University of Northern Iowa UNI ScholarWorks Iowa Book Gallery Iowa Historical Collections 1878 The History of Black Hawk County, Iowa Western Historical Company Let us know how access to this document benefits you Copyright Public domain Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uni.edu/iowabooks Recommended Citation Western Historical Company, "The History of Black Hawk County, Iowa" (1878). Iowa Book Gallery. 13. https://scholarworks.uni.edu/iowabooks/13 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa Historical Collections at UNI ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Iowa Book Gallery by an authorized administrator of UNI ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact scholarworks@uni.edu. THE HISTORY OF BLACK HAWK COUNTY, IO W A~ 00;-;fTAININO A Biographical Directory or Citizens, War Record of its Vol-unteers in the late Rebellion, General and Local Statistics, Portraits of E arly Settlers and Prominent Men, His-tory of the Northwest, History o f Iowa, Map of Black Hawk County, Constitution of the United States, Miscellaneous Matters, &c, ILLUSTRATED . CHICAG O: WESTERN HISTORICAL COMPANY, 1R78. This page intentionally blank. This page intentionally blank. This page intentionally blank. This page intentionally blank. This page intentionally blank. This page intentionally blank. This page intentionally blank. Entered, according to Act ot Congress, in the year 1878, by THE WESTERN HISTORICAL COMPANY, In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C. PREFACE. LESS than half a century has rolled into eternity since the Indian title to any portion of the soil of Iowa was extinguished, and the Black Hawk Purchase permitted the resistless tide of emigration westward to flow across the :\fosissippi, and only thirty years ago the Winnebagoes reluctantly left their Iowa Reserve, the southern line of which was very near the northern part of Black Hawk County. Less than thirty-five years have elapsed since S'.1.'URGIS and ADAMS built the first rude log cabins in the valley of the Cedar, and the first brave and hardy pioneers settled on the beautiful prairies of Black Hawk. But these fleeting years have been replete with eventful changes-of history that it has been the purpose of this work to gather, arrange and preserve for transmission to posterity as one of the almost countless chll,pters in the annals of this great country. The task has been an arduous and responsible one. Some years had passed, after the first permanent settlements by STURGIS, AD,urn, HANNA, VIRDEN, ~IELROSE, MULLAN, NEWELL and others, before any written records were made; and of those who settled in the county in 1845, only one now remains to tell the story of their hardships and privations. The compilers have been forced to depend upon the remembrances of the early settlers for many of the incidents recorded in the following pages. But memories fail with the accumulating burdens of years, and events that were vividly recalled ten or fifteen years ago, are now so nearly forgotten that they return with difficulty at the call of the historian. The reminiscences of JAl\IES NEWELL, one of the pioneers of Iowa as early as 1834-5, written by himself before his decease, kindly placed at the disposal of the historians by S. H. P"WKARD, Esq., of Cedar Falls, have furnished some interesting and valuable matter for this work. Large numbers of circulars and letters addressed to Township Clerks and old settlers, asking for information for this work, have not been answered, with one or two honorable exceptions. It has often occurred, also, that different individuals have given sincere and honest, but, nevertheless, conflicting, versions of the same events, a,nd it has been a task of great delicacy to harmonize these conflicting statements. This work has been done with much care and discrimination, with the sole purpose of arriving at the truth. How well this t~sk has been performed, the intelligent reader must judge. It will be strange, indeed, if, in the multiplicity of names, dates and events no errors, l i ' t, PREFACE. no om1ss1ons be detected. The compilers do not dare hope that, in all its numerous and varied details, this work is absolutely correct, nor is it to be expected that it is beyond criticism; but it is hoped and believed that it will be found measurably correct and generally accurate and rel~able. Great care has been constantly exercised in its preparation in the hope of making it a standard work of reference, as well as a volume of interest to the general reader. Such as it shall be found, however, our work is done, our offering completed, and it remains for us to tender our acknowledgments to the people of Black Hawk County for the patronage that has enabled us to present them with this volume, and for the courtesy and kindness generally extended to our repre-sentatives, to whom has been intrusted the work of collecting and arranging the historical record herein presented to that posterity who, in the not far dis-tant future, are to take the places of the fathers and mothers of to-day, so many of whose names are honorably recorded in the following pages. Particularly do we desire to express our warmest thanks to those who have taken an interest in the work and who have so generously furnished valuable information, without whose aid this history of Black Hawk County could not have been so complete and accurate as it is hoped it will be found to be. To GEORGE W. HANNA, Esq., the oldest settler now living; to JAMES VIRDEK, Esq.; M. PARROTT, Esq., of the Iowa State Reporter; W. H. HARTMAX, Esq, of the Coiti-ier; SNYDER BROS., of the Gazette; S. VAN ME'fER & Co., of the Recorder; S. H. PACKARD, Esq.; Dr. J. WASSON, of the Progress; to the county officers who have so courteously and kindly aided us and placed the official records of the county at cur disposal ; to the ministers and official repre-sentatives of the churches, lodges and societies, this paragraph of grateful appreciation and thanks is respectfully dedicated. W c are also under obliga-tions to Hon. T. W. BURDICK, Member of Congress, for courtesies extended to our representatives. In conclusion, we may be permitted to express the earnest hope that before twoscore more of years have passed, other and abler pens will have gathered and recorded the historic events that are to follow the close of this offc•ring to the people of Black Hawk, that the history of the county may be preserved unbroken from generation to generation ; and to this end public records, private journals and newspaper files should be carefully preserved. PUBLISHERS. S eptembei-, 1878. UONTENTS. ]:>AGE. History Northwest Territory .. ...... . 19 Geographical Position ............ 19 Early Explorations ................ 20 Discovery of the Ohio ............ 33 English Explorations and Set-tlements ............................. 35 American Settlements ............ 60 Dh·ision of the Northwest Ter-ritory ................................ 66 Tecumseh and tho War of 1812 70 Black Hawk and the Black Hawk War ........................ 74 Other Indian Troubles ............ 79 Present Condition oftheNorth-,vest ................................. 86 Chicago ............................... 95 Illinois ................................. 240 Indiana ................................ 242 Io,va .. , ..... ........................... 243 Michigan ............... ........ ....... 244 ,visconsin ............................. 245 l\Iinnesota ............................ 247 Nebraska .............................. 248 History of Iowa: Geographical Situation .......... 109 'l'opography ................... ........ 109 Drainage System ................... 110 Rive.rs .................................. 111 Lakes ................................... 118 Springs ................................. ll9 Prairies ......................... ..... ... 120 Geology ................................ 120 Climatology ................... ........ 137 PAGE. Mouth of the Mississippi.. ............. 21 Source of the Mississippi .............. 21 Wild Prairie ............... : ....... .......... 23 La Salle Landing on the Shore of Green Bay ................................ 25 Buffalo Hunt ..... ...•.................. .. . 27 Trapping ..................................... 29 Hunting, ............. ..................... 32 Iroquois Chief ............................. 34 Pontiac, the Ottawa Chieftain ........ 43 Jndians Attacking }"'rontiersmen .. 56 A Prairie Storm ........................... 59 HIS'J'ORICAJ,. PAGE. History of Iowa: Discovery and Occupation ...... 139 Tbrritory ......................... , .... 147 Indians ................................ . 147 Pike's Expe, to\ •., ~ h ~ ~ 0 u ~ .., .. E,; 81~ 1/ ~-,,1$ i i~ I I II~~ ~ q ~ ~ /8 L 1.9 It :10 31 PJIT/Ilw: T .A..l."""VTA C O. R:Xmvv:· • 2B ,, •. " .Et:XIL-WJ3ENT 0~ CO. RXIW. ) T'HE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION. When the Northwestern Territory was ceded to the United States by Virginia in 1784, it embraced only the territory lying between the Ohio and the Mississippi Rivers, and north to the northern limits of the United States. It coincided with the area now embraced in the States of Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, Wisconsin, and that portion of Minnesota lying on the east side of the Mississippi River. The United States itself at that period extended no farther west than the Mississippi River; but by the purchase of Louisiana in 1803, the western boundary of the United States was extended to the Rocky Mo.untains and the Northern Pacific Ocean. The new territory thus added to the National domain, and subsequently opened to settlement, has been called the "New Northwest," in contradistinction from the old "Northwestern Territory." In comparison with the old Northwest this is a territory of vast magnitude. It includes an area of 1,887,850 square miles; being greater in extent than the united areas of all the Middle and Southern States, including Texas. Out of this magnificent territory have been erected eleven sovereign States and eight Territories, with an aggregate popula-tion, at the present time, of 13,000,000 inhabitants, or nearly one third of the entire population of the United States. Its lakes are fresh-water seas, and the larger rivers of the continent flow for a thousand miles through its rich alluvial valleys and far-stretching prairies, more acres of which are arable and productive of the highest percentage of the cereals than of any other area of like extent on the globe. For the last twenty years the increase of population in the North-west has been about as three to one in any other portion of the United States. ( 1 !)) 20 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. EARLY EXPLORATIONS. In the year 1541, DeSoto first saw the Great West in the New World. He, however, penetrated no farther north than the 35th parallei of latitude. The expedition resulted in his death and that of more than half his army, the remainder of whom found their way to Cuba, thence to Spain, in a famished and demoralized condition. DeSoto founded no settlements, produced no results, and left no traces, unless it were that he awakened the hostility of the red man against the white man, and disheartened such as might desire to follow up the career of discovery for better purposes. The French nation were eager and ready to seize upon any news from this extensive domain, and were the first to profit by DeSoto's defeat. Yet it was more than a century before any adventurer took advantage of these discoveries. In 1616, four years before the pilgrims " moored their bark on the wild New England shore," Le Caron, a French Franciscan, had pene-trated through the Iroquois and Wyandots (Hurons) to the streams which run into Lake Huron ; and in 1634·, two ,Jesuit missionaries founded the first mission among the lake tribes. It was just one hundred years from the discovery of the Mississippi by DeSoto (1541) until the Canadian envoys met the savage nations of the Northwest at the Falls of St. Mary, below the outlet of Lake Superior. This visit led to no permanent result; yet it was not until 1659 that any of the adventurous fur traders attempted to spend a Winter in the frozen wilds about the great lakes, nor was it until 1660 that a station was established upon their borders by Mesnard, who perished in the woods a few months after. In 1665, Claude Allouez built the earliest lasting habitation of the white man among the Indians of the Northwest. In 1668, O'laude Dablon and James Marquette founded the mission of Sault Ste. Marie at the Falls of St. Mary, and two years afterward, Nicholas Perrot, as agent for M. Talon, Governor Gen-eral of Canada, explored Lake Illinois (Michigan) as far south as the present City of Chicago, and invited the Indian nations to meet him at a grand council at Sault Ste. Marie the following Spring, where they were taken under the protection of the king, and formal possession was taken of the Northwest. This same year Marquette established a mission at Point St. Ignatius, where was founded the old town of Michillimackinac. During M. Talon's explorations and Marquette's residence at St. Ignatius, they learned of a great river away to the west, and fancied -as all others did then-that upon its fertile banks whole tribes of God's children resided, to whom the sound of the Gospel had never come. Filled with a wish to go and preach to them, and in compliance with a \ THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY, 21 22 THE NORTHW.EST TERRITOdY, request of M. Talon, who earnestly desired to extend the domain of his king, and to ascertain whether the river flowed into the Gulf of Mexico :::>r the Pacific Ocean, Marquette with Joliet, as commander of the expe-dition, prepared for the undertaking. On the 13th of May, 1673, the explorers, accompanied by five assist-ant French Canadians, set out from Mackinaw on their daring voyage of discovery. The Indians, who gathered to witness their departure, were astonished at the boldness of the undertaking, and endeavored to dissuade them from their purpose by representing the tribes on the Mississippi as exceedingly savage and cruel, and the river itself as full of all sorts of frightful monsters ready to swallow them and their canoes together. But, nothing daunted by these terrific descriptions, Marquette told them he was willing not only to encounter all the perils of the unknown region they were about to explore, but to lay down his life in a cause in which the salvation of souls was involved ; and having prayed together they separated. Coasting along the northern shore of Lake Michigan, the adventurers entered Green Bay, and passed thence up the Fox River and Lake Winnebago to a vfuage of the Miamis and Kickapoos. Here Mar-quette was delighted to find a beautiful cross planted in the middle of the town ornamented with white skins, red girdles and bows and arrows, which these good people had offered to the Great Manitou, or God, to thank him for the pity he had bestowed on them during the Winter in giving them an abundant "chase." This was the farthest outpost to which Dablon and Allouez had extended their missionary labors the year previous. Here Marquette drank mineral waters and was instructed in the secret of a root which cures the bite of the venomous rattlesnake. He assembled the chiefs and old men of the village, and, pointing to Joliet, said: " My friend is an envoy of France, to discover new coun-tries, and I am an ambassador from God to enlighten them with the truths of the Gospel." Two Miami guides were here furnished to conduct them to the Wisconsin River, and they set out from the Indian village on the 10th of June, amidst a great crowd of natives who had assembled to witness their departure into a region where no white man had ever yet ventured. The guides, having conducted them across the portage, returned. The explorers launched their canoes upon the \Visconsin, which they descended to the Mississippi and proceeded down its unknown waters. What emotions must have swelled' their breasts as they struck out into the broadening current and became conscious that they were now upon the bosom of th:i Father of Waters. The mystery was about to be lifted from the long-sought river. The scenery in that locality is beautiful, and on that delightful seventeenth of June must haYe been clad in all its primeval loveliness as it had been adorned Ly the hand of THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 23 Nature. Drifting rapidly, it is_ said that the bold bluffs on either hand "reminded them of the castled shores of their own beautiful rivers of France." By-and-by, as they drifted along, great herds of buffalo appeared on the banks. On going to the heads of the valley they could see a country of the greatest beauty and fertility, apparently destitute of inhab-itants yet presenting the appeal·ance of extensive manors, under the fas-tidious cultivation of lordly proprietors. THE WILD PRAIRIE. On June 25, they went ashore and found some fresh traces of men upon the sand, and a path which led to the prairie. The men remained in the boat, and Marquette and Joliet followed the path till they discovered a village on the banks of a river, and two other villages on a hill, within a half league of the first, inhabited by Indians. They were received most hospitably by these natives, who had never before seen a white person. After remaining a few days they re-embarked and descended the river to about latitude 33°, where they found a village of the Arkansas, and being satisfied that the river flowed into the Gulf of Mexico, turned their course 24 THE NORTAWEST TERRTTORY, up the river, and ascending the stream to the mouth of the Illinois, rowed up that stream to its source, and procured guides from that point to the lakes. "Nowhere on this journey," says Marquette, "did we see such grounds, meadows, woods, stags, buffaloes, deer, wildcats, bustards, swans, ducks, parroquets, and even beavers, as on the Illinois River." The party, without loss or injury, reached Green Bay in September, and reported their discovery-one of the most important of the age, but of which no record was preserved save Marquette's, Joliet losing his by the upsetting of his canoe on his way to Quebec. Afterward Marquette returned to the Illinois Indians by their request, and ministered to them until 1675. On the 18th of May, in that year, as he was passing the mouth of a stream-going with his boatmen up Lake Michigan-he asked to land at its mouth and celebrate Mass. Leaving his men with the canoe, he retired a short distance and began his devotions. As much time passed and he did not return, his men went in search of him, and found him upon his knees, dead. He had peacefully passed away while at prayer. He was buried at this spot. Charlevoix, who visited the place fifty years after, found the waters had retreated from the grave, leaving the beloved missionary to repose in peace. The river has since been called Marquette. 'While Marquette and his companions were pursuing their labors in the West, two men, differing widely from him and each other, were pre-paring to follow in his footsteps and perfect the discoveries so well begun by him. These were Robert de La Salle and Louis Hennepin. After La Salle's return from the discovery of the Ohio River (see the narrative elsewhere), he established himself again among the French trading posts in Canada. Here he mused long upon the pet project of those ages-a short way to China and the East, and was busily planning an expedition .up the great lakes, and so across the continent to the Pacific, when Marquette returned from the Mississippi. At once the vigorous mind of LaSalle received from his and his companions' stories the idea that by fol-lowing the Great River northward, or by turning up some of the numerous western tributaries, the object could easily be gained. He applied to Frontenac, Governor General of Canada, and laid before him the pbn, dim but gigantic. Frontenac entered warmly into his plans, and saw that LaSalle's idea to connect the great lakes ·oy a chain of forts with the Gulf of ~lexico would bind. the country so wonderfully together, give un-measured power to France, and glory to himself, under whose adminis-tration he earnestly hoped all would be realized. LaSalle now repaired to France, laid his plans before the King, who warmly approved of them, and made him a Chevalier. He also recei.v -:i cl from all the noblemen the warmest wishes for his success. The Chev·· THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 25 alier returned to Canada, and busily entered upon his work. He at once rebuilt Fort Frontenac and constructed the first ship to sail on these fresh-water seas. On the 7th of August, 1679, having been joined by Hennepin, he began his voyage in the Griffin up Lake Erie. He passed over this lake, through the straits beyond, up Lake St. Clair and into Huron. In this ln.ke they encountered heavy storms. They were some time at Michillimackinac, where LaSalle founded a fort, and passed on to Green Bay, the "Baie des Puans" of the French, where he found a large quantity of furs collected for him. He loaded the Griffin with these, and placing her under the care of a, pilot and fourteen sailors, LA SALLE LANDING ON THE SHORE OF GREEN BAY. started her on her return voyage. The vessel was never afterward heard of. He remained about these parts until early in the Winter, when, hear-ing nothing from the Griffin, he collected all the men-thirty working men and three monks-and started again upon his great undertaking. By a short portage they passed to the Illinois or Kankakee, called by the Indians, "Theakeke," wolf, because of the tribes of Indians called by that name, commonly known as the Mahingans, dwelling there. The French pronounced it Kiakiki, which became corrupted to Kankakee. "Falling down the said river by easy journeys, the better to observe the country," about the last of December they reached a village of the Illi-nois Indians, containing some five hundred cabins, but at that moment 26 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. no inhabitants. The Seur de LaSal:te being in want of some breadstnffs, took advantage of the absence of the Indians to help himself to a suffi-ciency of maize, large quantities of which he found concealed in holes under the wigwams. This village was situated near the present village of Utica in LaSalle County, Illinois. The corn being securely stored, the voyagers again betook themselves to the stream, and toward evening, on the 4th day of January, 1680, they came into a lake which must have been the lake of Peoria. This was called by the Indians Pim-i-te-wi, that is, a place where there are many fat beasts. Here the natives were met with in large numbers, but they were gentle and kind, and having spent some time with them, LaSalle determined to erect another fort in that place, for he had heard rumors that some of the adjoining tribes were trying to disturb the good feeling which existed, and some of his men were disposed to complain, owing to the hardships and perils of the travel. He called thiR fort "CrevecfEur" (broken-heart), a name expressive of the very natural sorrow and anxiety which the pretty certain loss of his ship, Griffin, and his consequent impoverishment, the danger of hostility on the part of the Indians, and of mutiny among his own men, might well cause him. His fears were not entirely groundless. At one time poison was placed in his food, but fortunately was discovered. While building this fort, the Winter wore away, the prairies began to look green, and LaSalle, despairing of any reinforcements, concluded to return to Canada, raise new means and new men, and embark ane,v in the enterprise. For this purpose he made Hennepin the leader of a party to explore the head waters of the Mississippi, and he set out on his jour-ney. This journey was accomplished with the aid of ii few persons, and was successfully made, though over an almost u- ik:nown route, and in a bad season of the year. He safely reach0d Cana .la, and set out again for the object of his search. Hennepin and his party left Fort Crevecceur on the last of February, 1680. When LaSalle reached this place on his return expedition, he found the fort entirely deserted, and he was obliged to return again to Canada. He embarked the third time, and succeedeegan a mission among the Illinois, and founded Kaskaskia. For some time this was merely a missionary station, where none but natives resided, it being one of three such vil-lages, fae other two being Cahokia and Peoria. What is known of these missions is learned from a letter written by Father Gabriel l\Iarest, dated "Aux Cascaskias, autrement dit de l'Im1mtenlate Conception de la Sainte Vierge, le 9 Novembre, 1712." Soon after the founding of Kaskaskia, the missionary, Pinet, gathered a flock at Cahokia, while Peoria arose near the ruins of Fort Crevecceur. This must have been about the year 1700. The post at Vincenne;; on the Oubache river, (pronounced Wa-ba, meaning summer cloud moving swiftly) was estab-lished in 1702, according to the best authorities.