Another Route of Trading Activities and Interaction between Wa倭 and Han韓 (Session 4. The Interaction between Gaya and Wa and its Historical Meaning)

application/pdf朝鮮半島の西南部に位置する全羅南道の西よりの地域では，5世紀後半から6世紀前半のごく限られた時期に盛んに前方後円墳が造営される。その中には円筒埴輪や倭系の横穴式石室をもつものが存在することからも，これが日本列島の前方後円墳の影響により出現したものであることは疑いない。それがそれまで倭と密接な関係を持っていた加耶の地域にはまったくみられないことは，この時期になって全羅南道の勢力が倭国ときわめて密接な関係をもつようになったことを示している。これはまた日本列島の須恵器の祖型と考えられる陶質土器が，初期の加耶のものから5世紀前半を境に全羅南道地域のものに変化することとも対応する。これらのことは，5世紀前半を境に倭・韓の交渉・交易の韓側の中心的窓口が加耶から全羅南道地域に変化したことを示唆している。 こうした韓側の窓口の変化に対応するかのように，倭国側でも対韓交渉の中心的担い手が，それまでの玄界灘沿岸地域から有明海沿岸地域に変化したらしい。5世紀前半以降，玄界灘沿岸ではそれまでみられた比較的大型の前方後円墳がみられなくなり，替わって筑後や肥前の有明海沿岸に大型の前方後円墳が営まれるようになる。一方，全羅南道地域の前方後円墳にみられる倭系横穴式石室は，北部九州でも有明海沿岸の肥前東南部や筑後地域の横穴式石室の影響により成立したものであることは疑いない。また複数の彩色を施した本格的な装飾古墳が成立したのが有明海沿岸の肥後の地であることも重要である。その成立に，朝鮮半島の古墳壁画からの何らか刺激を受けたことが考えられるからである。熊本県菊水町の江田船山古墳の豪華な金銅製装身具類などの副葬品もまた，5世紀後半から6世紀前半のこの地域の人びとの活発な対朝鮮半島交渉を示すものである。 日本書紀の敏達紀にみられる百済の高官日羅を「火葦北国造刑部靫部阿利斯登の子」とする記載もまた，有明海南部の葦北の首長の対百済交渉を示すものである。さらにその交渉を指示したのが大伴金村であったことも，こうした有明海沿岸各地の首長層の外交活動が倭国の外交活動に他ならなかったことを示している。さらに，玄界灘沿岸～加耶ルートの海上交通の安全を祈る沖ノ島の祭祀に有明海沿岸の水沼君が関わるようになるのも，対韓交渉の担い手が玄界灘沿岸から有明海沿岸にかわった歴史的事実を反映するものであろう。こうした検討結果からも，5世紀前半頃を境として，倭・韓の交渉・交易活動の中心的担い手が，朝鮮半島側では加耶から全羅南道地域の勢力に，倭国側では玄界灘沿岸の勢力から有明海沿岸の勢力へと変化したことは疑いなかろう。In the region to the west of Jeollanam-do situated in the southwest of the Korean Peninsula, many keyhole tombs were made for a very limited period of time between the second half of the 5th century and the first half of the 6th century. The existence of cylindrical haniwa clay figurines and Wa-style stone chambers with side entrances leaves no doubt that these appeared as a result of the influence of keyhole tombs found in the Japanese Archipelago. The fact that these are nowhere to be seen in Gaya which had had very close relations with Wa up until that time suggests that during this period the authorities in Jeollanam-do came to have extremely intimate relations with Wa. This also corresponds to the changes that occurred in respect to grey-hard earthenware, which is believed to be the forerunner of Japanese Sue ware, whereby after being made in early Gaya up to the first half of the 5th century it was to be found in the Jeollanam-do regions. This suggests that by the first half of the 5th century the central point of contact on the Han 韓 side for trade and relations with Wa had shifted from Gaya to the Jeollanam-do region. It would appear that the shift that occurred on the Wa side whereby the central location for conducting relations with Han shifted from the Genkai Sea coast to an area along the Ariake Sea coast corresponds with this change in the location of the point of contact on the Korean side. After the first half of the 5th century no more relatively large-sized keyhole tombs were to be found in the Genkai Sea coastal region, and instead large keyhole tombs came to be built in Chikugo and Hizen along the Ariake Sea coast. There can be no doubt that the Wa-style stone chambers with side entrances found among the keyhole tombs in the Jeollanam-do region were built due to the influence of similar stone chambers built in northern Kyushu and in southeastern parts of Hizen and in Chikugo along the Ariake Sea coast. The existence of full-scale ornamental tombs decorated in a number of colors in Higo on the Ariake Sea coast is also significant. This is because it is believed that their formation was due to some form of stimulus from the wall drawings in tombs situated in the Korean Peninsula. The Etafunayama burial mound in Kikusui-machi of Kumamoto Prefecture and the splendid gilt bronze personal ornaments found inside also indicate a high level of activity between the people of this region and those in the Korean Peninsula from the second half of the 5th century through to the first half of the 6th century. The description of Nichira 日羅 found in records of the reign of Bidatsu (572-585) contained in the Nihon Shoki (Chronicles of Japan) also point to relations between the chief of Ashikita 葦北 jt and Paekche. The fact that this is further indicated by mention of Ootomo-no-Kanamura 大判金村 in central Wa shows that the diplomatic activities of the ruling class in the regions along the Ariake Sea coast were none other than diplomatic activities for the state of Wa. This is also borne out by the involvement of Minuma-no-kimi 水沼君 from the Ariake Sea coast in religious rites held on Okinosima Island in which prayers were offered for the safety of shipping along the route from the Genkai Sea coast to Gaya points to the shift of responsibility for conducting relations with Korea from the Genkai coast to the Ariake Sea coast as historical fact. From the findings of such investigations there can be no doubt whatsoever that by the first half of the 5th century those playing a central role in trading activities and interaction between Wa and Han shifted from those in power in Gaya to their Jeollanam-do counterparts on the Korean side and on the Japanese side from those in power on the Genkai Sea coast to their counterparts along the Ariake Sea coast.departmental bulletin pape