BID によるエリアマネジメントの効果 : イギリス・シェフィールド市を事例として

This article shows the characteristics and effects of area management and organisation, andanalyses changes in commercial zones using urban policy research rather than distribution policyresearch. An area management programme calling for the establishment of a BusinessImprovement District (BID) in the city of Sheffield, England revealed that the BID played a rolein the revitalisation (investment, maintenance and management) of the city centre, even thoughthe number of suburban shopping malls and speciality shops was increasing.The survey method was a semi-structured interview, informing questioners in advance andasking additional questions according to their answers. The interviewees were officials ofSheffield City Council, Richard Eyre (head of City Centre Management and Major Events) andSimon Ogden (head of City Regeneration). We also conducted document research in parallel.The BID programme was introduced in the 2000s when area management started to be undertakenthroughout the UK. BIDs had been established in about 300 districts by 2018, with activitiesfor improving the attractiveness of city centres such as clean-up activities, the hiring ofsecurity guards, sightseeing guidance, and the creation of events. The results clarify the followingthree points :First, the activities of the BIDs, Town Centre Management (TCM), and City Centre Management(CCM) are highly similar to public services. However, the difference between BIDs andTCM/CCM is that BIDs do not create free riders, because all the businesses share the burden(levy), even individual businesses in the area that are opposed to the programme.The second point is the comparison between the BID’s management organisation and theJapanese shopping district organisation. Both share many similarities, such as the establishmentof a board of directors, the administration of a secretariat, the content of the project, and the ratioof the levied contribution. However, while Japanese shopping district organisations are small andindependent, the BID is a large-scale programme and is centrally coordinated.The third point is the involvement of the Sheffield City Council. The City Council participatesin the BID as a business establishment in the area, besides collecting contributions for the BIDfrom businesses. The result was that the Sheffield BID conducted an event, increased the numberof visitors by 880,000, and increased consumption by 10.07 million. The city centre is now differentiatedfrom suburban shopping malls and speciality shops in the suburbs, and offers new functionsfor gathering people