On the value of variables

Call-by-value and call-by-need lambda-calculi are defined using the distinguished syntactic category of values. In theoretical studies, values are variables and abstractions. In more practical works, values are usually defined simply as abstractions. This paper shows that practical values lead to a more efficient process of substitution—for both call-by-value and call-by-need—once the usual hypothesis for implementations hold (terms are closed, reduction does not go under abstraction, and substitution is done in micro steps, replacing one variable occurrence at the time). Namely, the number of substitution steps becomes linear in the number of β-redexes, while theoretical values only provide a quadratic bound