日本列島における都城形成 : 大宰府羅城の復元を中心に（Ⅳ. 政治史と生活史）

日本列島中央部に形成された倭国は日本とよぶ中央集権国家に発展していくが，その過程で同一の国家でありながら10余の京――都城を形成し，変遷を重ねた。その内には条坊式の方格地割をもつ都城が５例ある。これらは中国の都城を制度として継受して造られた。ではそれ以外の都城はどんな実態で，都城全体はどう形成されてきたのか。条坊式都城より非条坊式都城が先行して出現するだけでなく，併行して営まれたものもある。非条坊式都城は副次的に把えられてきたが，かえって国家権力の本質や日本での都市の骨格を示すとみることもできると考える。非条坊式都城は，ほぼ７世紀代の100年間，倭の飛鳥に営まれた倭京（やまとのみやこ）から始まる。宮殿や豪族邸宅や寺，饗宴のための苑池，防備施設などが広大な地域を占めていた。650年代からは山城などの防備の中核施設も領域内に営まれたとみられる。このような防備された都市として最も典形的なのが九州の大宰府である。大宰府は朝鮮半島の三国の都城の重要な要素を継受し，亡命百済人の手で造営が指導された。その水城，小水城，山城，政庁，都市部分が発掘されている。しかし羅城は西側に認められるだけで，全貌は明らかでなかった。羅城南辺に当るとうれぎ土塁の発見により東側にも西側と同原則で羅城が復元できることが判った。その羅城内は郭と呼ばれ，正南北方向の地割をもち，左郭・右郭・南郭に分けられていた。南郭には条里が施行された。左・右郭の条坊も朱雀大路などの設けられた奈良時代前半ころには存在し，後に郭の中央部では10世紀に大規模な都市再開発がされたことも判明してきた。大宰府は朝鮮半島の都城よりも雄大な構想をもつもので，宮が遷されたことがないので京とは呼ばれないが，都城の一形態と評価できる。自然地形も最大限に利用した都城の型式は，畿内の都城を点検する上で原点となる。都市城壁をもたないとされてきた日本都市の歴史をも再考させるものである。The country of Wa, in the central part of the Japanese Archipelago, developed into a nation called Nippon, with a centralized authority. In this process, this single nation formed more than 10 capitals or capital towns, and experienced repeated transfers. Five of the capitals had square grid planning, called the Jōbō style. These were established in imitation of the Chinese capital town system. Then, how about the other towns, and how was a whole town formed? In some cases, a town with a non-Jōbō system preceded that with the Jōbō system. In other cases, both systems were developed in parallel. Non-Jōbō type towns have been long regarded as secondary, but it may be thought that they indicated the actual power of the national authority, or the framework of the Japanese cities.The formation of non-Jōbō type cities started with the Yamato-no-miyako (Japanese capital) which was established at Asuka in the Country of Yamato in the 7th century and lasted for 100 years.The palace, residences of powerful chiefs, temples, gardens and ponds for banquets, and defense facilities occupied a wide area. After the 650s, main defense facilities including mountain castles seem to have been established in the territory.The most typical town equipped with these defensive facilities is Dazaifu in Kyushu. Dazaifu, taking on the important features of castle towns in three countries in the Korean Penisular, was constructed under the guidance of exiled Baekje people. The great wall (Mizuki), small wall (Shō mizuki), mountain castle, government office, and town area have so far been excavated. However, only the western part of the rampart has been discovered, and its full outlines have not been clarified. Thanks to the discovery of the Tōregi earthwork, which corresponds to the southern part of the rampart, it was found that the rampart could be restored on the eastern side as well as the western side. The inside of the rampart was called Kaku, and was divided into the left, right and south sections, facing to the north direction of the town. In the southern section, the allotment system was adopted. In the first half of the Nara period, Suzaku-Ōji (Main Street) was established. Then in the central part of the city, a large-scale redevelopment plan was carried out in the 10th century. Since Dazaifu had a larger structure than the castle towns of the Korean Peninsular, it can be evaluated as a kind of a castle town, though it is not called a capital because the imperial court was not based there. This form of city, which made the best use of natural topography, can be used as a standard to check the non-Jōbō type castle towns in the Kinai area. It makes us reexamine the history of Japanese cities, which have been regarded as not having city walls