Ars characteristica, logical calculus, and natural languages

This chapter discusses Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz\u2019s philosophical reflections on ars characteristica (\u201ccharacteristic art,\u201d the art of forming and arranging the characters so that they agree with the thoughts), logical calculus, and natural languages. It begins by providing an overview of Leibniz\u2019s project for a universal language, his division of general science into analysis and synthesis, and his investigations on grammar. It then considers Leibniz\u2019s notion of natural language in relation to words and particles, the logic of propositions, real addition and mereology, and the nature and origin of historical language based on the concepts of affect, onomatopoeia, and cases and circumstances. Finally, the article examines Leibniz\u2019s views on artificial language and the nature of monads