Pencemaran Merkuri Di Lahan Pertambangan Emas Rakyat Dan Strategi Pengendaliannya

Tanah di lokasi penambangan emas rakyat Desa Kalirejo Kabupaten Kulon Progo tercemar merkuri. Pencemaran terjadi akibat sisa tailing dari proses pengolahan emas dengan amalgamasi tercecer keluar dari bak penampungan sehingga mengontaminasi tanah di sekitar area penambangan. Hal tersebut dapat membahayakan manusia dan lingkungan. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi sumber-sumber pencemaran merkuri dari proses pertambangan emas rakyat Kulon Progo, membandingkan tingkat pencemaran merkuri dengan Peraturan Pemerintah No 101 tahun 2014 dan merumuskan strategi pengendalian pencemaran merkuri ditinjau dari aspek teknis, hukum dan sosial. Metode uji partikel tanah mengacu pada ASTM D422 tentang method of test for determination of particle size analysis of soil. Uji pH mengacu pada method 9045D USEPA tentang soil and waste pH. Uji kadar air dilakukan mengacu pada ASTM D2216-71 dengan pendekatan metode gravimetrik. Uji permeabilitas mengacu pada ASTM 2434 – 68 tentang permeability test, sedangkan uji kadar merkuri menggunakan metode dhithizone. Pengumpulan data menggunakan metode wawancara dan kuisioner kepada 25 responden, dengan parameter berupa masalah keselamatan, kesehatan kerja (K3), produk hukum, kejadian penyakit yang ditimbulkan, mata pencaharian penduduk dan ekonomi masyarakat. Penentuan strategi menggunakan metode strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats (SWOT). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sumber pencemaran merkuri berasal dari proses pemisahan amalgam yang mengakibatkan merkuri terbuang ke tanah dan mencemari lingkungan. Hasil analisis konsentrasi merkuri dalam tanah berkisar antara 0,30-22,51 mg/kg, sehingga dikatakan telah melebihi baku mutu tanah tercemar merkuri sesuai Peraturan Pemerintah No 101 tahun 2014 yaitu sebesar 0,3 mg/kg. Konsentrasi merkuri pada tailing berkisar antara 164,16–383,21 mg/kg. Nilai tersebut telah melebihi baku mutu sesuai Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup No 202 tahun 2004 tentang baku mutu air limbah bagi kegiatan penambangan bijih emas dan tembaga sebesar 0,005 mg/L atau setara dengan 0,005 mg/kg. Hasil analisis SWOT berupa strategi pengendalian pencemaran merkuri yaitu program jangka pendek, menengah dan jangka panjang. Program jangka pendek berupa pemerintah menutup sementara aktifitas pertambangan emas rakyat sambil menunggu pengurusan izin dari para penambang. Program jangka menengah berupa sosialisasi peraturan dari pemerintah berkaitan dengan pertambangan emas rakyat. Program jangka panjang berupa pemantauan konsentrasi merkuri dalam tanah serta remediasi lahan tercemar merkuri ========================================================================== Soil at the Kalirejo artisanal gold mining, Kulon Progo has been contaminated with mercury. The pollution occurred due to tailing residue from gold amalgamation process. The tailing residue spilled of the tank and contaminated the soil around the mining area. It can harm people and the environment. This research aims to identify the sources of mercury pollution in the Kulon Progo artisanal gold mining area, compare the contamination level of mercury with the Government Regulation No 101/2014 and formulate strategies to control mercury pollution in terms of technical, legal, and social aspects. Particle size analysis of soils refers to ASTM D422, pH analysis refers to SW-846 Test Method 9045D US EPA, moisture content analysis refers to ASTM D2216-71, and permeability analysis refers to ASTM 2434-68. Mercury content was analyzed with dhithizone method. The data collection with interview and questionnaire method was done with 25 respondents. Parameter for the interview and questionnaire consist of safety, occupational health, law regulations, disease, occupation, and public economy matters. SWOT method (Strength, weakness, opportunities, threats method) was used to defining the strategy. The result showed that the source of mercury pollution proceed from the amalgam separation process which result in mercury contamination in the soil and contaminated the environment. The results of the analysis showed that the mercury concentrations in the soil were 0.30-22.51 mg/kg and exceeded the soil quality standard according to the Government Regulation No. 101/2014 (0.3 mg/kg). Mercury concentrations in the tailing were 164.16- 383.21 mg/kg. The mercury concentration in the tailing also exceeded the tailing quality standard according to the Ministry of Environment Regulation No. 202/2004 (0.005 mg/kg). The SWOT analysis produced the strategies to control mercury pollution in the short-term, medium-term, and long-term period. The short-term period strategy was to close temporarily the artisanal gold mining while waiting for permit from government. The medium-term period strategy was by socialization of government regulation that was related to the artisanal gold mining. The long-term period strategies were done with monitoring of mercury concentration in the soil and remediation of the soil contaminated with mercur