* It is altogether prob-able that on LaSalle's last trip he established the stations at Kaskaskia I and Cahokia. In July, 1701, the foundations of Fort Ponchartrain were laid by De la Motte Cadillac on the Detroit River. These sta-tions, with those established further north, were the earliest attempts to occupy the Northwest Territory. At the same time efforts were being made to occupy the South west, which finally culminated in the settle-ment and founding of the City of New Orleans by a colony from England in 1718. This was mainly accomplished through the efforts of the famous Mississippi Company, established by the notorious John Law, who so quickly arose into prominence in France, and who with his scheme so quickly and so ignominiously passed away. From the time of the founding of these stations for fifty years the French nation were engrossed with the settlement of the lower Missis-sippi, and the war with the Chicasaws, who had, in revenge for repeated • There is considerable dispute about this date, some asserting lt was founded as la.to as 1742. When the new court house at Vincennes was erected, all auti1orities on the sulJject were carefully examined, and . /02 fixed upon as the correct date. It was accordingly engraved on the corner-stone of tb.e court house. THE, NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 31 injuries, cut off the entire colony at Natchez. Although the company did little for Louisiana, as the entire vVest was then called, yet it opened . the trade through the Mississippi River, and started the raising of grains indigenous to that climate. Until the year 1750, but little is known of the settlements in the Northwest, as it was not until this time that the attention of the English was called to the occupation of this portion of the New World, which they then supposed they owned. Vivier, a missionary among the Illinois, writing from "Aux Illinois," six leagues from Fort Chartres, June 8, 1750, says: "We have here whites, negroes and Indians, to say nothing of cross-breeds. There are five French villages, and three villages of the natives, within a space of twenty-one leagues situated between the Mississippi and another river called the Karkadaid (Kaskaskias). In the five French villages are, perhaps, eleven hundred whites, three hundred blacks and some sixty red slaves or savages. The three Illinois towns do not contain more than eight hundred souls all told. Most of the French till the soil; they raise wheat, cattle, pigs and horses, and live like princes. Three times as much is produced as can be consumed; and great quantities of grain and flour are sent to New Orleans." This city was now the seaport town of the Northwest, and save in the extreme northern part, where only furs and copper ore were found, almost all the products of the country found their way to France by the mouth of the Father of vVaters. In another letter, dated N ovem-ber 7, 1750, this same priest says: "For fifteen leagues above the month of the Mississippi one sees no dwellings, the ground being too low to be habitable. Thence to New Orleans, the lands are only partially occupied. New Orleans contains black, white and red, not more, I think, than twelve hundred persons. To this point come all lumber, bricks, salt-beef, tallow, tar, skins and Lear's grease ; and above all, pork and flom from the Illinois. These things create some commerce, as forty vessels and more have come hither this year. Above New Orleans, plantations are again met with; the most considerable is a colony of Germans, some ten leagues up the river. At Point Coupee, thirty-five leagues above the German settlement, is a fort. Along here, within five or six leagues, are not less than sixty habitations. Fifty leagues farther up is the Natchez post, where we have a garrison, who are kept prisoners through fear of the Chickasaws. Here and at Point Coupee, they raise excellent tobacco. Another hundred leagues brings us to the Arkansas, where we have also a fort and a garrison for the benefit of the river traders. * * * From the Arkansas to the Illinois, nearly five hundred leagues, there is not a settlement. There should be, however, a fort at the Oubache (Ohio), the only path by which the English can reach the Mississippi. In the Illinois country are numberless mines, but no one to 32 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. work them as they deserve." Father Marest, writing from the post at Vincennes in 1812, makes the same observation. Vivier also says: " Some individuals dig lead near the surface and supply the Indians and Canada. Two Spaniards now here, who claim to be adepts, say that our mines are like those of Mexico, and that if we would dig deeper, we should find silver un1der the lead; and at any rate the lead is excellent. There is also in this country, beyond doubt, copper ore, as from time to time large pieces are found in the streams." HUNTING. At the close of the year 1750, the French occupied, in addition to the lower Mississippi posts and those in Illinois, one at Du Quesne, one l:it the Maumee in the country of the Miamis, and one at Sandusky in what may be termed the Ohio Valley. In the northern part of the Northwest they had stations at St. Joseph's on the St. Joseph's of Lake Michigan, at Fort Ponchartrain (Detroit), at Michillimackanac or Massillimacanac, Fox River of Green Bay, and at Sault Ste. Marie. The fondest dreams of LaSalle were now fully realized. The French alone were possessors of this vast realm, basing their claim on discovery and settlement. Another nation, however, was now turning its attention to this extensive country, THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 33 and hearing of its wealth, began to lay plans for occupying it and for securing the great profits arising therefrom. The French, however, had another claim to this country, namely, the DISCOVERY OF THE OHIO. This "Beautiful" river was discovered by Robert Cavalier de La-Salle in 1669, four years before the discovery of the Mississippi by Joliet and Marquette. While LaSalle was at his trading post on the St. Lawrence, he found leisure to study nine Indian dialects; the chief of which was the Iroquois. He not only desired to facilitate his intercourse in trade, but he longed to travel and explore the unknown regions of the West. An incident soon occurred which decided him to fit out an exploring expedition. While conversing with some Senecas, he learned of a river called the Ohio, which rose in their country and flowed to the sea, but at such a distance that it required eight months to reach its mouth. In this state-ment the Mississippi and its tributaries were considered as one stream. LaSalle believing, as most of the French at that period did, that the great rivers flowing west emptied into the Sea of California, was anxious to embark in the enterprise of discovering a route across the continent to the commerce of China and Japan. He repaired at once to Quebec to obtain the approval of the Gov-ernor. His eloquent appeal prevailed. The Governor and the Intendant, Talon, issued letters patent authorizing the enterprise, but made no pro-vision to defray the expenses. At this juncture the seminary of St. Sul-pice decided to send out missionaries in connection with the expedition, and LaSalle offering to sell his improvements at LaChine to raise money, the offer was accepted by the Superior, and two thousand eight hundred dollars were raised, with which LaSalle purchased four canoes and the necessary supplies for the outfit. On the 6th of July,] 6ti9, the party, numbering twenty-four persons, embarked in seven canoes on the St. Lawrence; two additional canoes carried the Indian guides. In three days they were gliding over the bosom of Lake Ontario. Their guides conducted them directly to the Seneca village on the bank of the Genesee, in the vicinity of the present City of Rochester, New York. Here they expected to procure guides to conduct them to the Ohio, but in this they were disappointed. The Indians seemed unfriendly to the enterprise. LaSalle suspected that the Jesuits had prejudiced their minds against his plans. After waiting a month in the hope of gaining their object, they met an Indian 84 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. from the Iroquois colony at the head of Lake Ontario, who assured them that they could there find guides, and offered to conduct them thence. On their way they passed the mouth of the Niagara River, when they heard for the first time the distant thunder of the cataract. Arriving lRO~UOIS WELLI~G. On the 2d of July a meeting of the directors and agents was held on the banks of the Muskingum, "for the purpose of naming the new-born city and its squares." As yet the settlement was known as the "Muskingum," -lmt that was now changed to the name Marietta, in honor of Marie Antoinette. The square upon which the block - houses stood was called "Campus Martius ;" square number 19, "Capitolium ;" square number 61, "Cecilia;"' and the great road through the covert way, "Sacra Via." Two days after, an oration was delivered by James M. Varnum, who with S. H. Parsons and John Armstrong had been appointed to the judicial bench of the territory on the 16th of October, 1787. On July 9, Gov. St. Clair arrived, and the colony began to assume form. The act of 1787 provided two district grades of government for the Northwest, G2 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. under the first of which the whole power was invested in the hands of a governor and three district judges. This was immediately formed upon the Governor's arrival, and the first laws of the colony passed on the 25th of July. These provided for the organization of the militia, and on the next day appeared the Governor's proclamation, erecting all that country that had been ceded by the Indians east of the Scioto River into the County of Washington. From that time forward, notwithstanding the doubts yet existing as to the Indians, all Marietta prospered, and on the 2d of September the first court of the territory was held with imposing ceremonies. The emigration westward at this time was very great. The com-mander at Fort Harmer, at the mouth of the Muskingum, reported four thousand five hundred persons as having passed that post between Feb-ruary and J mm, 1788 - many of whom would hav.e purchased of the "Associates," as the New England Company was called, had they been ready to receive them. On the 26th of N overnber, 1787, Symmes issued a pamphlet stating the terms of his contract and the plan of sale he intended to adopt. In January, 1788, Matthias Denman, of New Jersey, took an active interest in Symmes' purchase, and located among other tracts the sections upon which Cincinnati has been built. Retaining one-third of this locality, he sold the other two-thirds to Robert Patterson and John Filson, and the three, about August, commenced to lay out a town on the spot, which was designated as being opposite Licking River, to the mouth of which they proposed to have a road cut from Lexington. The naming of the town is thus narrated in the "Western Annals":-" Mr. Filson, who had been a schoolmaster, was appointed to name the town, and, in respect to its situation, and as if with a prophetic perception of the mixed race that were to inhabit it in after days, he named it Losantiville, which, being interpreted, means: ville, the town ; anti, against or opposite to ; os, the mouth; L. of Licking." Meanwhile, in July, Symmes got thirty persons and eight four-horse teams under way for the West. These reached Limestone (now Mays-ville) in September, where were several persons from Redstone. Here Mr. Symmes tried to found a settlement, but the great freshet of 1789 caused the "Point," as it was and is yet called, to be fifteen feet under water, and the settlement to be abandoned. The little band of settlers removed to the mouth of the Miami. Before Symmes and his colony left the "Point," two settlements had been made on his purchase. The first was by Mr. Stiltes, the original projector of the whole plan, who, with a colony of Redstone people, had located at the mouth of the Miami, whither Symmes went with his Maysville colony. Here a clearing had THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 63 1)een made by the Indians owing to the great fertility of the soil. Mr. Stiltes with his colony came to this place on the 18th of November, 1788, with twenty-six persons, and, building a block-house, prepared to remain through the Winter. They named the settlement Columbia. Here they were kindly treated by the Indians, but suffered greatly from the flood of 1789. -On the 4th of March, 1789, the Constitution of the United States went into operation, and on April 30, George Washington was inaug-urated President of the American people, and during the next Summer, an Indian war was commenced by the tribes north of the Ohio. The President at first used pacific means; but these failing, he sent General Harmer against the hostile tribes. He destroyed several villages, but BREAKING PRAIRIE. was defeated in two battles, near the present City of Fort Wayne, Indiana. From this time till the close of 1795, the principal events were the wars with the various Indian tribes. In 1796, General St. Clair was appointed in comman1d, and marched against the Indians; but while he was encamped on a stream, the St. Mary, a branch of the Maumee, he was attacked and defeated with the loss of six hundred men. General Wayne was now sent against the savages. In August, 1794, he met them near the rapids of the Maumee, and gained a complete victory. This success, followed by vigorous measures, compelled the Indians to sue for peace, and on the 30th of July, the following year, the treaty of Greenville was signed by the principal chiefs, by which a large tract of country was ceded to the United States. Before proceeding in our narrative, we will pause to notice Fort Washington, erected in the early part of this war on the site of Cincinnati. Nearly all of the great cities of the Northwest, and indeed of the 64 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY, whole country, have had their nuclei in those rude pioneer structures, known as forts or stockades. Thus Forts Dearborn, Washington, Pon-chartrain, mark the original sites of the now proud Cities of Chicago, Cincinnati and Detroit. So of most of the flourishing cities east and west of the Mississippi. Fort Washington, erected by Doughty in 1790, was a rude but highly interesting structure. It was composed of a number of strongly-built hewed log cabins. Those designed for soldiers' barracks were a story and a half high, while those composing the officers quarters were more imposing and more conveniently arranged and furnished. The whole were so placed as to form a hollow square, enclosing about an acre of ground, with a block house at each of the four angles. The logs for the construction of this fort were cut from the ground upon which it was erected. It stood between Third and Fourth Streets of the present city (Cincinnati) extending east of Eastern Row, now Broadway, which was then a narrow alley, and the eastern boundary of of the town as it was originally laid out. On the bank of the river, immediately in front of the fort, was an appendage of the fort, called the Artificer's Yard. It contained about two acres of ground, enclosed by small contiguous buildings, occupied by workshops and quarters of laborers. Within this enclosure there was a large two-story frame house, familiarly called the "Yellow House," built for the accommodation of the Quartermaster General. For many years this was the best finished and most commodious edifice in the Queen City. Fort Washington was for some time the headquarters of both the civil and military governments of the Northwestern Territory. Following the consummation of the treaty various gigantic land speu-ulations were entered into by different persons, who hoped to obtain from the Indians in Michigan and northern Indiana, large tracts of lands. These were generally discovered in time to prevent the outrageous schemes from being carried out, and from involving the settlers in war, On October 27, 1795, the treaty between the United States and Spain was signed, whereby the free navigation of the Mississippi was secured. No sooner had the treaty of 1795 been ratified than settlements began to pour rapidly into the West. The great event of the year 1796 was the occupation of that part of the Northwest including Michigan, which was this year, under the provisions <;>f the treaty, evacuated by the British forces. The United States, owing to certain conditions, did not feel justified in addressing the authorities in Canada in relation to Detroit and other frontier posts. When at last the British authorities were called to give them up, they at once complied, and General Wayne, who had done so much to preserve the frontier settlements, and who, before the year's close, sickened and died near Erie, transferred his head-THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY, 65 quarters to the neighborhood of the lakes, where a county named after him was formed, which included the northwest of Ohio, all of Michigan, and the northeast of Indiana. During this same year settlements were formed at the present City of Chillicothe, along the Miami from Middle-town to Piqua, while in the more distant West, settlers and speculators, Legan to appear in great numbers. In September, the City of Cleveland was laid out, and during the Summer and Autumn, Samuel Jackson and Jonathan Sharpless erected the first manufactory of paper-the "Red-stone Paper Mill " - in the West. St. Louis contained some seventy houses, and Detroit over three hundred, and along the river, contiguous to it, were more than three thousand inhabitants, mostly French Canadians, Indians and half-breeds, scarcely any Americans venturing yet into that part of the North west. The election of representatives for the territory had taken place, and on the 4th of February, 1799, they convened at Losantiville-now known as Cincinnati, having been named so by Gov. St. Clair, and considered the capital of the Territory-to nominate persons from whom the members of the Legislature were to be chosen in accordance with a previous ordinance. This nomination being made, the Assembly adjourned until the 16th of the following September. From those named the President selected as members of the council, Henry Vandenburg, of Vincennes, Robert Oliver, of Marietta, James Findlay and Jacob Burnett, of Cincinnati, and David Vance, of Vanceville. On the 16th of September the Territorial Legislature met, and on the 24th the two houses were duly organized, Henry Vandenburg being elected President of the Council. The message of Gov. St. Clair was addressed to the Legislature September 20th, and on October 13th that body elected as a delegate to Congress Gen. Wm. Henry Harrison, who received eleven of the votes cast, being a majority of one over his opponent, Arthur St. Clair, son of Gen. St. Clair. The whole number of acts passed at this session, and approved by the Governor, were thirty-seven-eleven others were passed, but received his veto. The most important of those passed related to the militia, to the administration, and to taxation. On the 19th of December this pro-tracted session of the first Legislature in the West was closed, and on the 30th of December the President nominated Charles Willing Bryd to the office of Secretary of the Territory vice Wm. Henry Harrison, elected to Congress. The Senate confirmed his nomination the next day. 66 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY, DIVISION OF THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. The increased emigration to the Northwest, the extent of the domain, and the inconvenient modes of travel, made it very difficult to conduct the ordinary operations of government, and rendered the efficient action of courts almost impossible. To remedy this, it was deemed advisable to I divide the territory for civil purposes. Congress, in 1800, appointed a committee to examine the question and report some means for its solution. This committee, on the 3d of March, reported thaL: "In the three western countries there has been but one court having cognizance of crimes, in five years, and the immunity which offenders experience attracts, as to an asylum, the most vile and abandoned crim-inals, and at the same time deters useful citizens from making settleme!1ts in such society. The extreme necessity of judiciary attention and assist-ance is experienced in civil as well as in criminal cases. * * * * To minister a remedy to these and other evils, it occurs to this committee that it is expedient that a di vision of said territory into two distinct and separate governments should be made; and that such division be made by a line beginning at the mouth of the Great Miami River, running directly north until it intersects the boundary between the United States , and Canada." The report was accepted by Congress, and, in accordance with its suggestions, that body passed an Act extinguishing the Northwest Terri-tory, which Act was approved May 7. Among its provisions were these: "That from and after July 4 next, all that part of the Territory of the United States northwest of the Ohio River, which lies to the westwitrd of a line beginning at a point on the Ohio, opposite to the mouth of the Kentucky River, and running thence to Fort Recovery, and thence north until it shall intersect the territorial line between the United States and Canada, shall, for the purpose of temporary government, constitute a separate territory, and be called the Indiana Territory." After providing for the exercise of the civil and criminal powers of the territories, and other provisions, the Act further provides: "That until it shall otherwise be ordered by the Legislatures of the said Territories, respectively, Chillicothe on the Scioto River shall be the seat of government of the Territory of the United States northwest of the Ohio River; and that St. Vincennes on the Wabash River shall be the seat of government for the Indiana Territory." Gen. Wm. Henry Harrison was appointed Governor of the Indiarra Territory, and entered upon his duties about a year later. Connecticut also about this time released her claims to the reserve, and in March a law THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 67 was passed accepting this cession. Settlements had been made upon thirty-five of the townships in the reserve, mills had been built, and seven hundred miles of road cut in various directions. On the 3d of November the General Assembly met at Chillicothe. Near the close of the year, the first missionary of the Connecticut Reserve came, who found no township containing more than eleven families. It was upon the first of October that the secret treaty had been made between Napoleon and the King of Spain, whereby the latter agreed to cede to France the province of Louisiana. In January, 1802, the Assembly of the Northwestern Territory char-tered the college at Athens. From the earliest dawn of the western colonies, education was promptly provided for, and as early as 1787, newspapers were issued from Pittsburgh and Kentucky, and largely read throughout the frontier settlements. Before the close of this year, the Congress of the United States granted to the citizens of the Northwestern territory the formation of a State government. One of the provisions of the "compact of 1787" provided that whenev·er the number of inhabit-ants within prescribed limits exceeded 45,000, they should be entitled to a separate govemment. The prescribed limits of Ohio contained, from a census taken to ascertain the legality of the act, more than that number, and on the 30th of April, 1802, Congress passed the act defining its limits, and on the 29th of November the Constitution of the new State of Ohio, so named from the beautiful river forming its southern boundary, came into existence. The exact limits of Lake Michigan were not then known, but the territory now included within the State of Michigan was wholly within the territory of Indiana. Gen. Harrison, while residing at Vincennes, made several treaties with the Indians, thereby gaining large tracts of lands. The next year is memorable in the history of the West for the purchase of Louisiana from France by the United States for $15,000,000. Thus by a peaceful mode, the domain of the United States was extended over a large tract of country west of the Mississippi, and w:!s for a time under the jurisdiction of the Northwest govemment, and, as has been mentioned in the early part of this narrative, was called the "New Northwest." The limits of this history will not allow a description of its territory. The same year large grants of land were obtained from the Indians, and the House of Representatives of the new State of Ohio signed a bill respecting the College Township in the district of Cincinnati. Before the close of the year, Gen. Harrison obtained additional grants of lands from the various Indian nations in Indiana and the present limits of Illinois, and on the 18th of August, 1804, completed a treaty at St. Louis, whereby over 51,000,000 acres of lands were obtained from the 68 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. aborigines. Measures were also taken to learn the condition of affairs in and about Detroit. C. Jouett, the Indian agent in Michigan, still a part of Indiana Terri-tory, reported as follows upon the condition of matters at that post: "The Town of Detroit.