<Articles>A Study of Associations at the End of Ming 明 Dynasty : especially of Fu-she 復社

明末、京林党が弾圧によって壊滅してのち、生員層を中心に復車が設立された。復社は古学復興をスローガンに、八股文の評選機関として全国的な組織をもち、復古主義を当時の一の時代思潮たらしめるうえに大きい役割を果した。しかも復社はその全国組織を背景に内官派に対抗する大きい政治力をもち、崇禎末には、一時、妥協的な形であるが、東林派内間を成立させて、その政治主張を実現させた。それは満洲の侵入と農民起義の拡大に直面して、江南先進地帯における比較的開明的な地主層が、当面の危機を緩和するために内官派の腐敗した政治に抵坑しようとした政治運動であった。明末清初の政治及び思想史のうえで復社のもつた意義は極めて大きい。At the end of the Ming 明 dynasty, after the destruction of the Tung-lin 東林 party by suppression, was established Fu-shê 復社 based on the Shêng-yüan 生員 level, Fu-sheh played an important part in order to make reactionism one of the current ideas of the tims, having a nationwide organization as an eliminating organization of Pa-Ku-Wên 八股文 with a slogan of revival of ancient studies, and had a great political influence equal to the Nei-Kuan 内官 faction, supported by its nationwide organization; at the end of Ch'ung-chên 崇禎 it temporarily realized its political idea with some compromise by forming the cabinet of Tung-lin faction. This means a political movement of comaratively civilized landlords in the advanced area of Chiang-nan 江南 standing against the rotten administration of the Nei-Kuan 内官 faction to pass through the then crisis …… a national crisis of inside development of agrarian disturbance and of outside invasion in Manchuria 満洲 In the history of politics and ideas in the late Ming and early Ch'ing 清 Fu-shê has a very great importance