涵相連結。另一方面來說，中共推行「社會主義精神文明建設」的實際目的，就是希望在意識形態的基礎上，從文化、思想、道德等層面，為中共官方奠立一個可長可久的辯護機制。中共試圖讓民眾、社會、甚至自己真正相信，建設社會主義精神文明，可以對抗資本主義、封建思想帶來的不良影響，並減少現代化所帶來的惡果。Since the “reforming and opening” policies first initiated two decades ago, China has been astounding the globe by its remarkable achievement in economic development. During the same period transformations in social, cultural, intellectual and political strata have also been brought about. However in the progress of development, which aims at establishing “the capitalist economy in the socialism”, several significant issues such as bureaucratic corruption, deteriorating social morality and worsening public security have been consecutively emerging one after another. Moreover, the prevailing self-interest and utilitarianism have further devaluated the traditional merits in Chinese society. Within this context, to tackle such a social imbalance at spiritual level has become the Chinese authority’s first priority in the project of “the construction of socialist spiritual civilization”.The so-called “spiritual civilization in socialism” intends to build up a spiritual civilization in line with the establishing of socialism in Chinese society. This campaign contains two major parts: Firstly, the PRC government envisions achieving a progressive status of spiritual, intellectual and ethical life with socialism characteristics. Secondly, the ultimate objectives of this campaign are to educate new socialistic people with social morality and discipline; and thereafter, to promote the overall of quality of people’s intellectual ethics, and to enhance scientific and cultural livelihood.In this dissertation, documentary archive researches and field studies in Mainland China have been employed as the research methods. Through these approaches, the author on the beginning describes the theory of “the construction of socialistic spiritual civilization” and the progress of this campaign.Furthermore, within the conceptual framework of political socialization, which contains six subgroups such as family, school, community, state-own-enterprises, military and public media, the author presents the PRC government’s practical achievement in this campaign.This dissertation concludes that “the campaign” is obviously directed by the PRC government with its particular political purpose behind. The CCP is trying to make the public believe that constructing the socialistic spirit can avert downsides of modernization and prevailing capitalism. Meanwhile, the authority employs Chinese traditional relics in hope of establishing a new framework of social ethics and linking it with the CCP’s own ideology, in order to gaining legitimacy and identification from the public. Only in this way, the CCP’s legitimate status and political power can be then secured