During the past 2 decades, health has become a more and more important role in our economy life: on the one hand, we observe a significant improvement of average lifespan across the globe, on the other hand, the health expenditures is also increasing enormously, which has become a shake to the public health system of many countries. In this dissertation, we begin with these 2 stylized facts but we also show that there is more to it: though the average level of health has been improved significantly, health related inequalities are still being reported and actually tend to increase, plus, we also show that countries with important health expenditures performs generally poorly in terms of health system efficiency, in short, this improvement ...