北部九州の宮座 : ジガン・ジンガを中心として

福岡県と大分県にはジンガとジガンと呼ばれる祭祀者、そしてジガン座と呼ばれる宮座が存在する。本稿では、その分布と内容について具体的事例をあげながら、その意味について考察する。ジガンは大分県杵築市（国東半島東部）と中津市（山国川流域）、福岡県京築地域（福岡県旧豊前国東部）に広がり、ジンガは福岡県筑豊地域と旧筑後国東部地域に分布し、大分県別府市に飛び地のように存在する。また、宮座呼称は福岡県旧筑前国地域に分布する。ジガンは神元・地官・神願・地願・氏神・仕官・侍官・次官、ジンガは神家・神和・神課・神裸などと表記し、定まったものはない。本来、ジガンは専門職としての神職とは違う地付きの祭祀者を意味し、ジンガは神と関わりのある家としての意味性が強く出ているものと考えられる。また、宮柱と呼ばれる一社一家の特別な祭祀者とジガンとの関係をもつ所もあり、北部九州の神社祭祀組織は単純ではない。このジガンやジンガによる祭祀組織は本来は株座であり、当屋制度をとる所が多い。また、その家筋は土地の草分けとか本家筋と呼ばれることが多く、神社の勧請に関わった家だとか、中世までその家筋が遡れるという伝承をもつ所もある。しかし、特権的祭祀集団であった株座は、近代になると地域全体の家が参画する村座へと変貌をとげた所が多い。このジガンやジンガ等の祭祀組織が行ってきた祭りの中には、杵築市の白鬚田原神社の「どぶろく祭り」や、国東市や豊前市等の「山人」「山人走り」の神霊を運ぶ神事などのように特色ある祭祀が存在する。In Fukuoka Prefecture and Oita Prefecture, people known as jinga and jigan, and miya-za called jigan-za perform religious services. This article focuses on specific examples to study the distribution, the contents, and the meaning of such services. Jigan is seen in Kitsuki City ( eastern part of Kunisaki Peninsula) and Nakatsu City (area of Yamakuni River) in Oita Prefecture, and the Keichiku area in Fukuoka Prefecture ( eastern part of former Buzen-no-kuni in Fukuoka Prefecture) , and jinga spreads in the Chikuho area and the eastern area of former Chikugo-no-kuni in Fukuoka Prefecture, and also in Beppu City in Oita Prefecture like an enclave. The miya-za is seen in the area of former Chikuzen-no-kuni in Fukuoka Prefecture. Jigan and jinga have various and unfixed forms of notation with kanji characters. Originally, jigan means a native person assuming religious services different from a Shinto priest as a specialist, and jinga has a stronger relationship with a god as a house. There is also a place called miyabashira with a relationship between a special person from one house assuming religious services in one shrine and jigan. Thus, organizations for religious services in a shrine in northern Kyushu are not simple. The organizations for religious services assumed by jigan and jinga are originally Kabu-za, and many of them adopt the to-ya system. The family lines of them are often called a pioneer of the region or a head family line, and there are also some legends that some families were involved with kanjo ( transfer of a divided divine spirit to other shrine) , or some family lines date back to the Middle Ages. Kabu-za was a privileged group assuming religious services. However, most of them were transformed into mura-za ( where all houses of the region were members) in the modern period. Among the festivals conducted by such organizations for religious services of jigan, jinga, etc., there are unique festivals such as the“ Doburoku Festival” of Shirahige Tawara Shrine in Kitsuki City, and rituals to carry the divine spirit of“ Sanjin” and“ Sanjin Hashiri” in Kunisaki City and Buzen City