-The charter, which is for fifteen miles square, was granted in the time of Louis XIV. of France, aud is 110w, from the best information I have been able to get, at Quebec. Of those two hundred and twenty-five acres, only four are occupied by the town and Fort Lenault. The remainder is a common, except twenty-four acres, which were added twenty years ago to a farm belonging to Wm. Macomb. * * * A stockade incloses the town, fort and citadel. The pickets, as well as the public houses, are in a state of gradual decay. The streets are narrow, straight and regular, and intersect each other at right angles. The houses are, for the most part, lly, by act approved February 25, 1847, established the "State University of Iowa" at Iowa City, then the capital of the State, "with such other branches as public convenience may hereafter requ+re." The "public buildings at Iowa City, together with the ten acres of land in which they are situated," were granted for the use of said university, provided, how-ever, that the sessions of the Legislature and State offices should be held in the capitol until otherwise provided by law. The control and management of the University were committed to a board of fifteen Trustees, to be appointed by the Legislature, five of whom were to be chosen bienially. The Superintendent of Public Instruction was made President of this Board. Provisions were made for the disposal of the two townships of land, and for the investment of the funds arising therefrom. The act further provides that the University shall never be under the exclusive control of any religious denomination whatever," and as soon as the revenue for the grant and donations amounts to $2,000 a year, the University should commence and continue the instruction, free of charge, of fifty students annually. The General Assembly retained full supervision over the U mversity, its officers and the grants and donations made and to be made to it by the State. Section 5 of the act appointed James P. Carleton, H. D. Downey, Thomas Snyder, Samuel McCrory, Curtis Bates, Silas Foster, E. C. Lyon, James H. Go1Yer, George G. Vincent, Wm. G. Woodward, Theodore S. Parvin, George Atchinson, S. G. Matson, H. W. Starr and Ansel Briggs, the first Board of Trustees. The organization of the University at Iowa City was impracticable, how-ever, so long as the seat of government was retained there. · In January, 1849, two branches of the University and three Normal Schools were established. The branches were located-one at Fairfield, and the other at Dubuque, and were placed upon an equal footing, in respect to funds and all other matters, with the University established at Iowa City. "This act," says Col. Benton, "created three State Universities, with equal rights and powers, instead of a 'University with such branches as public conven-ience may hereafter demand,' as provided by the Constitution." The Board of Directors of the Fairfield Branch consisted of Barnet Ris-tine, Christian W. Slagle, Daniel Rider, Horace Gaylord, Bernhart Henn and Samuel S. Bayard. At the first meeting of the Board, Mr. Henn was elected President, Mr. Slagle Secretary, and Mr. Gaylord Treasurer. Twenty acres of land were purchased, and a building erected thereon, costing $2,500. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 189 This building was nearly destroyed by a hurricane, in 1850, but was rebuilt more substantially, all by contributions of the citizens of Fairfield. . This branch never received any aid from the State or from the University Fund, and by act approved January 24, 1853, at the request of the Board, the Gen-eral Assembly terminated its relation to the State. The branch at Dubuque was placed under the control of the Superintendent of Public Instruction, and John King, Caleb H. Booth, James M. Emerson, Michael J. Sullivan, Richard Benson and the Governor of the State as Trustees. The Trustees never organized, and its existence was only nominal. The Normal Schools were located at Andrew, Oskaloosa and Mount Pleasant, respectively. Each was to be governed by a boa.rd of seven Trustees, to be appointed by the Trustees of the University. Each was to receive $500 annu-ally from the income of the University Fund, upon condition that they should ed-ucate eight common school teachers, free of charge for tuition, and that the citizens should contribute an equal sum for the erection of the requisite buildings. The several Boards of Trustees were ' appointed. At Andrew, the school was organized Nov. 21, 1849; Samuel Ray, Principal; Miss J. S. Dorr, Assist-ant. A building was commenced and over $1,000 expended on it, but it was never completed. At Oskaloosa, the Trustees organized in April, 1852. This school WllS opened in the Court House, September 13, 1852, under the charge of Prof. G. M. Drake and wife. A two story brick building was completed in 1853, costing $2,473. The school at Mount Pleasant was never organized. Neither of these schools received any aid from the University Fund, but in 1857 the Legislature appropriated $1,000 each for those at Oskaloosa and Andrew, and repealed the law authorizing the payment of money to them from the University Fund. From that time they made no further effort to · continue in operation. At a special meeting of the Board of Trustees, held February 21, 1850, the " College of Physicians and Surgeons of the Upper Mississippi," established at Davenport, was recognized as the "College of Physicians and Surgeons of the State University of Iowa," expressly stipulating, however, that such recog-nition should not render the University liable for any pecuniary aid, nor was the Board to have any control over the property or management of the Medical Association. Soon after, this College was removed to Keokuk, its second ses-sion being opened there in November, 1850. In 1851, the General Assembly confirmed the action of the Board, and by act approved January 22, 1855, placed the Medical College under the supervision of the Board of Trustees of the University, and it continued in operation until this arrangement was termi-nated by the new Constitution, September 3, 1857. From 1847 to 1855, the Board of Trustees was kept full by regular elec-tions by the Legislature, and the Trustees held frequent meetings, but there was no effectual organization of the University. In March, 1855, it was partially opened for a term of sixteen weeks. July 16, 1855, Amos Dean, of Albany, N. Y., was elected President, but he never entered fully upon its duties. The University was again opened in September, 1855, and continued in operation until June, 1856, under Professors Johnson, Welton, Van Valkenburg and Guffin. In the Spring of 1856, the capital of the State was located at Des Moines; but there were no buildings there, and the capitol at Iowa City was not vacated by the State until December, 1857. In June, 1856, the faculty was re-organized, with some changes, and the University was again opened on the third Wednesday of September, 1856. 190 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. There were one hundred and twenty-four students-eighty-three males and forty-one females-in attendance during the year 1856-7, and the first regular catalogue was published. At a special meeting of the Board, September 22, 1857, the honorary de-gree of Bachelor of Arts was conferrel on D. Franklin Wells. This was the first degree conferred by the Board. Article IX, Section 11, of the new State Constitution, which went into force September 3, 1857, provided as follows: ' The State University shall be established at one place, without branches at any other place; and the University fund shall be applied to that institution, and no other. Article XI, Section 8, provided that The seat of Government is hereby permanently established, as now fixed by law, at the city of Des Moines, in the. county of Polk; and the State University at Iowa City, in the county of Johnson. The new Constitution created the Board of Education, consisting of the Lieutenant Governor, who was ex officio President, and one member to be elected from each judicial district in the State. This Board was endowed with "full power and authority to legislate and make all needful rules and regula-tions in relation to common schools and other educational institutions," subject to alteration, amendment or repeal by the General Assembly, which was vested with authority to abolish or re-organize the Board at any time after 1863. In December, 1857, the old capitol building, now known as Central Hall of the University, except the rooms occupied by the United States District Court, and the property, with that exception, passed under the control of the Trustees, and became the seat of the University. The old building had had hard usage, and its arrangement was illy adapted for University purposes. Extensive repairs and changes were necessary, but the Board was without funds for these pur-poses. The last meeting of the Board, under the old law, was held in January, 1858. At this meeting, a resolution was introduced, and seriously considered, to exclude females from the University; but it finally failed. March 12, 1858, the first Legislature under the new Constitution enacted a new law in relation to the University, but it was not materially different from the former. March 11, 1858, the Legislature appropriated $3,000 for the re-pair and modification of the old capitol building, and $10,000 for the erection of a boarding house, now known as South Hall. The Board of Trustees created by the new law met and duly organized April 27, 1858, and determined to close the University until the income from its fund should be adequate to meet the current expenses, and the buildings should be ready for occupation. Until this term, the building known as the "Mechan-ics' Academy" had been used for the school. The Faculty, except the Chan-cellor (Dean), was dismissed, and all further instruction suspended, from the close of the term then in progress until September, 1859. At this meeting, a reso-lution was adopted excluding females from the University after the close of the existing term; but this was afterward, in August, modified, so as to admit them to the Normal Department. At the meeting of the Board, August 4, 1858, the degree of Bachelor of Science was conferred upon Dexter Edson Smith, being the first degree con-ferred upon a student of the University. Diplomas were awarded to the mem-bers of the first graduating class of the Normal Department as follows: Levi P. Aylworth, Cellina H. Aylworth, Elizabeth L. Humphrey, Annie A. Pinney and Sylvia M. ~hompson. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 1!)1 An "Act for the Government and Regulation of the State University of Iowa," approved December 25, 1858, was mainly a re-enactment of the law of March 12, 1858, except that changes were made in the Board of Trustees, and manner of their appointment. This law provided that both sexes were to be admitted on equal terms to all departments of the institution, leaving the Board no discretion in the matter. The new Board met and organized, February 2, 1859, and decided to con-tinue the Normal Department only to the end of the current term, and that it was unwise to re-open the University at that time; but at the annual meeting of the Board, in June of the same year, it was resolved to continue the Normal Department in operation; and at a special meeting, October 25, 1859, it was decided to re-open the University in September, 1860. Mr. Dean had resigned as Chancellor prior to this m.eeting, and Silas Totten, D. D., LL. D., was elected President, at a salary of $2,000, and his term commenced June, 1860. At the annual meeting, June 28, 1860, a full Faculty was appointed, and the University re-opened, under this new organization, September 19, 1860 (thirrl Wednesday); and at this date the actual existence of the University may be said to commence. August 19, 1862, Dr. Totten having resigned, Prof. Oliver M. Spencer was elected President and the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws was conferred upon Judge Samuel F. Miller, of Keokuk. At the commencement, in June, 1863, was the first class of graduates in the Collegiate Department. The Board of Education was abolished March 19, 1864, and the office of Superintendent of Public Instruction was restored ; the General Assembly resumed control of the subject of education, and on March 21, an act was ap-proved for the government of the University. It was substantially the same as the former la.w, but provided that the Governor should be ex officio President of the Board of Trustees. Until 1858, the Superintendent of Public Instruction had been ex officio Prnsident. During the period of the Board of Education, the University Trustees were elected by it, and elected their own President. President Spencer was granted leave of absence from April 10, 1866, for fifteen months, to visit Europe; and Prof. Nathan R. Leonard was elected President pro tem. 'l'he North Hall was completed late in 1866. At the annual meeting in June, 1867, the resignation of President Spencer (absent in Europe) was accepted, and Prof. Leonard continued as President pro tem., until March 4, 1868, when James Black, D. D., Vice President of Wash-ington and Jefferson College, Penn., was elected President. Dr. Black entered upon his duties in September, 1868. The Law Department was established in June, 1868, and, in September fol-lowing, an arrangement was perfected with the Iowa Law School, at Des Moines, which had been in successful operation for three years, under the management of Messrs. George G. Wright, Chester C. Cole and William G. Hammond, by which that institution was transferred to Iowa City and merged in the Law De-partment of the University. The Faculty of this department consisted of the President of the University, Hon. Wm. G. Hammond, Resident Professor and Principal of the Department, and Professors G. G. Wright and C. C. Cole. Nine students entered at the commencement of the first term, and during the year ending June, 1877, there were 103 students in this department. At a special meeting of the Board, on the 17th of September, 1868, a Com-mittee was appointed to consider the expediency of establishing a Medical De-192 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF row A. partment. This Committee reported at once in favor of the proposition, the Faculty to consist of the President of the University and seven Professors, and recommended that, if practicable, the new department should be opened at the commencement of the University year, in 1869-70. At this meeting, Hon. Ezekiel Clark was elected Treasurer of the University. By an act of the General Assembly, approved April 11, 1870, the "Board of Regents" was instituted as the governing power of the University, and F_ince that time it has been the fundamental law of the institution. The Board of Regents held its first meeting June 28, 1870. Wm. J. Haddock was elected Secretary, and Mr. Clark, Treasurer. Dr. Bla~k tendered his resignation as President, at a special meeting of the Board, held August 18, 1870, to take effect on the 1st of December following. His resignation was accepted. The South Hall having been fitted up for the purpose, the first term of the Medical Department was opened October 24, 1870, and continued until March, 1871, at which time there were three graduates and thirty-nine students. March 1, 1871, Rev. George Thacher was elrcted President of the U niver-sity. Mr. Thacher accepted, entered upon his duties April 1st, and was form-ally inaugurated at the annual meeting in June, 1861. In June, 187 4, the " Chair of Military Instruction" was established, and t4e President of the United States was requested to detail an officer to perform its duties. In compliance with this request, Lieut. A. D. Schenck, Second Artil-lery, U. S. A., was detailed as "Professor of Military Science and Tactics," at Iowa State University, by order of the War Department, August 26, 1874, who reported for duty on the 10th of September following. Lieut. Schenck was relieved by Lieut. James Chester, Third Artillery, January 1, 1877. Tff•asurer Clark resigned November 3, 1875, and John N. Coldren elected in his stead. At the annual _ meeting, in 1876, a Department of Homceopathy was established. In March, 1877, a resolution was adopted affiliating the High Schools of the State with the University. In June, 1877, Dr. Thacher's connection with the University was termi-nated, and C. W. Slagle, a member of the Board of Regents, was elected Pres-ident. In 1872, the ex officio membership of the Superintendent of Public Instruc-tion was abolished; but it was restored in 1876. Following is a catalogue of the officers of this important institution, from 1847 to 1878: TRUSTEES OR REGENTS. PRESIDENTS, FROM TO James Harlan, Superintendent Public Instruction, ex officio ................. 1847 1848 Thomas H. Benton, Jr,, Superintendent Public Instruction, ex officio ..... 1848 1854 James D. Eads, Superintendent Public Instruction, ex officio ................ 1854 1857 Maturin L. Fisher, Superintendent Public Instruction, ex officio ........... 1857 1858 Amos Dean, Chancellor', ex officio ................................................... 1858 1859 Thomas H. Benton, Jr .................................................................. 18&9 1863 Francis Springer ......................................................................... 1863 1864 William M. Stone, Governor, ex officio ......... . .................................. 1864 1868 Samuel Merrill, Governor, ex officio ................................................ 1868 1872 Cyrus C. Carpenter, Gov~rnor, ex officio ................................... . ...... 1872 1876 Samuel J. Kirkwood, Governor, ex officio ....................................... , Hl76 1877 Joshua G. Newbold, Governor, ex officio .......................................... 1877 1878 John H. Gear ............................................................................. 1878 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. VICE PRESIDENTS. Silas Foster .............................................................................. . Robert Lucas ............................................................................ . Edward Connelly ...................................................................... . Moses J. l\forsman ..................................................................... . SECRETARIES. FROM 1847 1851 1854 1855 TO 1851 1853 1855 1858 Hugh D. Downey ................................... . .................................... 1847 1851 Anson Hart ............................................................ .................. 1851 1857 Elijah Sells ........................................................................ ., ...... 1857 1858 Anson Hart ............................................................................... 1858 1864 William J. Haddock ........................................................... . ......... 1864 TREASURERS. Morgan Reno, State Treasurer, ex officio .........................................• 1847 1850 Israel Kister, State Treasurer, ex officio ........................................... 1850 1852 Martin L. Morris, State Treasurer, ex officio ..................................... 1852 1855 Henry W. Lathrop ...................................................................... 1855 1862 William Crum ............................................................................ 1862 1868 Ezekiel Clark ............................................................................. 1868 1876 John N. Coldren ......................................................................... 1876 PRESIDENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY. Amos Dean, LL. D ..................................................................... 1855 Silas Totten, D. D., LL. D ............................................................. 1860 Oliver l\I. Spencer, D. D.* ............................................................ 1862 James Black, D. D .................................................................... 1868 George Thacher, D. D ....................... , .......................................... 1871 C. W. Slagle .............................................................................. 