Edo Castle as a Compilation

application/pdf日本の近世城郭は各地の地域性を払拭した統一的な織豊系城郭として成立した。これは安土城，大坂城などを規範として全国に展開したことが確認されてきた。しかし徳川幕府の中心であった江戸城は，城郭としての構造が充分検討されておらず，織豊系城郭の最終的な到達点を確認することができなかった。また江戸城を通じて近世城郭を体系的に理解することもむつかしかった。そこで近世初頭の江戸城プランと，その後の変化を分析した。 その結果，慶長期江戸城は，本丸の内部に天守曲輪をもち，外枡形や馬出しを随所に備えた実戦的な構成であったことが判明した。こうした姿はまさに織豊系城郭技術の集大成とするにふさわしいものであった。また本丸の他に西の丸も独立した城郭要素をもち，並立的構造となったのは，将軍と大御所の権力の分有状況を反映したものと評価された。 寛永期江戸城は，堀や石塁を単純化するなど軍事施設が簡略化され，殿舎が拡張される傾向が現れた。万治２年以降の万治期江戸城ではさらにこの傾向が明確となった。本来最も高い軍事機能を発揮する虎口として採用されていた外枡形は場を限定して用いられ，その門の内に存在する空間やそこに居住する人の身分を表象するものとして，新たな意味を発揮するに至った。実戦での軍事機能の卓越さが転じて，外枡形は空間や身分の格式を示す記号に変容したのであった。さらに江戸城では城内に東照社をはじめとする先祖の神霊が祭られた，神聖な空間が整備されていった。 これらの結果，江戸城は実戦的な城郭から幕府権力を象徴的に示す城郭へと変化した。江戸幕府が軍事力を背景としながら実際の戦争ではなく，儀礼等によって権威を示したことと対応した構造変化といえる。江戸城に見られた近世における城館の戦う場から儀礼の場へという変容は，日本の城郭が行き着いたひとつの姿であった。Most Japanese castles in the latter half of the Age of Civil Wars (mid-16th century) were made of earth, and they had various local features. However, the Oda-Toyotomi Line Castles which appeared in the Tokai and Kinki Districts had developed into castles of revolutionary structure, such as the use of stone walls and tiles. The Oda-Toyotomi Line Castle plan was then introduced into the castles of Daimyō (feudal lord) nationwide, as the Oda-Toyotomi Governments came to contain local Daimyō as their vassals in their unification of Japan. It was the Tokugawa Shogunate that completed the unification of Japan at the beginning of the 17th century. The leading castle of the Tokugawa Shogunate was Edo Castle (Tokyo). Therefore, Edo Castle has been assumed to be the castle to which the Oda-Toyotomi Line Castle plan was developed to the maximum extent. However, since several reconstruction works were carried out to the castle, it has been difficult to know the initial plan. This being the case, the author examines in this paper the structure of the early Edo Castle, how it changed, and what can be learned from the plan of Edo Castle. As a result, the following became clear. The Edo Castle of the Keichō era, which was completed around 1607, was built for maximum practicality in actual battles, and it was the strongest castle in Japan. Then, in the Edo Castle of the Kan'ei period, which was remodeled around 1629, military functions became somewhat weaker, and the Tōshōgū, a large shrine devoted to the ancestors of the Tokugawa, was established within the Castle. Furthermore, in the Edo Castle of the Manji period onwards, remodeled around 1659, militarily practical functions were lowered considerably, and the function of the castle as a palace greatly expanded. Edo Castle was originally built as a castle for battles. However, as the society of the Edo period which was without wars, was stabilized, militarily practical functions were no longer required. Instead of military facilities, a grand palace for politics and ceremonies, and a shrine to show the rightness and tradition of political authority became necessary. The plan of the castle gates shows to best effect these transformations of Edo Castle. After the latter half of the 17th century, the gates were rebuilt as a symbol of the people living inside the gates, and of the authority of the place, rather than for their usefulness in actual battle. The transformation of the plan of Edo Castle can be judged to be a reflection of the fact that the Edo Shogunate showed its authority by means of ceremonies, and not actual battles, while having military power at its back. Edo Castle was gradually transformed from a castle into a palace.departmental bulletin pape