Constant Along Primal Rays Conjugacies and the l0 Pseudonorm

The so-called l0 pseudonorm on Rd counts the number of nonzero components of a vector. It is used in sparse optimization, either as criterion or in the constraints, to obtain solutions with few nonzero entries. For such problems, the Fenchel conjugacy fails to provide relevant analysis: indeed, the Fenchel conjugate of the characteristic function of the level sets of the l0 pseudonorm is minus infinity, and the Fenchel biconjugate of the l0 pseudonorm is zero. In this paper, we display a class of conjugacies that are suitable for the l0 pseudonorm. For this purpose, we suppose given a (source) norm on Rd. With this norm, we define, on the one hand, a sequence of so-called coordinate-k norms and, on the other hand, a coupling between Rd and Rd , called Capra (constant along primal rays). Then, we provide formulas for the Capra-conjugate and biconjugate, and for the Capra subdifferentials, of functions of the l0 pseudonorm (hence, in particular, of the l0 pseudonorm itself and of the characteristic functions of its level sets), in terms of the coordinate-k norms. As an application, we provide a new family of lower bounds for the l0 pseudonorm, as a fraction between two norms, the denominator being any norm