1877 1858 1862 1867 1870 1877 193 The present educational corps of the University consists of the President, nine Professors in the Collegiate Department, one Professor and six Instructors in.1Iilitary Science ; Chancellor, three Professors and four Lecturers in the Law Department; eight Professor Demonstrators of Anatomy; Prosector of Surgery and two Lecturers in the Medical Department, and two Professors in the Homreopathic Medical Department. STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY. By act of the General Assembly, approved January 28, 1857, a State His-torical Society was provided for in connection with the University. At the commencement, an appropriation of $250 was made, to be expended in collecting, embodying, and preserving in an authentic form a library of books, pamphlets, charts, maps, manuscripts, papers, paintings, statuary, and other materials illus-trative of the history of Iowa; and with the further object to rescue from oblivion the memory of the early pioneers; to ·obtain and preserve various accounts of their exploits, perils and hardy adventures; to secure facts and statements relative to the history and genius, and progress and decay of the· Indian tribes of Iowa; to exhibit faithfully the antiquities and past and present resources of the State; to aid in the publication of such collections of the Society as shall from time to time be deemed of value and interest; to aid in binding its books, pamphlets, manuscripts and papers, and in defraying other necessary incidental expenses of the Society. There was appropriated by law to this institution, till the General Assembly shall otherwise direct, the sum of $500 per annum. The Society is under the management of a Board of Curators, consisting of eighteen persons, nine of whom are appointed by the Governor, and nine elected by the members of the Society. The Curators receive no compensation for their services. The annual 194 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF row A. meeting is provided for by law, to be held at Iowa City on Monday preceding the last Wednesday in June of each year. The State Historical Society has published a series of very valuable collec-tions, including history, biography, sketches, reminiscences, etc., with quite a large number of finely engraved portraits of prominent and early settlers, under the title of " Annals of Iowa." THE PENITENTIARY. Located at Fort Madison, Lee County. The first act of the Territorial Legislature, relating to a Penitentiary in Iowa, was p,pproved January 25, 183H, the fifth section of which authorized the Governor to draw the sum of $20,000 appropriated by an act of Congress ap-proved July 7, 1838, for public buildings in the Territory of Iowa. It provided for a Board of Directors of three persons elected by the Legislature, who should direct the building of the Penitentiary, which should be located within one mile of the public square, in the town of Fort Madison, Lee County, provided Fort Madison should deed to the directors a tract of land suitable for a site, and assign them, by contract, a spring or stream of water for the use of the Penitentiary. To the Directors was also given the power of appointing the Warden; the latter to appoint his own assistants. The first Directors appointed were John S. David and John Claypole. They made their first report to the Legislative Council November 9, 1839. The citi-zens of the town of Fort Madison had executed a deed conveying ten acres of land for the building site. Amos Ladd was appointed Superintendent of the building June 5, 1839. The building was designed of sufficient capacity to con-tain one hundred and thirty-eight convicts, and estimated to cost $55,933.90. It was begun on the 9th of July, 1839; the main building and Warden's house were completed in the Fall of 1841. Other additions were made from time to time till the building and arrangements were all complete according to the plan of the Directors. It has answered the purpose of the State as a Penitentiary for mor~ than thirty years, and during that period many items of practical ex-perience in prison management have been gained. It has long been a problem how to conduct prisona, and deal with what are called the criminal classes generally, so as to secure their best good and best subserve the interests of the State. Both objects must be taken into considera-tion in any humaritarian view of the subject. This problem is not yet solved, but Iowa .has adopted the progressive and enlightened policy of humane treat-ment of prisoners and the utilization of their labor for their own support. The labor of the convicts in the Iowa Penitentiary, as in most others in the United States, is let out to contractors, who pay the State a certain stipulated amount therefor, the State furnishing the shops, tools and machinery, as well as the supervision necessary to preserve order and discip1ine in the prison. While this is an improvement upon the old solitary confinement system, it still falls short of an enlightened reformatory system that in the future will treat the criminal for mental disease and endeavor to restore him to usefulness in the community. The objections urged against the contract system of dis-posing of the labor of prisoners, that it brings the labor of honest citizens into competition with convict labor at reduced prices, and is disadvantageous to the State, are not without force, and the system will have no place in the prisons of the future. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 195 It is right that the convict should labor. He should not be allowed to live in idleness at public expense. Honest men labor; why should not they? Hon-est men are entitled to the fruits of their toil; why should not the convict as well? The convict is sent to the Penitentiary to secure public safety. The State deprives him of his liberty to accomplish this purpose and to punish him for violations of law, but, having done this, the State wrongs both itself and the criminal by confiscating his earnings ; because it deprives his family of what justly belongs to them, and an enlightened civilization will ere long demand that the prisoner in the penitentiary, after paying a fair price for his board, is as justly entitled to his net earnings as the good citizen outside its walls, and his family, if he has one, should be entitled to draw his earnings or stated portion of them at stated periods. If he has no family, then if his net earnings should be set aside to his credit and paid over to him at the expiration of his term of imprisonment, he would not be turned out upon the cold charities of a somewhat pharisaical world, penniless, with the brand of the convict upon his brow, with no resource save to sink still deeper in crime. Let Iowa, " The Beautiful Land," be first to recognize the rights of its convicts to the fruits of their labor ; keep their children from the alms-house, and place a powerful incentive before them to become good citizens when they return to the busy world again. ADDITION AL PENITENTIARY. Located at Anamosa, Jones County. By an act of the Fourteenth General Assembly, approved April 23, 1872, William Ure, Foster L. Downing and Martin Heisey were constituted Commis-sioners to locate and provide for 'the erection and control of an additional Penitentiary for the State of Iowa. These Commissioners met on the 4th of the following June, at Anamosa, Jones County, and selected a site donated by the citizens, within the limits of the city. L. W. Foster & Co., architects, of Des Moines, furnished the plan, drawings and specifications, and work was commenced on the building on the 28th day of September, 1872. May 13, 1873, twenty convicts were transferred to Anamosa from the Fort Madison Penitentiary. The entire enclosure includes fifteen acres, with a frontage of 663 feet. IOWA HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE. Mount Pleasant, Henry County. By an act of the General Assembly of Iowa, approved January 24, 1855, $4,425 were appropriated for the purchase of a site, and $50,000 for building an Insane Hospital, and the Governor (Grimes), Edward Johnston, of Lee County, and Charles S. Blake, of Henry County, were appointed to locate the institution and superintend the erection of the building. These Commission-ers located the institution at Mt. Pleasant, Henry County. A plan for a building designed to accommodate 300 pa.tients, drawn by Dr. Bell, of Massa-chusetts, was accepted, and in October work was commenced under the superin-tendence of Mr. Henry Winslow. Up to February 25, 1858, and including an appropriation made on that date, the Legislature had appropriated $258,555.67 to this institution, but the building was not finished ready for occupancy by patients until March 1, 1861. The Trustees were Maturin L. Fisher, Presi-dent, Farmersburg; Samuel McFarland, Secretary, Mt. Pleasant; D. L. 196 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. McGugin, Keokuk; G. ,w. Kincaid, Muscatine; J. D. Elbert, Keosauqua; John B. Lash and Harpin Riggs, Mt. Pleasant. Richard J. Patterson, M. D., of Ohio, was elected Superintendent; Dwight C. Dewey, M. D., Assistant Physician; Henry Winslow, Steward; Mrs. Catharine Winslow, Matron. The Hospital was formally opened March 6, 1861, and one hundred patients were admitted within three months. About 1865, Dr. Mark Ranney became Superintendent. April 18, 1876, a portion of the hospital building was destroyed by fire. From the opening of the Hospital to the close of October, 1877, 3,584 patients had been admitted. Of these, 1,141 were discharged recovered, 505 discharged improved, 589 discharged unimproved, and 1 died; total discharged, 2,976, leaving 608 inmates. During this period, there were 1,"384 females admitted, whose occupation was registered "domestic duties;" 122, no occupation; 25, female teachers; 11, seamstresses; and 25, servants. Among the males were 916 farmers, 394 laborers, 205 without occupation, 39 cabinet makers, 23 brewers, 31 clerks, 26 merchants, 12 preachers, 18 shoe-makers, 13 students, 14 tailors, 13 teachers, 14 agents, 17 masons, 7 lawyers, 7 physicians, 4 saloon keepers, 3 salesmen, 2 artists, and 1 editor. The pro-ducts of the farm and garden, in 1876, amounted to $13,721.26. Trustees, .1877 :-T. Whiting, President, Mt. Pleasant; Mrs. E. M. Elliott, Secretary, Mt. Pleasant; William C. Evans, West Liberty; L. E. Fellows, Lansing; and Samuel Klein, Keokuk; Treasurer, M. Edwards, Mt. Pleasant. Resident Officers :-Mark Ranney, M. D., Medical Superintendent; H. M. Bassett, M. D., First Assistant Physician; M. Riordan, M. D., Second Assistant Physician; Jennie Mc Cowen, M. D., Third Assistant Physician; J. W. Hender-son, Steward: Mrs. Martha W. Ranney, Matron; Rev. Milton Sutton, Chaplain. HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE. Independence, Buchanan County. In the Winter of 1867-8, a bill providing for an additional Hospital for the Insane was passed by the Legislature, and an appropriation of $125,000 was made for that purpose. Maturin L. Fisher, of Clayton County; E. G. Morgan, of Webster County, and Albert Clark, of Buchanan County, were appointed Commissioners to locate and supervise the erection of the Building. Mr. Clark died about a year after his appointment, and Hon. G. vY. Bemis, of Indepen-dence, was appointed to fill the vacancy. The Commissioners met and commenced their labors on the 8th day of June, 1868, at Independence. The act under which they were appointed required them to select the most eligible and desirable location, of not less than 320 acres, within two miles of the city of Independence, that might be offered by the citizens free of charge to the State. Several such tracts were offered, but the Commissioners finally selected the south half of southwest quarter of Section 5; the north half of northeast quarter of Section 7; the north half of northwest quarter of Section 8, and the north half of northeast quarter of Sec-tion 8, all in Township 88 north, Range 9 west of the Fifth Principal Meridian. This location is on the west side of the Wapsipinicon River, and about a mile from its banks, and about the same distance from Independence. Col. S. V. Shipman, of Madison, Wis., was employed to prepare plans, specifications and drawings of the building, which, when completed, were sub-mitted to Dr. M. Ranney, Superintendent of the Hospital at Mount Pleasant, who suggested several improvements. The contract for erecting the building HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 197 was awarded to Mr. David Armstrong, of Dubuque, for $88,114. The con-tract was signed November 7, 1868, and Mr. Armstrong at once commenced work. Mr. George Josselyn was appointed to superintend the work. 'l'he main buildings were constructed of dressed limestone, from the quarries at Anamosa and Farley. The basements are of the local granite worked from the immense boulders found in large quantities in this portion of the State. In 1872, the building was so far completed that the Commissioners called the first meeting of the Trustees, on the 10th day of July of that year. These Trustees were Maturin L. Fisher, Mrs. P. A. Appleman, T. W. Fawcett, 0. 0. Parker, E. G. Morgan, George W. Bemis and John M. Boggs. This board was organized, on the day above mentioned, by the election of Hon. M. L. Fisher, President; Rev. J. G. Boggs, Secretary, and George W. Bemis, Treas-urer, and, after adopting preliminary measures for organizing the local govern-ment of the hospital, adjourned to the first Wednesday of the following Septem-ber. A few days before this meeting, Mr. Boggs died of malignant fever, and Dr. John G. House was appointed to fill the vacancy. Dr. House was elected Secretary. At this meeting, Albert Reynolds, M. D., was elected Superintendent; George Josselyn, Steward, and Mrs. Anna B. Josselyn, Matron. September 4, 1873, Dr. Willis Butterfield was elected Assistant Physician. The building was ready for occupancy April 21, 1873. In the Spring of 1876, a contract was made with Messrs. Mackay & Lundy, of Independence, for furnishing materials for building the outside walls of the two first sections of the south wing, next to the crnter building, for $6,250. The carpenter work on the fourth and fifth stories of the center building was completed during the same year, and the wards were furnished and occupied by patients in the Fall. In 1877, the south wing was built, but it will not be completed ready for occupancy until next Spring or Summer (1878). October 1, 1877, the Superintendent reported 322 patients in this hospital, and it is now overcrowded. The Board of Trustees at present (1878) are as follows: Maturin L. Fisher, President, Farmersburg; John G. House, M. D., Secretary, Indepen-dence; Wm. G. Donnan, Treasurer, Independence; Erastus G. Morgan, Fort Dodge; Mrs. Prudence A. Appleman, Clermont; ar,d Stephen E. Robinson, M. D., West Union. RESIDENT OFFICERS. Albert Reynolds, M. D., Superintendent; G. H. Hill, M. D., Assistant Physician; Noyes Appleman, Steward; Mrs. Lucy M. Gray, Matron. IOWA COLLEGE FOR THE BLIND. Vinton, Benton County. In Augu8t, 1852, Prof. Samuel Bacon, himself blind, established an Insti-tution for the Instruction of the Blind of Iowa, at Keokuk. By act of the General Assembly, entitled " An act to establish an Asylum for the Blind," approved January 18, 1853, the institution was adopted by the State, removed to Iowa City, February 3d, and opened for the reception of pupils April 4, 1853, free to all the blind in the State. The first Board of Trustees were James D. Eads, President; George W. McClary, Secretary; James H. Gower, Treasurer; Martin L. Morris, Stephen Hempstead, Morgan Reno and John McOaddon. The Board appointed Prof. 198 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. Samuel Bacon, Principal; T. J. McGittigen, Teacher of Music, and Mrs. Sarah K. Bacon, Matron. Twenty-three pupils were admitted during the first term. In his first report, made in 1854, Prof. Bacon suggested that the name should be changed from "Asylum for the Blind," to that of "Institution for the Instruction of the Blind." This was done in 1855, when the General As-sembly made an annual appropriation for the College of $55 per quarter for each pupil. This was subsequently changed to $3,000 per annum, and a charge of $25 as an admission fee for each pupil, which sum, with the amounts realized from the sale of articles manufactured by the blind pupils, proved sufficient for the expenses of the institution during Mr. Bacon's administration. Although Mr. Bacon was blind, he was a fine scholar and an economical manager, and had founded the Blind Asylum at Jacksonville, Illinois. As a mathematician he had few superiors. On the 8th of May, 1858, the Trustees met at \Tinton, and made arrange-ments for securing the donation of $5,000 made by the citizens of that town. In June of that year, a quarter section of land was donated for the College, by John W. 0. Webb and others, and the Trustees adopted a plan for the erection of a suitable building. In 1860, the plan was modified, and the con-tract for enclosing let to Messrs. Finkbine & Lovelace, for $10,420. In August, 1862, the building was so far completed that the goods and fur-uiture of the institution were removed from Iowa City to Vinton, and early in October, the school was opened there with twenty-four pupils. At this time, Rev. Orlando Clark was Principal. In August, 1864, a new Board of Trustees were appointed by the Legisla-ture, consisting of James McQuin, President; Reed Wilkinson, Secretary; Jas. Chapin, Treasurer; Robert Gilchrist, Elijah Sells and Joseph Dysart, organized and made important changes. Rev. Reed Wilkinson succeeded Mr. Clark as Principal. Mrs. L. S. B. Wilkinson and Miss Amelia Butler were appointed Assistant Teachers; Mrs. N. A. Morton, Matron. Mr. Wilkinson resigned in June, 1867, and Gen. James L. Geddes was appointed in his place. In September, 1869, Mr. Geddes retired, and was succeeded by Prof. S. A. Knapp. Mrs. S. C. Lawton was appointed Matron, and was succeeded by Mrs. M. A. Knapp. Prof. Knapp resigned July 1, 1875, and Prof. Orlando Clark was elected Principal, who died April 2, 1876, and was succeeded by John B. Parmalee, who retired in July, 1877, when the present incumbent, Rev. Robert Carothers, was elected. Trustees, 1877-8.-Jeremiah L. Gay, President; S. H. Watson, Treasurer; H. C. Piatt, Jacob Springer, C. L. Flint and P. F. Sturgis. Faculty.-Principal, Rev. Robert Carothers, A. M.; Matron, Mrs. Emeline E. Carothers; Teachers, Thomas F. McCune, A. B., Miss Grace A. Hill, Mrs. C. A. Spencer, Miss Mary Baker, Miss C. R. Miller, Miss Lorana Mat-tice, Miss A. M. McCutcheon; Musical Director, S. 0. Spencer. The Legislative Committee who visited this institution in 1878 expressed their astonishment at the vast expenditure of mo£ey in proportion to the needs of the State. The structure is well built, and the money properly expended; yet it was enormously beyond the necessities of the State, and shows an utter disregard of the fitness of things. The Committee could not understand why $282,000 should have been expended for a massive building covering about two and a half acres for the accommodation of 130 people, costing over eight thou-sand dollars a year to heat it, and costing the State about five hundred dollars a year for each pupil. , HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 199 INSTITUTION FOR THE DEAF AND DUMB. Council Bluffs, Pottawattamie County. The Iowa Institution for the Deaf and Dumb was established at Iowa City by an act of the General Assembly, approved January 24, 1855. The number of deaf mutes then in the State was 301; the number attending the Institution, 50. The first Board of Trustees were: Hon. Samuel J. · Kirkwood, Hon. E. Sells, W. Penn Clarke, J.P. WoJd, H. D. Downey, William Crum, W. E. Ijams, Principal. On the resignation of Mr. Ijams, in 1862, the Board appointed in his stead Mr. Benjamin Talbot, for nine years a teacher in the Ohio Institution for the Deaf and Dumb. Mr. Talhot was ardently devoted to the interests of the institution and a faithful worker for the unfortunate class under his charge. A strong effort was made, in 1866, to remove this important institution to Des Moines, but it was located permanently at Council Bluffs, and a building rented for its use. In 1868, Commissioners were appointed to locate a site for, and to superintend the erection of, a new building, for which the Legislature appropriated $125,000 to commence the work of construction. The Commis-sioners selected ninety acres of land about two miles south of the city of Coun-cil Bluffs. The main building and one wing were completed October 1, 1870, and immediately occupied by the Institution. February 25, 1877, the main building and east wing were destroyed by fire; and August 6 following, the roof of the new west wing was blown off and the walls partially demolished by a tornado. At the time of the fire, about one hundred and fifty pupils were in attendance. After the fire, half the classes were dismissed and the number of scholars reduced to about seventy, and in a week or two the school wa.s in run-ning order. The Legislative Committee which visited this Institution in the Winter of 1857-8 was not well pleased with the condition of affairs, and reported that the building (west wing) was a disgrace to the State and a monument of unskillful workmanship, and intimated rather strongly that some reforms in management were very essential. Trustees, 1877-8.-Thomas Officer, President; N. P. Dodge, Treasurer; Paul Lange, William Orr, J. W. Cattell. Superintendent, Benjamin Talbot, M. A. Teachers, Edwin Southwick, Conrad S. Zorbaugh, John A. Gillespie, John A. Kennedy, Ellen J. Israel, Ella J. Brown, Mrs. H. R. Gillespie; Physician, H. W. Hart, M. D.; Steward, N. A. Taylor; Matron, Mary B. Swan. SOLDIERS' ORPHANS' HOMES. Davenport, Cedar Falls, Glenwood. The movement which culminated in the establishment of this beneficent in-stitution was originated by Mrs. Annie Wittenmeyer, during the civil war of 1861-65. This noble and patriotic lady called a convention at Muscatine, on the 7th of October 1863, for the purpose of devising measures for the support and education of the orphan children of the brave sons of Iowa, who had fallen in defense of national honor and integrity. So great was the public interest in the movement that there was a large representation from all parts of the State on the day named, and an association was organized called the Iowa, State Or-phan Asylum. 