Design of anthropomorphic atherosclerotic carotid artery flow phantoms for ultrasound images

Carotid artery phantoms (CaPs) can be used as test objects to explore novel ways of enhancing the ultrasound based carotid atherosclerosis diagnosis. To achieve this goal CaPs should be anatomically realistic both in terms of geometry, acoustic and physical properties, and should allow to reproduce different pathological conditions. We propose a framework for designing CaPs of healthy and diseased arteries. To verify the framework effectiveness we constructed three CaPs: healthy, with a hard/soft plaque causing a 30%/65% vessel narrowing. Then we acquired CaPs B-mode images and performed their geometric characterization and echogenicity analysis demonstrating the framework effectiveness at realizing anthropomorphic CaPs at low cost, easily reproducing different atherosclerotic conditions