Storage solutions for renewable production in household sector

The penetration of renewable sources, particularly wind and solar, into the grid has been increasing in recent years. As a consequence, there have been serious concerns over reliable and safety operation of power systems. One possible solution, to improve grid stability, is to integrate energy storage devices into power system network: storing energy produced in periods of low demand to later use, ensuring full exploitation of intermittent available sources. Focusing on stand-alone photovoltaic (PV) energy system, energy storage is needed with the purpose of ensuring continuous power flow, to minimize or, if anything, to neglect electrical grid supply. A comprehensive study on a hybrid stand-alone photovoltaic power system using two different energy storage technologies has been performed. This study examines the feasibility of replacing electricity provided by the grid with hybrid system to meet household demand. This paper is a part of an experimental and a theoretical study which is currently under development at University of Bologna. A test facility is under construction, at the University of Bologna, for the experimental characterization of the cogenerative performance of small scale hybrid power systems, composed of micro-CHP systems of different technologies: a Micro Rankine Cycles (MRC), a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEM-FC), a battery, an electrolyzer and a heat recovery subsystem. The test set-up is also integrated with an external load simulator, in order to generate variable load profiles. This paper presents the theoretical results of the performance simulations developed considering an hybrid system consisting on a photovoltaic array (PV), electrochemical batteries (B) and electrolyzer (HY) with a H2 tank and a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEM-FC) stack, in case of a household electrical demand. The performance of this system have been evaluated by the use of a calculation code, in-house developed by University of Bologna; future activities will be the tuning of the software with the experimental results, in order to realize a code able to define the correct size of each sub-system, ones the load profile of the utility is known or estimate