Sites of Settlements of Craftsmen in Tannan in the Middle Ages

application/pdf大阪府南河内郡美原町とその周辺の地域は，特に平安時代後期から南北朝期にかけて活躍した「河内鋳物師」の本貫地として知られている。これまでその研究は主に金石文と文献史料を中心にすすめられてきたが，この地域の発掘調査が進む中で，鋳造遺跡および同時代の集落跡などが発見され，考古学の面からもその実態に近づきつつある。 ところで従来調査されてきた奈良時代以降の鋳造遺跡は，寺院または官衙に伴う場合が多く，分析の対象は梵鐘鋳造土坑と炉または仏具関係鋳型とスラグなどが中心とされていた。一方河内丹南の鋳造遺跡についてみれば，鍋などの鋳型片および炉壁・スラグ片は一般集落を構成する遺構群の中から出土し，炉基部をはじめとする鋳造関連施設の痕跡もその一部で検出される。これらは鋳造施設をともなった中世集落遺跡の中の問題なのである。そしてこの地域の集落遺跡は，河内丹南の鋳物師の本貫地であったという記録と深く関わっている可能性が強いのである。 小論はこの前提に立ち，丹南の中世村落を復原する中で特に職能民の集落に注目し，それが文献史研究の成果により示されている河内鋳物師の特殊な社会的存在とどのように関わってくるのかを考えたものである。 考察は中世村落研究と鋳造遺跡研究の2点に分けられる。前者では，灌漑条件を前提とした歴史地理と景観復原の方法から村落の成立環境を，文献記録と遺跡の数量化分析から村落の配置と規模および古代から近世にかけての移動を復原した。後者では，全国の鋳造遺跡の整理から遺構の特徴，日置荘遺跡の検討から遺物の特徴を抽出し，鋳造作業における不定型土坑と倉庫空間の重要性および，鋳造集団がもつ特殊な流通について指摘した。 これらの分析から，丹南の村落は成立環境の異なる条件により，少なくとも２つの異なった変化過程を示す可能性があり，それぞれに付属する鋳造集落においても同様な傾向のみられることがわかった。この仮説について，小論では日置荘遺跡をモデルとした鋳物師村落の景観復原を例に提示しておいたが，丹南鋳物師の２つの系統との関連の問題とあわせて，今後社会史的に復原検討されるべき課題とされよう。The area in and around Mihara Town in Kawachi County, Osaka, is known as the home of the “Kawachi iron founders”, who were active from the later Heian Period to the Period of the Northern and Southern Dynasties. Studies on this region have been made mainly based on inscriptions on stone monuments, and bibliographical materials; however, as excavational investigations in this region have progressed, founding sites and contemporary settlement sites have been discovered, enabling studies to be made from an archaeological approach. Now, most founding sites from the Nara Period onward which have so far been investigated were for the most part annexed to temples or provincial government offices, and the main objects of analyses have been earthen pits for temple-bell casting, furnaces, molds connected with Buddhist alter fittings, and slag. However, from founding sites in Tannan, Kawachi, fragments of molds for cooking pots etc., furnace walls and slag have been excavated from groups of structures that constituted ordinary settlements; traces of foundry-related facilities have also been detected from some of them. These were found within the sites of medieval settlements accompanying foundry facilities. It is also highly possible that the settlement sites in this region are closely related to the records that Tannan, Kawachi, was the home of iron founders. On the basis of the above assumption, the author, in this paper, focuses on the settlement of craftsmen as he reconstructs the medieval villages of Tannan, and considers how they related to the special social being of Kawachi iron founders shown in the results of bibliographical studies. This study can be divided into two parts, on medieval villages and on founding sites. In the former, the author restores the environment in which villages came into being, by means of historical geography and scenic restoration assuming conditions of irrigation, and also restores the location and scale of villages, and their movement from the Ancient to the Modern Period, using bibliographical records and quantitative analysis of sites. In the latter, the author picks out the characteristics of remaining structures through an arrangement of founding sites nationwide, and those of remaining articles through an examination of the Hioki-no-shō Site; he also points out the importance of non-fixed type earthen pits and warehouse space in founding works, and the special distribution system of the iron founding groups. These analyses made it clear that the villages in Tannan probably had at least two different processes of change according to the different conditions of the environment in which they came into being, and that the same trend can be seen in the iron founding settlements that were attached to them. Concerning this hypothesis, the author presents an example of the reconstructed scenery of an iron founders' village, modeled after the Hioki-no-shō. This will probably be taken up as a matter for sociological restoration and examination, together with the question of its relation with the two lineages of Tannan iron founders.一部非公開情報ありdepartmental bulletin pape