200 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. The first officers were : President, William M. Stone ; Vice Presidents, Mrs. G. G. Wright, Mrs. R. L. Cadle, Mrs. J. T. Hancock, John E,. Needham, J. W. Cattell, Mrs. Mary M. Bagg; Recording Secretary, Miss Mary Kibben; Cor-responding Secretary, Miss M. E. Shelton; Treasurer, N. H. Brainerd; Board of 'rrustees, Mrs. Annie Wittenmeyer, Mrs. C. B. Darwin, Mrs. D. T. Newcomb, Mrs. L. B. Stephens, 0. Fayville, E. H. Williams, T. S. Parvin, Mrs. Shields, Caleb Baldwin, C. C. Cole, Isaac Pendleton, H. C. Henderson. The first meeting of the Trustees was held February 14, 1864, in the Repre-sentative Hall, at Des Moines. Committees from both branches of the General Assembly were present and were invited to participate in their deliberations. Gov. Kirkwood suggested that a home for disabled soldiers should be connected with the Asylum. Arrangements were made for raising funds. At the next meeting, in Davenport, in March, 1864, the Trustees decided to commence operations at once, and a committee, of which Mr. Howell, of Keo-kuk, was Chairman, was appointed to lease a suitable building, solicit donations, and procure suitable furniture. This committee secured a large brick building in Lawrence, Van Buren County, and engaged Mr. Fuller, of Mt. Pleasant, as Steward. At the annual meeting, in Des Moines, in June, 1864, Mrs. C. B. Baldwin, Mrs. G. G. Wright, Mrs. Dr. Horton, Miss Mary E. Shelton and Mr. George Sherman were appointed a committee to furnish the building and take all neces-sary steps for opening the "Home," and notice was given that at the next meeting of the Association, a motion would be made to change the name of the Institution to Iowa Orphans' Home. · The work of preparation was conducted so vigorously that on the 13th day of July following, the Executive Committee announced that they were ready to receive the children. In three weeks twenty-one were admitted, and the-num-ber constantly increased, so that, in a little more than six months from the time of opening, there were seventy children admitted, and twenty more applica-tions, which the Committee had not acted upon-all orphans of soldiers. Miss M. Elliott, of Washington, was appointed Matron. She resigned, in February, 1865, and was succeeded by Mrs. E. G. Platt, of Fremont County. The "Home " was sustained by the voluntary contributions of the people, until 1866, when it was assumed by the State. In that year, the General Assembly provided for the location of several such "Homes" in the different counties, and which were established at Davenport, Scott County; Cedar Falls, Black Hawk County, and at Glenwood, Mills County. The Board of Trustees elected by the General Assembly had the oversight and management of the Soldiers' Orphans' Homes of the State, and consisted of one person from each county in which such Home was located, and one for the State at large, who held their office two years, or until their successors were elected and qualified. An appropriation of $10 per month for each orphan actually supported was made by the General Assembly. · The Home in Cedar Falls was organized in 1865, and an old hotel building was fitted up for it. Rufus C., Mary L. and Emma L. Bauer were the first children received, in October, and by January, 1866, there were ninety-six in-mates. October 12, 1869, the Home was removed to a large brick building, about two miles west of Cedar Falls, and was very prosperous for several years, but in 1876, the General Assembly established a State Normal School at Cedar Falls and appropriated the buildings and grounds for that purpose. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 201 By "An act to provide for the organization and support of an asylum at Glenwood, in Mills County, for feeble minded children," approved March 17, 1876, the buildings and grounds used by the Soldiers' Orphans' Home at that place were appropriated for this purpose. By another act, approved March 15, 1876, the soldiers' orphans, then at the Homes at Glenwood and Cedar Falls, were to be removed to the Home at Davenport within ninety days thereafter, and the Board of Trustees of the Home were authorized to receive other indigent . children into that institution, and provide for their education in industrial pursuits. STATE NORMAL SCHOOL. Cedar Falls, Blaclc Hawk County. Chapter 129 of the laws of the Sixteenth General Assembly, in 1876, estab-lished a State Normal School at Cedar Falls, Black Hawk County, and required the Trustees of the Soldiers' Orphans' Home to turn over the property in their charge to the Directors of the new institution. The Board of Directors met at Cedar Falls June 7, 1876, and duly organ-ized by the election of H. C. Hemenway, President; J. J. Toleston, Secretary, and E. Townsend, Treasurer. The Board of Trustees of the Soldiers' Orphans' Home met at the same time for the purpose of turning over to the Directors the property of that institution, which was satisfactorily done and properly receipted for as required by law. At this meeting, Prof. J. C. Gilchrist was elected Principal of the School. On the 12th of July, 1876, the Board again met, when executive and teachers' committees were appointed and their duties assigned. A Steward and a Matron were elected, and their respective duties defined. The buildings and grounds were repaired and fitted up as well as the appro-• priation would admit, and the first term of the school opened September 6, 1876, commencing with twenty-seven and closing with eighty-seven students. The second term closed with eighty-six, and one hundred and six attended during the third term. The following are the Board of Directors, Board of Officers and Faculty : Board of Directors.-H. C. Hemenway, Cedar Falls, President, term expires 1882; L. D. Lewelling, Salem, Henry County, 1878 ; W. A. Stow, Hamburg, Fremont County, 1878; S. G. Smith, Newton, Jasper County, 1880; E. II. Thayer, Clinton, Clinton County, 1880; G. S. Robinson, Storm Lake, Buena Vista County, 1882. Board of Officers.-J. J. Toleston, Secretary; E. Townsend, Treasurer; William Pattes, Steward; Mrs. P. A. Schermerhorn, Matron-all of Cedar Falk Paculty.-J. C. Gilchrist, A. M., Principal, Profcsser of Mental and Moral Philosophy and Didactics; M. W. Bartlett, A. M., Professor of Lan-guages and Natural Science; D. S. Wright, A. M., Professor of Mathematics; l\fos Frances L. Webster, Teacher of Geography and History; E.W. Burnham, Professor of Music. ASYLUM FOR FEEBLE MINDED CHILDREN. Glenwood, Mills County. Chapter 152 of the laws of the Sixteenth General Assembly, approved March 17, 1876, provided for the establishment of an asylum for feeble minded children at Glenwood, Mills County, and the buildings and grounds of the 202 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. Soldiers' Orphans' Home at that place were to be used for that purpose. The asylum was placed under the management of three Trustees, one at least of whom should be a resident of Mills County. Children between the ages of 7 and 18 years are admitted. Ten dollars per month for each child actually sup-ported by the State was appropriated by the act, and $2,000 for salaries of officers and teachers for two years. Hon. J. W. Cattell, of Polk County; A. J. Russell, of Mills County, and W. S. Robertson, were appointed Trustees, who held their first meeting at Glenwood, April 26, 1876. Mr. Robertson was elected President; Mr. Russell, Treasurer, and Mr. Cattell, Secretary. The Trustees found the house and farm which had been turned over to them in a shamefully dilapidated condition. The fences were broken down and the lumber destroyed or carried away; the win-dows broken, doors off their hinges, floors broken and filthy in the extreme, cellars reeking with offensive odors from decayed vegetables, and every conceiv-able variety of filth and garbage; drains obstructed, cisterns broken, pump demoralized, wind-mill broken, roof leaky, and the whole property in the worst possible condition. It was the first work of the Trustees to make the house tenable. This was done under the direction of Mr. Russell. At the request of the Trustees, Dr. Charles T. Wilbur, Superintendent of the Illinois Asylum, visited Glenwood, and made many valuable suggestions, and gave them much assistance. 0. W. Archibald, M. D., of Glenwood, was appointed Superintendent, and soon after was appointed Secretary of the Board, vice Cattell, resigned. Mrs. S. A. Archibald was appointed Matron, and Miss Maud M. Archibald, Teacher. The Institution was opened September 1, 1876; the first pupil admitted September 4, and the school was organized September 10, with only five pupils, which number had, in November, 1877, increased to eighty-seven. December 1, 187 6, Miss Jennie Van Dorin, of Fairfield, was employed as a teacher and in the Spring of 1877, Miss Sabina J. Archibald was also employed. THE REFORM SCHOOL. Eldora, Hardin County. By "An act to establish and organize a State Reform School for Juvenile Offenders," approved March 31, 1868, the General Assembly established a State Reform School at Salem, Lee (Henry) County; provided for a Board of Trustees, to consist of one person from each Congressional District. For the purpose of immediately opening the school, the Trustees were directed to accept the proposition of the Trustees of White's Iowa Manual Labor Institute, at Salem, and lease, for not more than ten years, the lands, buildings, etc., of the Institute, and at once proceed to prepare for and open a reform school as a temporary establishment. The contract for fitting up the buildings was let to Clark & Haddock, Sep-tember 21, 1868, and on the 7th of October following, the first inmate was received from Jasper County. The law provided for the admission of children of both sexes under 18 years of age. In 1876, this was amended, so that they are now received at ages over 7 and under 16 years. April 19, 1872, the Trustees were directed to make a permanent location for the school, and $45,000 was appropriated for the erection of the necessary buildings. The Trustees were further directed, as soon as practicable, to organize a school for girls in the buildings where the boys were then kept. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 203 The Trustees located the school at Eldora, Hardin County, and in the Code of 1873, it is permanently located there by law. The institution is managed by five Trustees, who are paid mileage, but no compensation for their services. The object is the reformation of the children of both sexes, under the age of 16 years and over 7 years of age, and the la,w requires that the Trustees shall require the boys and girls under their charge to be instructed in piety and morality, and in such branches of useful knowledge as are adapted to theirage and capacity, and in some regular course of labor, either mechanical, manufac-turing or agricultural, as is best suited to their age, strength, disposition and capacity, and as may seem best adapted to secure the reformation and future benefit of the boys and girls. A boy or girl committed to the State Reform School is there kept, disci, plined, instructed, employed and governed, under the direction of the Trustees, until he or she arrives at the age of majority, or is bound out, reformed or legally discharged. The binding out or discharge of a boy or girl as reformed, or having arrived at the age of majority, is a complete release from all penalties incurred by conviction of the offense for which he or she was committed. This is one step in the right direction. In the future, however, still further advances will be made, and the right of every individual to the fruits of their labor, even while restrained for the public good, will be recognized. FISH HATCHING ESTABLISHMENT. Near Anamosa, Jones County. The Fif1iee.nth General Assembly, in 187 4, passed "An act to provide for the appointment of a Board of Fish Commissioners for the construction of Fish ways for the protection and propagation of Fish," also " An act to provide for furnishing the rivers and lakes with fish and fish spawn." This act appro-priated $3,000 for the purpose. In accordance with the provisions of the first act above mentioned, on the 9th of April, 187 4, S. B. Evans of Ottumwa, Wapello County; B. F. Shaw of Jones County, and Charles A. Haines, of Black Hawk County, were appointed to be Fish Commissioners by the Governor. These Commissioners met at Des Moines, May 10, 187 4, and organized by the election of Mr. Evans, President; Mr. Shaw, Secretary and Superintendent, and Mr. Haines, Treasurer. The State was partitioned into three districts or divisions to enable the Commissioners to better superintend the construction of fish ways as required by law . . That part of the State lying south of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad was placed under the especial supervision of Mr. Evans; that part be-tween that railroad and the Iowa Division of the Illinois Central Railroad, Mr. Shaw, and all north of the Illinois Central Railroad, Mr. Haines. At this meeting, the Superintendent was authorized to build a State Hatching House; ,to procure the spawn of valuable fish adapted to the waters of Iowa; hatch and prepare the young fish for distribution, and assist in putting them into the waters. of the State. In compliance with these instructions, Mr. Shaw at once commenced work, and in the Summer of 187 4, erected a " State Hatching House" near Anamosa, 20x40 feet, two stories; the second story being designed for a tenement; the first story being the "hatching room." The hatching troughs are supplied with water from a magnificent spring four feet deep and about ten feet in diam-eter, affording an abundant and unfailing supply of pure running water. During 204 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. the first year, from May 10, 187 4, to May 10, 1875, the Commissioners distributed within the State 100,000 Shad, 300,000 California Salmon, 10,000 Bass, -80,000 Penobscot (Maine) Salmon, 5,000 land-locked Salmon, 20,000 of other species. By act approved March 10, 1876, the law was amended so that there should be but one instead of three Fish Commissioners, and B. F. Shaw was appointed, .and the Commissioner was authorized to purchase twenty acres of land, on which the State Hatching House was located near Anamosa. In the Fall of 1876, Commissioner Shaw gathered from the sloughs of the Mississippi, where they would have been destroyed, over a million and a half of small fish, which were distributed in the various rivers of the State and turned into the Mississippi. In 187 5-6, 533,000 California Salmon, and in 1877, 303,500 Lake Trout were distributed in various rivers and lakes in the State. The experiment of stocking the small streams with brook trout is being tried, and 81,000 of the speckled beauties were distributed in 1877. In 1876, 100,000 young eels were distrib ,1ted. These came from New York and they are increasing rapidly . At the close of 1877, there were at least a dozen private fish farms in suc-cessful operation in various parts of the State. Commissioner Shaw is en-thusiastically devoted to the duties of his office and has performed an important service for the people of the State by his intelligent and successful operations. The Sixteenth General Assembly passed an act in 1878, prohibiting the catching of any kind of fish except Brook Trout from March until June of each _year. Some varieties are fit for food only during this period. THE PUBLIC LANDS. The grants of public lands made in the State of Iowa, for various purposes, are as follows : 1. The 500,0D0 Acre Grant. 2. The 16th Section Grant. 3. The Mortgage School Lands. 4. The University Grant. 5. The Saline Grant. 6. The Des Moines River Grant. 7. The Des Moines River School Lands. 8. The Swamp Land Grant. 9. The Railroad Grant. 10. The Agricultural College Grant. I. THE FIVE HUNDRED THOUSAND ACRE GRANT. When the State was admitted into the Union, she became entitled to 500,000 acres of land by virtue of an act of Congress, approved September 4, 1841, which granted to each State therein specified 500,000 acres of public land for internal improvements; to each State admitted subsequently to the passage of the act, an amount of land which, with the amount that might have been granted to her as a Territory, would amount to 500,000 acres. All these lands were required to be selected within the limits of the State to which they were granted. . The Constitution of Iowa declares that the proceeds of this grant, together with all lands then granted or to be granted by Congress for the benefit of schools, shall constitute a perpetual fund for the support of schools throughout the State. By an act approved January 15, 1849, the Legislature established HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 205 a board of School Fund Commissioners, and to that board was confided the selection, care and sale of these lands for the benefit of the School Fund. Until 1855, these Commissioners were subordinate to the Superintendent of Public Instruction, but on the 15th of January of that year, they were clothed with exclusive a,uthority in the management and sale of school hnds. The office of School Fund Commissioner was abolished March 23, 1858, and that officer in each county was required to transfer all papers to and make full settlement with the County Judge. By this act, County Judges and Township Trustees were made the agents of the State to control and sell the sixteenth sections; but no further provision was made for the sale of the 500,000 acre grant until April 3d, 1860, when the entire management of the school lands was committed to the Boards of Supervisors of the several counties. II. THE SIXTEENTH SECTIONS. By the provisions of the act of Congress admitting Iowa to the Union, there was granted to the new State the sixteenth section in every township, or where that section had been sold, other lands of like amount for the use of schools. The Constitution of the State provides that the proceeds arising from the sale of these sections shall constitute a part of the permanent School Fund. The control and sale of these lands were vested in the School Fund Commissioners of the several counties until March 23, 1858, when they were transferred to the County Judges and Township Trustees, and were finally placed under the supervision of the County Boards of Supervisors in January, 1861. Ill. THE MORTGAGE SCHOOL LANDS. These do not belong to any of the grant& of land proper. They are lands that have been mortgaged to the school fund, and became school lands when bid off by the State by virtue of a law passed in 1862. Under the provisions of the law regulating the management and investment of the permanent school fund, persons desiring loans from that fund are required to secure the payment thereof with interest at ten per cent. per annum, by promissory notes endorsed by two good sureties and by mortgage on unincumbered real estate, which must be situated in the -county where the loan is made, and which must be valued by th1ee appraisers. Making these loans and taking the required securities was made the duty of the County Auditor, who was required to report to the Board of Supervisors at each meeting thereof, all notes, mortgages and abstracts of title connected with the school fund, for examination. When default was made of payment of money so secured by mortgage, and no arrangement made for extension of time as the law provid6s, the Board of Supervisors were authorized to bring suit and prosecute it with diligence to secure said fund; and in action in favor of the county for the use of the school fund, an injunction may issue without bonds, and in any such action, when service is made by puhlication, default and judgment may be entered and enforced without bonds. In case of sale of land on execution founded on any such mortgage, the attorney of the board, or other person duly authorized, shall, on behalf of the State or county for the use of said fund, bid such sum as the interests of said fund may require, and if struck off to the State the land shall be held and disposed of as the other lands belonging to the fond. These lands are known as the Mortgage School Lands, and reports of them, including description and amount, are required to be made to the State Land Office. 206 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF row A. IV. UNIVERSITY LANDS. By act of Congress, July 20, 1840, a quantity of land not exceeding two 1-ntire townships was reserved in the Territory of Iowa for the use and support Jf a university within said Territory when it should become a State. This land was to be located in tracts of not less than an entire section, and could be used for no other purpose than that designated in the grant. In an act supplemental to that for the admission of Iowa, March 3, 1845, the grant was renewed, and it was provided that the lands should be used "solely for the purpose~of such university, in such manner as the Legislature may prescribe." Under this grant there were set apart and approved by the Secretary of the Treasury, for the use of the State, the following lands : ACRES. In the Iowa City Land District, Feb. 26, 1849 ......................................... 20,150.49 In the Fairfield Land District, Oct. 17, 1849 ......... .. .. ....r......... .................. 9,685.20 In the lowfl City Land District, Jan. 28, 1850.......................................... 2,571.81 In the Fairfield Land District, Sept. lO, 1850... .. .... ...... ........ ......... ........... 3,198.20 In the Dubuque Land District, May 19, 185~ .......................................... 10,552.24 Total. ... ........ . ....................................................................... 45,957.94 These lands were certified to the ~tate November 19, 1859. The University lands are placed by law under the control and management of the Board of Trustees of the Iowa State University. Prior to 1865, there had been selected and located under 282 patents, 22,892 acres in sixteen counties, and 23,036 acres unpatented, making a total of 45,928 acres. V.-SALINE LANDS. By act of Congress, approved March 3, 1845, the State of Iowa was granted the use of the salt springs within her limits, not exceeding twelve. By a subsequent act, approved May 27, 1852, Congress granted the springs to the State in fee simple, together with six sections ofland contiguous to each, :o be disposed of as the Legislature might direct. In 1861, the proceeds of these lands then to be sold were constituted a fund for founding and support-ing a lunatic asylum, but no sales were made. In 1856, the proceeds of the saline lands were appropriated to the Insane Asylum, repealed in 1858. In 1860, the saline lands and funds were made a part of the permanent fund of the State University. These lands were located in Appanoose, Davis, Decatur, Lucas, Monroe, Van Buren and Wayne Counties. VI.