Causes and Diagnoses of Cervical Cancer

Cervical cancer is the second most common malignant neoplasm affecting women worldwide, with a high rate of mortality throughout the world. Epidemiologic, biologic, and genetic data have identified a consistent association of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection with the development of cervical cancer. Minor causes of cervical cancer include oral contraceptives, obstetrical history, sexually transmitted disease, smoking, nutrition, immunosuppression state, and unexplained factors. For the screening and diagnosis of cervical carcinoma, Papanicolaou cytologic test (Pap test), liquid-based cytologic test, colposcopy, cervicography, and HPV DNA test are clinically useful diagnostic procedures. Liquid-based cytologic test, HPV DNA test, and cervicography can be used additionally to decrease the false negative rate of conventional Pap test.ope