Does the legal regulation of the Republic of Lithuania ensure equal rights of women and men in statutory institutions within the scope regulated by the Ministry of Internal Affairs?

Neatsiejamas demokratinės valstybės pagrindas yra lygybė tarp moterų ir vyrų. Su šia problema susiduria bene kiekviena pasaulio valstybė, o diskriminacijos dėl lyties kova, prasidėjusi nuo tarptautinio moterų judėjimo, yra aktuali visame pasaulyje. Kiekvienas asmuo turi teisę dirbti, turėti vienodas teises į darbo užmokestį, kuris suteiktų galimybę gyventi oriai, ir gauti reikalingas socialines garantijas. Ne išimtis ir statutinėse įstaigose dirbantys asmenys, dėl kurių visuomenėje iškyla vis daugiau diskusijų apie vienodą galios ir atsakomybės pasiskirstymą tarp moterų ir vyrų, taip pat skirtingų lyčių galimybių atlikti vienodas funkcijas tematika. Šio darbo tikslas yra išanalizuoti lyčių lygybės problematiką Lietuvos Respublikos statutinėse įstaigose, priklausančiose Vidaus reikalų ministerijos (toliau – VRM) reguliuojamai sričiai bei atlikus sisteminę šios problemos analizę pateikti rekomendacijas dėl teisingo ir lygaus požiūrio į vyrus ir moteris, dirbančius arba siekiančius įsidarbinti statutinėse įstaigose. Statutinių valstybės tarnautojų samprata, jų teisės ir pareigos bei vykdoma veikla yra reglamentuota naujoje 2019 metų Lietuvos Respublikos vidaus tarnybos statuto redakcijoje. Pirmajame skyriuje bus apžvelgiamas moterų ir vyrų lygių galimybių reglamentavimas Lietuvoje, Europos Sąjungoje bei tarptautiniame lygmenyje, siekiama išsiaiškinti, kaip teisiškai apibrėžiama lyčių lygybė, kokie teisės aktai saugo lyčių lygybės principą bei kokia yra šio principo atsiradimo istorija. Taip pat bus analizuojama Lyčių lygybės kontrolieriaus sąvoka ir šios institucijos veikla Lietuvos Respublikoje. Antrajame skyriuje analizuojama statutinių įstaigų, priklausančių Vidaus reikalų ministerijos sričiai, samprata ir struktūra. Trečiajame skyriuje apžvelgiamas moterų ir vyrų lygių galimybių reglamentavimas Lietuvos Respublikos statutinėse įstaigose, kokios sąlygos suteikiamos abiems lytims bei su kokiomis problemomis susiduriama šių galimybių reglamentavime. Siekiama atskleisti statutinio valstybės tarnautojo darbo užmokesčio, teisių į vaiko priežiūros atostogas bei fizinio pasirengimo ir sveikatos būklės reikalavimus lyginant Lietuvos Respubliką su Graikija ir Švedija. Galiausiai pateikiamos rekomendacijos dėl lygių vyrų ir moterų galimybių užtikrinimo statutinėse įstaigose, priklausančiose VRM reguliuojamai sričiai.One of the most important and natural human right is equality among all people. The matter of women and men equality dare back to old ages, whereas, from the very old times the discrimination of gender existed as a result of dissimilar cultures and religious differences seeing that women and men were expected by society to play certain roles. The struggle for these differences began only in the 19th century, in the 1980s, as a consequence of international women's movement. Since then it is aimed that every person should have the right to work and to receive a salary that would allow to live in dignity. However, it is often said that some of the works such as statutory institution like police officers, firefigthers, customs, prison department and many more are mostly perceived as male work. As a result, such a trend usually becomes a social habit. The purpuse of this work is to find out whether equal opportunities are provided in the Republic of Lithuania for women and men working or intending to work in statutory institutions which belongs to the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Article 29 of the Republic of Lithuania establishes the principle of equal rights by proclaiming that all people are equal against the law, court, and other institutions. The matter of equality among men and women has changed a lot since Lithuania has joined the European Union, seeing that this issue was not relevant at the time than Lithuania belonged to the Soviet Union. This step has helped to re-evaluate the legal system of the Republic of Lithuania as well as it encouraged women to seek a career and to transform the long traditions of the patriarchal family system. In the present, any bias in relation to a person's sex can be seen as a violation of equal opportunities for which criminal liability is foreseen under Article 169 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Lithuania. This work also clarified the history of foreign countries for gender equality from the very beginning, since then General Assembly has adopted the Declaration on Human Rights. Taking into account that this international document is of a recommendatory nature, it is worth mentioning that the fundamental principles contained in the declaration are enshrined in the domestic laws of many countries. The most important principle of democratic state is democratic values that must be protected by public authorities. The statutory institution activities of the Republic of Lithuania are regulated by statutes and other legal acts. The new Statute of the Internal Service in the Republic of Lithuania was adopted in 2019. Under this legislation Police Department, State Border Guard Service, Fire Protection and Rescue Department, Financial Crime Investigation Service, Executive Protection Department, Public Security Service are classified as statutory institutions. While researching women and men equallity in statutory instututions of Republic of Lithuania it is very important to mention that career satisfaction and equallity are determined by many factors such as salary, parental leave possibilities as well as the same requirements for work. The main differences in statutory work are physical requirements and health conditions requirements for both genders set by the Minister of the Interior. On the other hand, different physical requirements for women can be consideredare adequate for physiology and the variability of these requirements depends on the desire to give women equal rights to work in the internal service. Speaking about parental leave, paternity, pregnancy and childbirth leave are regulated by the Labor Code of the Republic of Lithuania. The involvement of the father in a child care has been shown to have a positive impact on the child's social and psychological development, furthermore, it is immensely important for the equal opportunities for both parents. It is worth mentioning that Article 134 of Labor Code of the Republic of Lithuania gives the possibility to have parental leave not only for a child‘s mother but also for father, grandmother and grandfather. Equality between women and men in Lithuania is protected by a quasi-judicial institution Equal Opportunities Ombudsman which is one of the few in the European Union able to make binding decisions which may be appealed to the court. This work also analyzes and compares the Republic of Lithuania with Greece and Sweden. These countries are not randomly selected, seeing that Greece is one of the Europian Union countries facing difficulties and problems in implementing gender equality policies although the Greek constitution states that all persons are equal. On the contrary, Sweden was selected because that it is one of the Northern European countries that have long been considered to be the most democratic, successful and most achieved in the field of gender equality. Ultimately, Lithuania has quite a lot of women working in statutory organizations. Many of job requerements are respectively adapted to gender physiology and possibilities of the human. Attracting attention to physical requirements women are getting lighter requirements but in case of disputes the Equal Opportunities Ombudsperson helps to resolve all the matters. Despite equality among women and men in the Republic of Lithuania is regulated by a number of national and international laws, there are still some problems whereas gender equality in legislation is not always a factual equality.Teisės fakulteta