-THE DES MOINES RIVER GRANT. By act of Congress, approved August 8, 1846, a grant of land was made for the improvement of the navigation of Des Moines River, as follows: Be it enacted by the Senate and House ~f Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That there be, and hereby is, granted to said Territory of Iowa, for the purpose of aiding said Territory to improve the navigation of the Des Moines River from its mouth to the Raccoon Fork (so called) in said Territory, one equal moiety, in alternate sections, of the public lands (remaining unsold and not otherwise disposed of, incumbered or appropri-ated), in a strip five miles in width on each side of said river, to be selected within said Terri. tory by an agent or agents to be appointed by the Governor thereof, subject to the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury of the United States. SEC. 2. And be it furth~r enacted, Thci,t the lands hereby granted shall not be conveyed or disposed of by said Territory, nor by any State to be formed out of the same, except as said improvement shall progress; that is, the said Territory or State may sell so much of said lands as shall produce the sum of thirty thousand dollars, and then the sales shall cease until the Gov· ernor of said Territory or State shall certify the fact to the President of the United States that one-half of said sum has been expended upon said improvements, when the said Territory or HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 207 State may sell and convey a quantity of the residue of said lands sufficient to replace the amount expended, and thus the sales shall progress as the proceeds thereof shall be expended, and the fact of such expenditure shall be certified as aforesaid. SEC. 3. And be it further enacted, That the said River Des Moines shall be and forever remain a public highway for the use of the Government of the United States, free from any toll or other charge whatever, for any property of the United States or persons in their service passing through or along the same: Provided always, That it shall not be competent for the said Territory or future State of Iowa to dispose of said lands, or any of them, at a price lower than, for the time being, shall be the minimum price of other public lands. SEC. 4. And be it further enacted, That whenever the Territory of Iow3: shall be admitted into the Union as a State, the lands hereby granted for the above purpose shall be and become the property of said State for the purpose contemplated in this act, and for no other: Pr0vided the Legislature of the State oflowa shall accept the said grant for the said purpose." Approved Aug. 8, 1846. By joint resolution of the General Assembly of Iowa, approved January 9, 184 7, the grant was accepted for the purpose specified. By another act, ap-proved February 24, 184 7, entited "An act creating the Board of Public Works, and providing for the improvement of the Des Moines River," the Legislature provided for a Board consisting of a President, Secretary and Treasurer, to be elected by the people. This Board was elected August 2, 184 7, and was organized on the 22d of September following. The same act defined the nature of the improvement to be made, and provided that the work should be paid for from the funds to be derived from the sale of lands to be sold by the Board. Agents appointed by the Governor selected the sections designated by "odd numbers" throughout the whole exten~ of the grant, and this selection was ap-proved by the Secretary of the Treasury. But there was a conflict of opinion as to the extent of the grant. It was held by some that it extended from the mouth of the Des Moines only to the Raccoon Forks; others held, as the agents to make selection evidently did, that it extended from the mouth to the head waters of the river. Richard M. Young, Commissioner of the General Land Office, on the 23d of February, 1848, construed the grant to mean that "the State is entitled to the alternate sections within five miles of the Des Moines River, throughout the whole extent of that river within the limits of Iowa." Under this construction, the alternate sections above the Raccoon Forks would, of course, belong to the State; but on the 19th of June, 1848, some of these lands were, by proclamation, thrown into market. On the 18th of September, the Board of Public Works filed a remonstrance with the Com-missioner of the General Land Office. The Board also sent in a protest to the State Land Office, at which the sale was ordered to take place. On the 8th of January, 1849, the Senators and Representatives in Congress from Iowa also protested against the sale, in a communication to Hon. Robert J. Walker, Sec-retary of the Treasury, to which the Secretary replied, concurring in the opinion that the grant extended the whole length of the Des Moines River in Iowa. On the 1st of June, 1849, the Commissioner of the General Land Office directed the Register and Receiver of the Land Office at Iowa City "to with-hold from sale all lands situated in the odd numbered sections within five miles on each side of the Des Moines River above the Raccoon Forks." March 13, 1850, the Commissioner of the General Land Office submitted to the Secretary of the Interior a list "showing the tracts falling within the limits of the Des Moines River grant, above the Raccoon Forks, etc., under the decision of the Secretary of the Treasury, of March 2, 1849," and on the 6th of April following, Mr. Ewing, then Secretary of the Interior, reversed the decision of Secretary Walker, but ordered the lands to be withheld from sale until Con-208 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. gress could have an opportunity to pass an explanatory act. The Iowa author-. ities appealed from this decision to the President (Taylor), who referred the matter to the Attorney General (Mr. Johnson). On the 19th of July, Mr. Johnson submitted as his opinion, that by the terms of the grant itself, it ex-tended to the very source of the Des Moines, but before his opinion was pub-lished President Taylor died. When Mr. Tyler's cabinet was formed, the question was submitted to the new Attorney General (Mr. Crittenden), who, on the 30th of June, 1851, reported that in his opinion the grant did not extend above the Raccoon Forks. Mr. Stewart, Secretary of the Interior, concurred with Mr. Crittenden at first, but subsequently consented to lay the whole sub-ject before the President and Cabinet, who decided in favor of the State. October 29, 1851, Mr. Stewart directed the Commissioner of the General Land Office to "submit for his approval such lists as had been prepared, and to proceed to report for like approval lists of the alternate sections claimed by the State of Iowa above the Raccoon Forks, as far as the surveys have progressed, or may hereafter be completed and returned." And on the following day, three lists of these lands were prepared in the General Land Office. The lands approved and certified to the State· of Iowa under this grant, and all lying above the Raccoon Forks, are as follows: By Secretary Stewart, Oct. 30, 1851.. ......... . .................. . ... . ..... 81,707.93 acres. Mo,rch 10, 1852 ...................... . ....... . ..... 143,908.37 " By Secretary McLellan, Dec. 17, 1853 .... . ............................... 33,142.43 " Dec. 30, 1853 . . ... . ..... . .. . . .. .......... .. .....• 12,813.51 " Total. ..... . ... ................. . ............. . . . .... . .... . . .. . .... . . 271,572.24 acres. The Commissioners and Register of the Des Moines River Improvement, in their report to the Governor, November 30, 1852, estimates the total amount of lands then available for the work, including those in possession of the State and those to be surveyed and approved, at nearly a million acres. The indebtedness then standing against the fund was about $108,000, and the Commissioners estimated the work to be done would cost about $1,200,000. January 19, 1853, the Legislature authorized the Commissioners to sell "any or all the lands which have or may hereafter be granted, for not less than $1,300,000." On the 24th of January, 1853, the General Assembly provided for the elec-tion of a Commissioner by the people, and appointed two Assistant Commission-ers, with authority to make a contract, selling the lands of the Improvement for $1,300,000. ·rhis new Board made a contract, June 9, 1855, with the Des Moines Navigation & Railroad Company, agreeing to sell all the lands donated to the State by Act of Congress of August 8, 1846, which the State had not sold prior to December 23, 1853, for $1,300,000, to be expended on the im-provement of the river, and in paying the indebtedness then due. This con-tract was duly reported to the Governor and General Assembly. By an act approved January 25, 1855, the Commissioner and Register of the Des Moines River Improvement were authorized to negotiate with the Des Moines Navigation & Railroad Company for the purchase of lands in Webster County which had been sold by the School Fund Commissioner as school lands, but which had been certified to the State as Des Moines River lands, and had, therefore, become the p-roperty of the Company, under the• provisions of its contract with the State. March 21, 1856, the old question of the extent of the gr~ clt was again raised and the Commissioner of the General Land Office decided tL· it was limited to HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 209 the Raccoon Fork. Appeal was made to the Secretary of the Interior, and by him the matter was referred to the Attorney General, who decided that the grant extended to the northern boundary of the State; the State relinquished its claim to lands lying along the river in Minnesota, and the vexed question was supposed to be finally settled. The land which had been certified, as well as those extending to the north-ern boundary within the limits of the grant, were reserved from pre-emption and sale by the General Land Commissioner, to satisfy the grant of August 8, 1846, and they were treated as having passed to the State, which from time to time solid portions of them prior to their final transfer to the Des Moines Navi-igation & Railroad Company, applying the proceeds thereof to the improve-ment of the river in compliance with the terms of the grant. Prior to the final sale to the Company, June 9, 1854, the State had sold about 327,000 acres, of which amount 58,830 acres were located above the Raccoon Fork. The -last certificate of the General Land Office bears date December 30, 1853. After June ,9th, 1854, the Des Moines Navigation & Railroad Company carried on the work under its contract with the State. As the improvement progressed, the State, from time to time, by its authorized officers, issued to the Company, in payment for said work, certificates for lands. But the General Land Office ceased to certify lands under the grant of 1846. The State had made no other provision for paying for the improvements, and disagree-ments and misunderstanding arose between the State authorities and the Company. March 22, 1858, a joint resolution was passed by the Legislature submitting a proposition for final settlement to the Company, which was accepted. The Com-pany paid to the State $20,000 in cash, and released and conveyed the dredge boat and materials named in the resolution; and the State, on the 3d of May, 1858, executed to the Des Moines Navigation & Railroad Company fourteen deeds or patents to the lands, amounting to 256,703.64 acres. Th£se deeds were intended to convey all the lands of this grant certified to the State by the Gen-eral Government not previously sold; but, as if for the purpose of covering any tract or parcel that might have been omitted, the State made another deed of conveyance on the 18th day of May, 1858. These fifteen deeds, it is claimed, by the Company, convey 266,108 acres, of which about 53,367 are below the Raccoon Fork, and the balance, 212,741 acres, are above that point. Besides the lands deeded to the Company, the State had deeded to individual purchasers 58,830 acres above the Raccoon Fork, making an aggregate of 271,-571 acres, deeded above the Fork, all of which had been certified to tht> State by the Federal Government. By act approved March 28, 1858,- the Legislature donated the remainder of the grant to the Keokuk, Fort Des Moines & Minnesota Railroad Company, upon condition that said Company assumed all liabilities resulting from the Des Moines River improvement operations, reserving 50,000 acres of the land in security for the payment thereof, and for the completion of the locks and dams at Bentonsport, Croton, Keosauqua and Plymouth. For every three thousand dollars' worth of work done on the locks and dams, and for every three thousand dollars paid by the Company of the liabilities above mentioned, the Register of the State Land Office was instructed to certify to the Company 1,000 acres of the 50,000 acres reserved for these purposes. Up to 1865, there had been pre-sented by the Company, under the provisions of the act of 1858, and allowed, claims amounting to $109,579 .37, about seventy-five per cent. of which had been settled. I 210 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. After the passage of the Act above noticed, the question of the extent of the original grant was again mooted, and at the December Term of the Supreme Court of the United States, in 1859-60, a decision was rendered declaring that the grant did not extend above Raccoon Fork, and that all certificates of land above the Fork had been issued without authority of law and were, therefore, void (see 23 How., 66). The State of Iowa had disposed of a large amount of land without authority, according to this decision, and appeal was made to Congress for relief, which was granted on the 3d day of March, 1861, in a joint resolution relinquishing to the State all the title which the United States then still retained in the tracts of land along the Des Moines River above Raccoon Fork, that had been im-properly certified to the State by the Department of the Interior, and which is now held by bona fide purchasers under the State of Iowa. In confirmation of this relinquishment; by act approved July 12, 1862, Congress enacted : That the grant of lands to the then Territory of Iowa for the improvement of the Des Moines River, made by the act of August 8, 1846, is hereby extended so as to include the alternate sec-tions (designated by odd numbers) lying within five miles of said river, between the Raccoon Fork and the northern boundary of said State; such lands are to be held and applied in accord-ance with the provisions of the original grant, except that the consent of Congress is hereby given to the upplication of a portion thereof to aid in the construction of the Keokuk, Fort Des Moines & Minnesota Railroad, in accordance with the provisions of the act of the General Assembly of the State of Iowa, approved March 2:!, 1858. And if any of the said lands shall have been sold or otherwise disposed of by the United States before the passage of this act, except those released by the United States to the grantees of the State of Iowa, under joint resolution of March 3, 1813 1, the Secretary of the Interior is hereby directed to set apart an equal amount of lands within said State to be certified in lieu thereof; Provided, that if the State shall have sold and conveyecl any portion of the lands lying within the limits of the grant the title of which has proved invalid , any lands .which shall be certified to said State in lieu thereof by virtue of the provisions of this act, shall inure to and be held as a trust fund for the benefit of the person or persons, respect-ively, whose titles shall have failed as aforesaid. The grant of lands by the above act of Congress was accepted by a joint resolution of the General Assembly, September 11, 1862, in extra session. On the same day, the Governor was authorized to appoint .one or more Commis-sioners to select the lands in accordance with the grant. These Commissioners were instructed to report their selections to the Registrar of the State Land Office. The lands so selected were to be held for the purposes of the grant, and were not to be disposed of until further legislation should be had. D. W. Kil-burne, of Lee County, was appointed Commissioner, and, on the 25th day of April, 1864, the General Land Officer authorized the selection of 300,000 acres from the vacant public lands as a part of the grant of July 12, 1862, and the selections were made in the Fort Dodge and Sioux City Land Districts. Many difficulties, controversies and conflicts, in relation to claims and titles, grew out of this grant, and these difficulties were enhanced by the uncertainty of its limits until the act of Congress of July, 1862. But the General Assem-bly sought, by wise and appropriate legislation, to protect the integrity of titles derived from the State. Especially was the determination to protect the actual settlers, who had paid their money and made improvements prior to the final settlement of the limits of the grant by Congress. VII.-THE DES MOINES RIVER SCHOOL LANDS. These lands constituted a part of th; 500,000 acre grant made by Congress in 1841; including 28,378.46 acres in Webster County, selected by the Agent of the State under that grant, and approved by the Commissioner of the General Land Office February 20, 1851. They were ordered into the market June 6, HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 211 1853, by the Superintendent of Public Instruction, who authorized John Tol-man, School Fund Commissioner for Webster County, to sell them as school lands. Subsequently, when the act of 1846 was construed to extend the Des Moines River grant above Raccoon Fork, it was held that the odd numbered sections of these lands within five miles of the river were appropriated by that act, and on the 30th day of December, 1853, 12,813.51 acres were set apart and approved to the State by the Secretary of the Interior, as a part of the Des Moines River grant. January 6, 1854, the Commissioner of the General Land Office transmitted to the Superintendent of Public Instruction a certified copy of the lists of these lands, indorsed by the Secretary of the Interior. Prior to this action of the Department, however, Mr. Tolman had sold to indi-vidual purchasers 3,194.28 acres as school lands, and their titles were, of course, killed. For their relief, an act, approved April 2, 1860, provided that, upon application and proper showing, these purchasers should be entitled to draw from the State Treasury the amount they had paid, with 10 per cent. interest, on the contract to purchase made with Mr. Tolman. Under this act, five appli-cations were made prior to 186-1, and the applicants received, in the aggregate, $949.53. By an act approved April 7, 1862, the Governor was forbidden to issue to the Dubuque & Sioux City Railroad Company any certificate of the completion of any part of said road, or any conveyance of lands, until the company should execute and file, in the State Land Office, a release of its claim-first, to cer-tain swamp lands; second, to the Des Moines River Lands sold by Tolman; third, to certain other ri.ver lands. That act provided that "the said company shall transfer their interest in those tracts of land in Webster and Hamilton Counties heretofore sold by John 'l.'olman, School Fund Commissioner, to the Register of the State Land Office in trust, to enable said Register to carry out and perform said contracts in all cases when he is called upon by the parties · interested to do so, before the 1st day of January, A. D. 186-!. The company filed its release to the Tolman lands, in the Land Office, Feb-ruary 27, 186-1, at the same time entered its protest that it had no claim upon them, never had pretended to have, and had never sought to claim them. The Register of the State Land Office, under the advice of the Attorney General, decided that patents would be issued to the Tolman purchasers in all cases where contracts had been made prior to December 23, 1853, and remaining uncanceled under the act of 1860. But before any were issued, on the 27th of August, 1864, the Des Moines Navigation & Railroad Company commenced a suit in chancery, in the District Court of Polk County, to enjoin the issue of such patents. On the 30th of August, an ex parte injunction was issued. In January, 1868, Mr. J. A. Harvey, Register of the Land Office, filed in the court an elaborate answer to plaintiffs' petition, denying that the company had any right to or title in the lands. Mr. Harvey's successor, Mr. C. C. Carpen-ter, filed a still more exhaustive answer February 10, 1868. August 3, 1868, the District Court dissolved the injunction. The company appealed to the Supreme Court, where the decision of the lower court was affirmed in December, 1869. VIII.-SW AMP LAND GRANT. By an act of Congress, approved March 28, 1850, to enable Arkansas and other States to reclaim swampy lands within their limits, granted all the swamp and overflowed lands remaining unsold within their respective limits to the several States. Although the total amount claimed by Iowa under this act 212 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. does not exceed 4,000,000 acres, it has, like the Des Moines River and some of the land grants, cost the State considerable trouble and expense, and required a deal of legislation. The State expended large sums of money in making the selections, securing proofs, etc., but the General Government appeared to be laboring under the impression that Iowa was not acting in good faith; that she had selected a large amount of lands under the swamp land grant, transferred her interest to counties, and counties to private speculators, and the General Land Office permitted contests as to the character of the lands already selected by the Agents of the State as "swamp lands." Congress, by joint resolution Dec. 18, 1856, and by act March 3, 1857, saved the State from the fatal result of this ruinous policy. Many of these lands were selected in 1854 and 1855, immediately after several remarkably wet seasons, and it was but natural that some portions of the selections would not appear swampy after a few dry seasons. Some time after these first selections were made, persons desired to enter parcels of the so-called swamp lands and offering to prove them to be dry. In such cases the General Land Office ordered hearing before the local land officers, and if they decided the land to be dry, it was permitted to be entered and the claim of the State rejected. Speculators took advantage of this. AffiJavits were bought of irresponsible and reckless men, who, for a few dollars, would confidently testify to the character of lands they never saw. These applica-tions multiplied until they covered 3,000,000 acres. It was necessary that Congress should confirm all these selections to the State, that this gigantic scheme of fraud and plunder might be stopped. The act of Congress of March 3, 1857, was designed to accomplish this purpose. But the Commis-sioner of the General Land Office held that it was only a qualified confirma-tion, and under this construction sought to sustain the action of the Department in rejecting the claim of the State, and certifying them unuer act of May 15, 1856, under which the railroad companies claimed all swamp land in odd num-bered sections within the limits of their respective roads. This action led to serious complications. When the railroad grant was made, it was not intended nor was it understood that it included any of the swamp lands. These were already disposed of by previous grant. Nor did the companies expect to receive any of them, but under the decisions of the Department adverse to the State the way was opened, and they were not slow to enter their claims. March 4, 1862, the Attorney General of the State submitted to the General Assembly an opinion that the railroad companies were not entitled even to contest the right of the State to these lands, under the swamp land grant. A letter from the Acting Commissioner of the General Land Office expressed the same opinion, and the General Assembly by joint resolution, approved April 7, 1862, expressly repudiated the acts of the railroad companies, and disclaimed any intention to claim these lands under any other than the act of Congress of Sept. 28, 1850. A great deal of legislation has been found necessary in reia-tion to these swamp lands. IX.-THE RAILROAD GRANT. One of the most important grants of public lands to Iowa for purposes of internal improvement was that known as the "Railroad Grant," by act of Congress approved May 15, 1856. This act granted to the State of Iowa, for the purpose of aiding in the construction of railroads from Burlington, on the Mississippi River, to a point on the Missouri River, :tlear the mouth of Platte River; from the city of Davenport, via Iowa City and Fort Des Moines to HISTORY OF THE STATE OF !OW A. 213 Council Bluffs; from Lyons City northwesterly to a point of intersection with the main line of the Iowa Central Air Line Railroad, near Maquoketa; thence on said main line, running as near as practicable to the Forty-second Parallel; across the said State of Iowa to the Missouri River; from the city of Dubuque to a point on the Missouri River, near Sioux City, with a branch from the mouth of the Tete des Morts, to the nearest point on said road, to be com-pleted as soon as the main road is completed to that point, every alternate section of land, designated by odd numbers, for six sections in width on each side of said roads. It was also provided that if it should appear, when the lines of those roads were definitely fixed, that the United States had sold, or right of pre-emption had attached to any portion of said land, the State was authorized to s2lect a quantity equal thereto, in alternate sections, or parts of sections, within fifteen miles of the lines so located. The lands remaining to the United States within six miles on each side of said roads were not to be sold for less than the double minimum price of the public lands when sold, nor were any of said lands to become subject to private entry until they had been first offered at public sale at the increased price. Section 4 of the act provided that the lands granted to said State shall be disposed of by said State only in the man?er following, that is to say: that a quantity of land not exceeding one hundred and twenty sections for each of said roads, and included within a continuous length of twenty miles of each of said roads, may be sold; and when the Governor of said State shall certify to the Secretary of the Interior that any twenty continuous miles of any of said roads is completed, then another quantity of land hereby granted, not to exceed one hundred and twenty sections for each of said roads having twenty continuous miles completed as aforesaid, and included within a continuous length of twenty miles of each of such roads, may be sold; and so from time to time until said roads are completed, and if any of said roads are not completed within ten years, no further sale shall be made, and the lands unsold shall revert to the United States." At a special session of the General Assembly of Iowa, by act approved July 14, 1856, the grant was accepted and the lands were granted by the State to the several railroad companies named, provided that the lines of their respective roads should be definitely fixed and located before April 1, 1857; and pro-vided further, that if either of said companies should fail to have seventy-five miles of road completed and equipped by the 1st day of December, 1859, and its entire road completed by December 1, 1865, it should be competent for the State of Iowa to resume all rights to lands remaining undisposed of by the company so failing. The railroad companies, with the single exception of the Iowa Central Air Line, accepted the several grants in accordance with the provisions of the above act, located their respective roads and selected their lands. The grant to the Iowa Central was again granted to the Cedar Rapids & Missouri River Railroad Company, which accepted them. By act, approved April 7, 1862, the Dubuque & Sioux City Railroad Com-pany was required to execute a release to the State of certain swamp and school lands, included within the limits of its grant, in compensation for an extension of the time fixed for the completion of its road. A careful examination of the act of Congress does not reveal any special reference to railroad companies. The lands were granted to the State, and the act evidently contemplate the sale of them by the State, and the appropriation of the proceeds to aid in the construction of certain lines of railroad within its • 214 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF row A. limits. Section 4 of the act clearly defines the authority of the State m dis-posing of the lands .. Lists of all the lands embraced by the grant were made, and certified to the State by the proper authorities. Under an -act of Congress approved August 3, 185-1, entitled "An act to vest in the several States and Territories the title in fee of the lands which have been or may be certified to them," these certified lists, the originals of which are filed in the General Land Office, conveyed to the State "the fee simple title to all the lands embraced in such lists that are of the char-acter contemplated" by the terms of the act making the grant, and "intended to be granted thereby; but where lands embraced in such lists are not of the character embraced by such act of Congress, and were not intended to be granted thereby, said lists, so far as these lands are concerned, shall be perfectly null and void; and no right, title, claim or interest shall be conveyed thereby." Those certified lists made under the act of May 15, 1856, were forty-three in number, viz.: For the Burlington & Missouri River Railroad, nine; for the Mississippi & Missouri Railroad, 11; for the Iowa Central Air Line, thirteen; and for the Dubuque & Sioux City Railroad, ten. The lands thus approved to the State were as follows : Burlington & Missouri River R. R....... .. . .. . . .. . . ... ... .. . . .. . .. .... .. 287,095.34 acres. Mississippi & Missouri River R. IL..................... ....... . ......... 774,674. 36 " Cedar Rapids & Missouri River R. R. .... . ... . ..... ...... ... . ..... ...... 775,454.19 " Dubuque & Sioux City R. R .... .. .. . ....... .. ............... .... .......... . 1,226,558.32 " A portion of these had been selected as swamp lands by the State, under the act of September 28, 1850, and these, by the terms of the act of August 3, 1854, could not be turned over to the railroads unless the claim of the State to them as swamp was first rejected. It was not possible to determine from the records of the State Land Office the extent of the conflicting claims arising under the two grants, as copies of the swamp land selections in some of the counties were not filed of record. The Commissioner of the General Land Office, however, prepared lists of the lands claimed by the State as swamp under act of September 28, 1850, and also claimed by the railroad companies under act of May 15, 1856, amounting to 553,293.33 acres, the claim to which as swamp had been rejected by the Department. These were consequently certified to the State as railroad lands. There was no mode other than the act of July, 1856, prescribed for transferring the title to these lands from the State to the companies. The courts had decided that, for the purposes of the grant, the lands belonged to the State, and to her the companies should look for their titles. It was generally accepted that the act of the Legislature of July, 1856, was all that was neces-sary to complete the transfer of title. It was assumed that all the rights and pmrnrs conferred upon the State by the act of Congress of May 14, 1856, were by the act of the General Assembly transferred to the companies; in other words, that it was designed to put the companies in the place of the State as the grantees from Congress-and, therefore, that which perfected the title thereto to the State perfected the title to the companies by virtue of the act of July, 1856. One of the compan_ies, however, the Burlington & Missouri River Rail-road Company, was not entirely satisfied with this construction. Its managers thought that some further and specific action of the State authorities in addition to the act of the Legislature was necessary to complete their title. This induced Gov. Lowe to attach to the certified lists his official certificate, under the broad seal of the State. On the 9th of November, 1859, the Governor thus certified to them (commencing at the Missouri River) 187,207.44 acres, and December 27th, 43,775.70 acres, an aggregate of 231,073.14 acres. These were the only • HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 215 lands under the grant that were certified by the State authorities with any design of perfecting the title alrea,dy vested in the company by the act of July, 1856. The lists which were afterward furnished to the company were simply certified by the Governor as being correct copies of the lists received by the State from the United States General Land Office. These subsequent lists embraced lands that had been claimed by the State under the Swamp Land Grant. It was urged against the claim of the Companies that the effect of the act of the Legislature was simply to substitute them for the State as parties to the grant. 1st. That the lands were granted to the State to be held in trust for the accomplishment of a specific purpose, and therefore the State could not part with the title until that purpose should have been accomplished. 2d. That it was not the intention of the act of July 14, 1856, to deprive the State of the con-trol of the lands, but on the contrary that she should retain supervision of them and the right to withdraw all rights and powers and resume the title condition-, ally conferred by that act upon the companies in the event of their failure to complete their part of the contract. 3d. That the certified lists from the Gen-eral Land Office vested the title in the State only by virtue of the act of Con-gress approved August 3, 1854. The State Land Office held that the proper construction of the act of July 14, 1856, when accepted by the companies, was that it became a conditional contract that might ripen into a positive sale of the lands as from time to time the work should progress, and as the State thereby became authorized by the express terms of the grant to sell them. This appears to have been the correct construction of the act, but by a sub-sequent act of Congress, approved June 2, 1864, amending the act of 1856, the terms of the grant were changed, and numerous controversies arose between the companies and the State. 'fhe ostensible purpose of this additional act was to allow the Davenport & Council Bluffs Railroad "to modify or change the location of the uncompleted portion of its line," to run through the town of Newton, Jasper County, or as nearly as practicable to that point. The original grant had been made to the State to aid in the construction of railroads within its limits and not to ~he com-panies, but Congress, in 1864, appears to have been utterly ignorant of what had been done under the act of 1856, or, if not, to have utterly disregarded it. The State had accepted the original grant. The Secretary of the Interior had already certified to the State all the lands intended to be included in the grant within fifteen miles of the lines of the several railroads. It will be remembered that Section 4, of the act of May 15, 1856, specifies the manner of sale of these lands from time to time as work on the railroads should progress, and also provided that "if any of said roads are not completed within ten years, no fur-ther sale shall be made, and the lands unsold shall revert to the United States." Having vested the title to these lands in trust, in the State of Iowa, it is plain that until the expiration of the ten years there could be no reversion, and the State, not the United States, must control them until the grant should expire by limitation. The United States authorities could not rightfully require the Secretary of the Interior to certify directly to the companies any portion of the lands already certified to the State. And yet Congress, by its_ act of June 2, 1864, provided that whenever the Davenport & Council Bluffs Railroad Com-pany should file in the General Land Office at Washington a map definitely showing such new location, the Secretary of the Interior should cause to be cer-tified and conveyed to said Company, from time to time, as the road progressed, out of any of the lands belonging to the United States, not sold, reserved, or 216 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. otherwise disposed of, or to which a pre-emption claim or right of homestead had not attached, and on which a bona fide settlement and improvement had not been made under-color of title derived from the United States or from the State of Iowa, within six miles of such newly located line, an amount of land per mile equal to that originally authorized to be granted to aid in the construction of said road by the act to which this was an amendment. The term "out of any lands belonging to the United States, not sold, re-served or otherwise disposed of, etc.," would seem to indicate that Congress did intend to grant lands already granted, but when it declared that the Company should have an amount per mile equal to that originally authorized to be granted, it is plain that the framers of the bill were ignorant of the real terms of the original grant, or that they designed tha,t the United States should resume the title it had already parted with two years before the lands could revert to the United States under the original act, which was not repealed. A similar change was made in relation to the Cedar Rapids & Missouri Railroad, and dictated the conveyance of lands in a similar manner. Like provision was made for the Dubuque & Sioux City Railroad, and the Company was permitted to change the location of its line between Fort Dodge and Sioux City, so as to secure the best route between those points; but this change of location was not to impair the right to the land granted in the orig-inal act, nor did it change the location of those lands. By the s:i:me act, the Mississippi & Missouri Railroad Company was author-ized to transfer and assign all or any part of the grant to any other company or person, "if, in the opinion of said Company, the construction of said railroad across the State of Iowa would be thereby sooner and more satisfactorily com-pleted; but such assignee should not in any case be released from the liabilities and conditions accompanying this grant, nor acquire perfect title in any other manner than the same would have been acquired by the· original grantee." Still further, the Burlington & Missouri River Railroad was not forgotten, and was, by the same act, empowered to receive an amount of land per mile equal to that mentioned in the original act, and if that could not be found within the limits of six miles from the line of said road, then such selection might be made along such line within twenty miles thereof out of any public lands belonging to the United States, not sold, reserved or otherwise disposed of, or to which a pre-emption claim or right of homestead had not attached. Those acts of Congress, which evidently originated in the "lobby," occa-sioned much controversy and trouble. The Department of the Interior, how-ever, recognizing the fact that when the Secretary had certified the lands to the State, under the a.ct of 1856, that act divested the United States of title, under the vesting act of August, 1854, refused to review its action, and also refused to order any and all investigations for establishing adverse claims ( except in pre-emption cases), on the ground that the United States had parted with the title, and, therefore, could exercise no control over the land. May 12, 1864, before the passage of the amendatory act above described, Congress granted to the State of lowa, to aid in the construction of a railroad from McGregor to Sioux City, and for the benefit of the McGregor Western Railroad Company, every alternate section of land, designated by odd numbers, for ten sections in width on each side of the proposed road, reserving the right to substitute other lands whenever it was found that the grant infringed upon pre-empted lands, or on lands that had been reserved or disposed of for any other purpose. In such cases, the Secretary of the Interior was instructed to select, in lieu, lands belonging to the United States lying nearest to the limits specified. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 217 X.-AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE AND FARM LANDS. An Agricultural College and Model Farm was established by act of the General Assembly, approved March 22, 1858. By the eleventh section of the act, the proceeds of the five-section grant made for the purpose of aiding in the erection of public buildings was appropriated, subject to the approval of Con-gress, together with all lands that Congress might thereafter grant to the State for the purpose, for the benefit of the institution. On the 23d of March, by joint resolution, the Legislature asked the consent of Congress to the proposed transfer. By act approved July 11, 1862, Congress removed the restrictions imposed in the " five-section grant," and authorized the General Assembly to make such disposition of the lands as should be deemed best for the interests of the State. By these several acts, the five sections of land in Jasper County certified to the State to aid in the erection of public buildings under the act of March 3, 1845, entitled "An act supplemental to the act for the admission of the States of Iowa; and Florida into the Union," were fully appropriated for the benefit of the Iowa Agricultural College and F:um. The institution is located in Story County. Seven hundred and twenty-one acres in that and two hundred in Boone County were donated to it by individuals interested in the success of the enterprise. By act of Congress approved July 2, 1862, an appropriation was made to each State and Territory of 30,000 acres for each Senator and Representative in Congress, to which, by the apportionment under the census of 1860, they were respectively entitled. This grant was made for the purpose of endowing colleges of agriculture and mechanic arts. Iowa accepted this grant by an act passed at an extra session of its Legis-lature, approved September 11, 1862, entitled "An act to accept of the grant, and carry into execution the trust conferred upon the State of Iowa by an act of Congress entitled ' An act granting public lands to the several States and Territories which may provide colleges for the benefit of agriculture and the mechanic arts,' approved July 2, 1862." This act made it the duty of the Governor to appoint an agent to select and locate the lands, and provided that none should be selected that were claimed by any county as swamp lands. The agent was required to make report of his doings to the Governor, who was instructed to submit the list of selections to the Board of Trustees of the Agricultural College for their approval. One thousand dollars were appro-priated to carry the law into effect. The State, having two Senators and six Representatives in Congress, was entitled to 240,000 acres of land under this grant, for the purpose of establishing and maintaining an Agricultural College. Peter Melendy, Esq., of Black Hawk County, was appointed to make the selec-tions, and during August, Septembe,r and December, 1863, located them in the Fort Dodge, Pes l\j:oines and Sioux City Land Districts. December 8, 1864, these selections were certified by the Commissioner of the General Land Office, and were approved to the State by the Secretary of the Interior December 13, 1864. The title to these lands was vested in the State in fee simple, and con-flicted with no other claims under other grants. The agricultural lands were approved to the State as 240,000.96 acres; but as 35,691.66 acres were located within railroad limits, which were computed at the rate of two acres for one, the actual amount of land approved to the State under this grant was only 204,309.30 acres, located as follows: In Des Moines Land District................................................ 6,804.96 acres. In Sioux City Land District....................................... . ........ 59,025.37 " In Fort Dodge Land District ................................................ 138,478.97 " 218 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. By act of the General Assembly, approved March 29, 1864, entitled, "An act authorizing the Trustees of the Iowa State Agricultural College and Farm to sell all lands acquired, granted, donated or appropriated for the benefit of said college, and to make an investment of the proceeds thereof," all these lands were granted to the Agricultural College and Farm, and the Trustees were au-thorized to take possession, and sell or lease them. They were then, under the control of the Trustees, lands as follows : Under the act of July 2, 1852 ............................................. 204,309.30 acres . Of the five-section grant..................................................... 3,200.00 " Lands donated in Story County............................................ 721.00 " Lands donated in Boone County........................................... 200.00 " Total. .............................................................. 208,430.30 acres. The Trustees opened an office at Fort Dodge, and appointed Hon. G. w. Bassett their agent for the sale of these lands. THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS. The germ of the free public school system of Iowa, whi'ch now ranks sec-ond to none in the United States, was planted by the first settlers. They had migrated to the "The Beautiful Land" from other and older States, where the common school system had been tested by many years' experience, bringing with them some knowledge of its advantages, which they determined should be enjoyed by the children of the land of their adoption. The system thus planted was expanded and improved in the broad fields of the West, until now it is justly considered one of the most complete, comprehensive and liberal in the country. Nor is this to be wondered at when it is remembered humble log school houses were built almost as soon as the log cabin of the earliest settlers were occupied by their brave builders. In the lead mining regions of the State, the first to be occupied by the white race, the hardy pioneers provided the means for the education of their children even before they had comfortable dwellings for their families. School teachers were among the first immigrants to Iowa. Wherever a little settlement was made, the school house was the first united public act of the settlers; and the rude, primitive structures of the early time only disappeared when the communities had increased in population and wealth, and were able to replace them with more commodious and comfortable buildings. Perhaps in no single instance has the magnificent progress of the State of Iowa been more marked and rapid than in her common school syste~ and in her school houses, which, long since, superseded the log cabins of the first settlers. To-day, the-school houses which everywhere dot the broad and fertile prairies of Iowa are unsurpassed by those of any other State in the great Union. More especially is this true in all her cities and villages, where liberal and lavish appropriations have been voted, by a generous people, for the erection of large, commodious and elegant buildings, furnished with all the modern improvements, and costing from $10,000 to $60,000 each. The people of the State have ex-pended mo,re than $10,000,000 for the erection of public school buildings. The first house erected in Iowa was a log cabin at Dubuque, built by James L. Langworthy and a few other miners, in the Autumn of 1833. When it was completed, George Cabbage was employed as teacher during the Winter of 1833-4, and thirty-five pupils attended his school. Barrett Whittemore taught the second term with twenty-five Qupils in attendance. Mrs. Caroline Dexter HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 219 commenced teaching in Dubuque in March, 1836. She was the first female teacher there, and probably the first in Iowa. In 1839, Thomas H . Benton, Jr., afterward for ten years Superintendent of Public Instruction, opened an English and classical school in Dubuque. The first tax for the support of schools at Dubuque was levied in 1840. Among the first buildings erected at Burlington was a commodious log school house in 1834, in which Mr. Johnson Pierson taught the first school in the Winter of 1834-5. The first school in Muscatine County was taught by George Bumgardner, in the Spring of 1837, and in 1839, a log school house was erected in Musca-tine, which served for a long time for school house, church and public hall. The 'first school in Davenport was taught in 1838. In Fairfield, Miss Clarissa Sawyer, James F. Chambers and Mrs. Reed taught school in 1839. When the site of Iowa City was selected as the capital of the Territory of Iowa, in May, 1839, it was a perfect wilderness. The first sale of lots took place August 18, 1839, and before January 1, 1840, about twenty families had settled within the limits of the town; and during the same year, Mr. Jesse Berry opened a school in a small frame building he had erected, on what is now College street. The first settlement in Monroe County was made in 1843, by Mr. John R. Gray, about two miles from the present site of Eddyville; and in the Summer of 184-!, a log school house was built by Gray, William V. Beedle, C. Renfro, Joseph McMullen and Willoughby Randolph, and the first school was opened by Miss Urania Adams. The building was occupied for school purposes for nearly ten years. About a year after the first cabin wa:;; built at Oskaloosa, a log school house was built, in which school was opened by Samuel W. Caldwell in 1844. At Fort Des Moines, now the capital of the State, the first school was taught by Lewis Whitten, Clerk of the District Court in the Winter of 1846-7, in one of the rooms on" Coon Row," built for barracks. The first school in Pottawattamie County was opened by George Green, a Mormon, at Council Point,. prior to 1849; and until about 1854, nearly, if not quite, all the teachers in that vicinity were Mormons. The first school in Decorah was taught in 1853, by T. W. Burdick, then a young man of seventeen. In Osceola, the first school was opened by Mr. D. W. Scoville. The first school at Fort Dodge was taught in 1855, by Cyms C. Carpenter, since Governor of the State. In Crawford County, the first school house was built in Mason's ·Grov€, in 1856, and Morris McHenry first occupied it as teacher. During the first twenty years of the history of Iowa, the log school house pre-vailed, and in 1861, there were 893 of these primitive structures in use for school purposes in the State. Since that time they have been gradually dis-appearing. In 1865, there were 796; in 1870, 336, and in 187 5, 121. Iowa Territory was created July 3, 1838. January 1, 1839, the Territorial Legislature passed an act providing that " there shall be established a common school, or schools in each of the counties in this Territory, which shall be open and free for every class of white citizens between the ages of five and twenty-one years." The second section of the act provided that" the County Board shall, from time to time, form such districts in their respective counties whenever a petition may be presented for the· purpose by a majority of the voters resident within such contemplated district." These districts were gov-erned by boards of trustees, usually of three persons ; each district was required 220 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. to maintain school at least three months in every year; and later, laws were enacted providing for county school taxes for the payment of teachers, and that whatever additional sum might be required should be assessed upon the parents sending, in proportion to the length of time sent. When Iowa Territory became a State, in 1846, with a population of 100,-000, and with 20,000 scholars within its limits, about four hundred school dis-tricts had been organized. In 1850, there were 1,200, and in 1857, the number had increased to 3,265. In March, 1858, upon the recommendation of Hon. M. L. Fisher, then Su-perintendent of Public Instruction, the Seventh General Assembly enacted that "each civil township is declared a school district," and provided that these should be divided into sub-districts. This law went into force March 20, 1858, and reduced the number of school districts from about 3,500 to less than 900. This change of school organization resulted in a very material reduction of the expenditures for the compensation of District Secretaries and Treasurers. An effort was made for several years, from 1867 to 1872, to abolish the sub-district system. Mr. Kissell, Superintendent, recommended, in his report of January 1, 1872, and Governor Merrill forcibly endorsed his views in his annual message. But the Legislature of that year provided for the formation of inde-pendent districts from the sub-districts of district townships. The system of graded schools was inaugurated in 1849 ; and new schools, in which more than one teacher is employed, are universally graded. The first official mention of Teachers' Institutes in the educational records of Iowa occurs in the annual report of Hon. Thomas H. Benton, Jr., made December 2, 1850, who said, "An institution of this character was organized a few years ago, composed of the teachers of the mineral regions of Illinois, Wisconsin and Iowa. An association of teachers has, also, been formed in the county of Henry, and an effort was made in October last to organize a regular institute in the county of Jones." At that time-although the beneficial influence of these institutes was admitted, it was urged that the expenses of attending them was greater than teachers with limited compensation were able to bear. To obviate this objection, Mr. Benton recommended that '' the sum of $150 should be appropriated annually for three years, to be drawn in install-ments of $50 each by the Superintendent of Public Instruction,. and expended for these institutions." He proposed that three institutes should be held annu-ally at points to be designated by the Superintendent. No legislation in this direction, however, was had until March, 1858, when an act was passed authorizing the holding of teachers' institutes for periods not less than six working days, whenever not less than thirty teachers should desire. The Superintendent was authorized to expend not exceeding $100 for any one institute, to be paid out by the County Superintendent as the institute might direct for teachers and lecturers, and one thousand dollars was appropriated to defray the expenses of these institutes. December 6, 1858, Mr. Fisher reported to the Board of Education that institutes had been appointed in twenty counties within the preceding six months, and more would have been, but the appropriation had been exhausted. The Board of Education at its first session, commencing December 6, 1858, enacted a code of school laws which retained the existing provisions for teachers' institutes. In March, 1860, the General Assembly amended the act of the Board by appropriating " a sum not exceeding fifty dollars annually for one such institute, held as provided by law in each county." IlISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 221 In 1865, Mr. Faville reported that "the provision made by the State for the benefit of teachers' institutes has never been so fully appreciated, both by the people and the teachers, as during the last two years." By act approved March 19, 187--1, Normal Institutes were established in each county, to be held annually by the County Superintendent. This was regarded as a very decided step in advance by Mr. Abernethy, and in 1876 the Sixteenth General Assembly established the first permanent State Normal School at Cedar Falls, Black Hawk County, appropriating the building and property of the Soldiers' Orphans' Horne at that place for that purpose. This school is now. " in the full tide of successful experiment." 'fhe public school system of Iowa is admirably organized, and if the various officers who are entrusted with the educational interests of the commonwealth are faithful and competent, should and will constantly improve. " The public schools are supported by funds arising from several sources. The sixteenth section of every Congressional Township was set apart by the General Government for school purposes, being one-thirty-sixth part of all the lands of the State. The minimum price of these lands was fixed at one dollar and twenty-five cents per acre. Congress also made an additional donation to the State of five hundred thousand acres, and an appropriation of five per cent. on all the sales of public lands to the school fund. The State gives to this fund the proceeds of the sales of all lands which escheat to it; the proceeds of all fines for the violation of the liquor and criminal laws. The money derived from these sources constitutes the permanent school fund of the State, which cannot be diverted to any other purpose. The penalties collected by the courts for fines and forfeitures go to the school fund in the counties where collected. The proceeds of the sale of lands and the five per cent. fund go into the State Treasury, and the State distributes these proceeds to the several counties accord-ing to their request, and the counties loan the money to individuals for long terms at eight per cent. interest, on security of land valued at three times the amount of the loan, exclusive of all buildings and improvements thereon. The interest on these loans is paid into the State Treasury, and becomes the avail-able school fund of the State. The counties are responsible to the State for all money so loaned, and the State is likewise responsible to the school fund for all moneys transferred to the counties. The interest on these loans is apportioned by the State Auditor semi-annually to the several counties of the State, in pro-portion to the number of persons between the ages of five and twenty-one years. The counties also levy an annual tax for school purposes, which is apportioned to the several district townships in the same way. A district tax is also levied for the same purpose. The money arising from these several sources constitutes the support of the public schools, and is sufficient to enable every sub-district in the State to afford from six to nine months' school each year." The taxes levied for the support of schools are self-imposed. Under the admirable school laws of the State, no taxes can be legaJly assessed or collected for the erection of school houses until they have been ordered by the election of the district at a school meeting legally called. The school houses of Iowa are the pride of the State and an honor to the people. If they have been some-times built at a prodigal expense, the tax payers have no one to blame but themselves. The teacher;,' anrl. contingent fonds are determined by the Board of Directors under certain legal restrictions. These boarrl.s are elected annually, except in the independent districts, in which the board may be entirely changed every three years. The only exception to t,his mode of levying taxes for support 222 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF row A. of schools is the county school tax, which is determined by the County Board of Supervisors. The tax is from one to three mills on the dollar; usually, however, but one. Mr. Abernethy, who was Superintendent of Public Instruc-tion from 1872 to 1877, said in one of his reports: There is but little opposition to the levy of taxes for the support of schools, and there would be still less if the funds were al ways properly guarded and judiciously expended. How-ever much our people disagree upon other subjects, they are practically united upon this. The opposition of we:1lth has long since ceased to exist, and our wealthy men are usually the most liberal in their views and the most active friends of popular education. They are often found upon our school boards, and usually make the best of school officers. It is not uncommon for Boards of Directors, especially in the larger towns and cities, to be composed wholly of met1 who represent the enterprise, wealth and business of their cities. At the close of 1877, there were 1,086 township districts, 3,138 indepen-dent districts and 7,015 sub-districts. There were 9,948 ungraded and 476 graded schools, with an average annual session of seven months and five days. 'fhere were 7,348 male teachers employed, whose average compensation was $34.88 per month, and 12,518 female teachers, with an average compensation of $28.69 per month. The number of persons between the ages 5 and 21 years, in 1877, was 567,859; number enrolled in public schools, 421,163; total average attendance, 251,372; average cost of tuition per month, $1.62. There are 9,279 frame, 671 brick, 257 stone and 89 log school houses, making a grand total of 10,296, valued at $9,044,973. The public school libraries number 17,329 volumes. Ninety-nine teachers' institutes were held during 1877. Teachers' salaries amounted to $2,953,6-!5. There was expended for school houses, grounds, libraries and apparatus, $1,106,788, and for fuel and other contingencies, $1,136,995, making the grand total of $5,197,428 expended by the generous people of Iowa for the support of their magnificent public schools in a single year. The amount of the permanent school fund, at the close of 1877, was $3,462,000. Annual interest, $276,960. In 1857, there were 3,265 independent districts, 2,708 ungraded schools, and 1,572 male and 1,424 female teachers. Teachers' salaries amounted to $198,142, and the total expenditures for schools was only $364,515. Six hun-dred and twenty-three volumes were the extent of the public school libraries twenty years ago, and there were only 1,686 school houses, valued at $571,064. In twenty years, teachers' salaries have increased from $198,142, in 1857, to $2,953,645 in 1877. 'fotal school expenditures, from $364,515 to $5,197,428. The significance of such facts as these is unmistakable. Such lavish expen-ditures can only be accounted for by the liberality and public spirit of the people, all of whom manifest their love of popular· education and their faith in the public schools by the annual dedication to their support of more than one per cent. of their entire taxable property; this, too, uninterruptedly through a series of years. commencing in the midst of a war which taxed their energies and resources to the extreme, and continuing through years of general depression in business-years of moderate yield of produce, of discouragingly low prices, and even amid the scanty surroupdings and privations of pioneer life. Few human enterprises have a grander significance or give evidence of a more noble purpose than the generous contributions from the scanty resources of the pioneer for the purposes of public education. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 223 POLITICAL RECORD. TERRITORIAL OFFICERS. Governors-Robert Lucas, 1838-41; John Chambers, 1841-45; James Clarke, 1845. Secretaries-William B. Conway, 1838, dierl 1839; James Clarke, 1839; 0. H. W. Stull, 1841; Samuel J. Burr, 1843 ; Jesse Williams, 1845. Auditors-Jesse Williams, 1840; Wm. L. Gilbert, 1843 · Robert M. Secrest, 1845. Treasurers-Thornton Bayliss, 1839; Morgan Reno, 1840. Judges-Charles Mason, Chief Justice, 1838; Joseph Williams, 1838; Thomas S. Wilson, 1838. Presidents of Council-Jesse B. Browne, 1838-9 ; Stephen Hempstead, 1839-40; M. Bainridge, 1840-1; Jonathan W. Parker, 18--!1-2; John D. Elbert, 1842-3; Thomas Cox, 1843-4 ; S. Clinton Hastings, 1845 ; Stephen Hempstead, 1845-6. Speakers of the House-William H. Wallace, 1838-9; Edward Johnston, 1839-40; Thomas Cox, 1840-1; Warner Lewis, 1841-2; James M. Morgan, 1842-3; James P. Carleton, 1843-4; James M. Morgan, 1845; George W. McCleary, 1845-6. · First Constitutional Convention, 1844-Shepherd Leffler, President; Geo. S. Hampton, Secretary. Second Oonstitutional Convention, 1846-Enos Lowe, President; William Thompson, Secretary. OFFICERS OF THE STATE GOVERNMENT. Governors-Ansel Briggs, 1846 to 1850; Stephen Hempstead, 1850 to 1854; James W. Grimes, 1854 to 1858; Ralph P. Lowe, 1858 to 1860; Sam-uel J. Kirkwood, 1860 to 1864 ; William M. Stone, 1864 to 1868 ; Samuel Morrill, 1868 to 1872 ; Cyrus C. Carpenter, 1872 to 1876 ; Samuel J. Kirk-wood, 1876 to 1877; Joshua G. Newbold, Acting, 1877 to 1878; John H. Gear, 1878 to --. Lieutenant Governor-Office created by the new Constitution September 3, 1857-Oran Faville, 1858-9; Nicholas J. Rusch, 1860-1; John R. Needham, 1862-3; Enoch W. Eastman, 1864-5; Benjamin F. Gue, 1866-7; John Scott, 1868-9; M. M. Walden, 1870-1; H. C. Bulis, 1872-3; Joseph Dy-sart, 1874-5; Joshua G. Newbold, 1876-7; Frank T. Campbell, 1878-9. Secretaries of State-Elisha Cutler, Jr., Dec. 5, 184G, to Dec. 4, 1848; Josiah H. Bonney, Dec. 4, 1848, to Dec. 2, 1850; George W. McCleary, Dec. 2, 1850, to Dec. 1, 1856; Elijah Sells, Dec. 1, 1856, to Jan. 5, 1863; James Wright, Jan. 5, 1863, to Jan. 7, 1867; Ed. Wright, Jan. 7, 1867, to Jan. 6, 1873; Josiah T. Young, Jan. 6, 1873, to ---Auditors of State-Joseph T. Fales, Dec. 5, 1846, to Dec. 2, 1850; Will-iam Pattee, Dec. 2, 1850, to Dec. 4, 1854; Andrew J. Stevens, Dec. 4, 1854, resigned in 1855; John Pattee, Sept. 22, 1855, to Jan. 3, 1859; Jonathan W. Cattell, 1859 to 1865; John A. Elliot, 1865 to 1871; John Russell, 1871 to 187 5 ; Buren R. Sherman, 187 5 to ---Treasurers of State-Morgan Reno, Dec. 18, 1846, to Dec. 2, 1850; Israel Kister, Dec. 2, 1850, to Dec. 4, 1852 ; Martin L. Morris, Dec. 4, 1852, to Jan. 2, 1859; John W. Jones, 1859 to 1863; William H. Holmes, 1863 to 224 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 1867 ; Samuel E. Rankin, 1867 to 1873; William Christy, 1873 to 1877; George W. Bemis, 1877 to --. Superintendents of Public Instruction--Office created in 184 7--J ames Harlan, June 5, 1845 (Supreme Court decided election void); Thomas H. Benton, Jr., May 23, 1844, to June 7, 1854; James D. Eads, 1854-7; Joseph C. Stone, March to June, 1857; Maturin L . Fisher, 1857 to Dec., 1858, when the office was abolished and the duties of the office devolved upon the Secretary of the • Board of Education. Secretaries of Board of Education-Thomas H. Benton, Jr., 1859-1863; Oran Faville, Jan. 1, 1864. Board abolished March 23, 1864. Superintendents of Public Instruction-Office re-created March 23, 1864-Oran Faville, March 28, 1864, resigned March 1, 1867 ; D. Franklin Wells, March 4, 1867, to Jan., 1870; A. S. Kissell, 1870 to 1872; Alonzo Abernethy, 1872 to 1877; Carl W. Von Coelln, 1877 to---. State Binders-Office created February 21, 1855-William M. Coles, May 1, 1855, to May 1, 1859; Frank M. Mills, 1859 to 1867; James S. Carter, 1867 to 1870; J. J. Smart, 1870 to 1874; H. A. Perkins, 1874 to 1875; James J. Smart, 1875 to 1876; H. A. Perkins, 1876 to ---Registers of the State Land OJfice-Anson Hart, May 5, 1855, to May 13, 1857; Theodore S. Parvin, May 13, 1857, to Jan. 3, 1859; Amos B. Miller, Jan. 3, 1859, to October, 1862; Edwin Mitchell, Oct. 31, 1862, to Jan 5, 1863; Josiah A. Harvey, Jan. 5, 1863, to Jan. 7, 1867; Cyrus C. Carpenter, Jau. 7, 1867, to January, 1871; Aaron Brown, January, 1871, to to January, 1875; David Secor, January, 1875, to---·. State Printers-Office created Jan. 3, 1840-Garrett D. Palmer and George Paul, 1849; William H. Merritt, 1851 to 1853; William A. Hornish, 1853 (resigned May 16, 1853); Mahoney & Dorr, 1853 to 1855; Peter Moriarty, 1855 to 1857; John Teesdale, 1857 to 1861; Francis W. Palmer, 1861 to 1869; Frank M. Mills, 1869 to 1870; G. W. Edwards, 1870 to 1872; R. P. Clarkson, 1872 to ---Adjutants General-Daniel S. Lee, 1851-5; Geo. W. McCleary, 1855-7; Elljah Sells, 1857; Jesse Bowen, 1857-61; Nathaniel Baker, 1861 to 1877; John H. Looby, 1877 to ---Attorneys General-David C. Cloud, 1853-56; Samuel A. Rice, 1856-60; Charles C. Nourse, 1861-4; Isaac L. Allen, 1865 (resigned January, 1866); Frederick E. Bissell, 1866 (died June 12, 1867); Henry O'Connor, 1867-72; Marsena E. Cutts, 1872-6; John F. McJunkin, 1877. Presidents of the Senate-Thomas Baker, 1846-7; Thomas Hughes, 1848; John J. Selman, 1848-9; Enos Lowe, 1850- 1; William E. Leffing-well, 1852-3; Maturin L. Fisher, 1854-5; William W. Hamilton, 1856-7. Under the new Constitution, the Lieutenant Governor is President of the Senate. Speakers of the House-Jes[3e B. Brown, 1847-8; Smiley H . Bonhan, 1849-50; George Temple, 1851-2; James Grant, 1853-4; Reuben Noble, 1855-6; Samuel McFarland, 1856-7; Stephen B. Sheledy, 1858-9; John Edwards, 1860-1; Rush Clark, 1862-3; Jacob Butler, 1864-5; Ed. Wright, 1866-7; John Russell, 1868-9; Aylett R. Cotton, 1870-1; James Wilson, 1872-3; John H. Gear, 1874-7; John Y. Stone, 1878. New Constitutional Convention, 1859- Francis Springer, President; Thos. J . Saunders, Secretary. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF !OW A. 225 STATE OFFICERS, 1878. John H. Gear, Governor; Frank T. Campbell, Lieutenant Governor; Josiah T. Young, Secretary of State; Buren R. Sherman, Auditor of State; George W. Bemis, Treasurer of State; David Secor, Register of State Land Office; John H. Looby, Adjutant General; John F. McJunken, Attorney General; Mrs. Ada North, State Librarian; Edward J. Holmes, Clerk Supreme Court; John S. Runnells, Reporter Supreme Court; Carl W. Von Coelln, Superintend-ent Public Instruction; Richard P. Clarkson, State Printer; Henry A. Perkins, State Binder; Prof. Na than R. Leonard, Superintendent of Weights and Measures; William H. Fleming, Governor's Private Secretary; Fletcher W. Young, Deputy Secretary of State; John C. Parish, Deputy Auditor of State; Erastus G. Morgan, Deputy Treasurer of State; John M. Davis, Deputy Reg-ister Land Office; Ira C. Kling, Deputy Superintendent Public Instruction. THE JUDICIARY. SUPREME COURT OF IOWA. Ohief Justices.-Charles Mason, resigned in June, 1847; ,Joseph Williams, Jan., 184 7, to Jan., 1848; S. Clinton Hastings, Jan., 1848, to Jan., 1849; Joseph Williams, Jan., 1849, to Jan. 11, 1855; Geo. G. Wright, Jan. 11, 1855, to Jan., 1860; Ralph P. Lowe, Jan., 1860, to Jan. 1, 1862; Caleb Baldwin, Jan., 1862, to Jan., 1864; Geo. G. Wright,Jan., 1864, to Jan., 1866; RalphP. Lowe, Jan.,)_866, to Jan., 1868; John F. Dillon, Jan., 1868, to Jan., 1870; Chester C. Cole, Jan. 1, 1870, to Jan. 1, 1871; James G. Day, Jan. 1, 1871, to Jan. 1, 1872; Joseph M. Beck, Jan. 1, 1872, to Jan. 1, 1874; W. E. Miller, Jan. 1, 1874, to Jan. 1, 1876; Chester C. Cole, Jan. 1, 1876, to Jan. 1, 1877; James G. Day, Jan. 1, 1877, to Jan. 1, 1878; James H. Rothrock, Jan. 1, 1878. Associate Judges.-J oseph Williams; Thomas S. Wilson, resigned Oct.~ 1847; John F. Kinney, June 12, 1847, resigned Feb. 15, 1854; George Greene, Nov. 1, 1847, to Jan. 9, 1855; Jonathan C. Hall, Feb. 15, 1854, to succeed Kinney, resigned, to Jan., 1855; William G. Woodward, Jan. 9, 1855; Norman W. Isbell, Jan. 16, 1855, resigned 1856; Lacen D. Stockton, June 3, 1856, to succeed Isbell, resigned, died June 9, 1860; Caleb Baldwin, Jan . . 11, 1860, to 1864; Ralph P. Lowe, Jan. 12, 1860; George G. Wright, June 26, 1860, to succeed Stockton, deceased; elected U.S. Senator, 1870; John F. Dil-lon, Jan. 1, 1864, to succeed Baldwin, resigned, 1870; Chester C. Cole, March 1, 1864, to 1877; Joseph M. Beck, Jan. 1, 1868; W. E. Miller, October 11, 1864, to succeed Dillon, resigned; James G. Day, Jan. 1, 1871, to succeed Wright. SUPREME COURT, 1878. James H. Rothrock, Cedar County, Chief Justice; Joseph M. Beck, Lee County, Associate Justice; Austin Adams, Dubuque County, Associate Justice; William H. Seevers, Oskaloosa County, Associate Justice; James G. Day, Fre-mont· County, Associate Justice. CONGRESSIONAL REPRESEN~'ATION. UNITED STATES SENATORS. (The first General Assembly failed to elect Senators.) George W. Jones, Dubuque, Dec. 7, 1848-1858; Augustus C. Dodge, Bur-lington, Dec. 7, 1848-1855; James Harlan, Mt. Pleasant, Jan. 6, 1855-1865; James W. Grimes, Burlington, Jan. 26, 1858-died 1870; Samuel J. Kirkwood, Iowa City, elected Jan. 13, 1866, to fill vacancy caused by resignation of James 226 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. Harlan; James Harlan, Mt. Pleasant, March 4, 1866-1872; James B. Howell, Keokuk, elected Jan. 20, 1870, to fill vaca,ncy caused by the death of J. W. Grimes-term expired March 3d ; George G. Wright, Des Moines, March 1 , 1871-1877; William B. Allison, Dubuque, March 4, 1872; Samuel J. Kirk-wood, March 4, 1877. MEMBERS OF HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. Tw~nty-ninth Congress-1846 to 1847.-S. Clinton Hastings; Shepherd Leffler. Thirtieth Congress-1847 to 184,9.-First District, William Thompson; Second District, Shepherd Leffler. Thirty-first Congress-1849 to 1851.-First District, First Session, Wm. Thompson; unseated by the House of Representatives on a contest, and election remanded to the people. First District, Second Session, Daniel F. Miller. Second District, Shepherd Leffler. Thirty-second Congress-1851 to 1853.-First District, Bernhart Henn. Second District, Lincoln Clark. Thirty-third Congress-1853 to 1855.-First District, Bernhart Henn. Second District, John P. Cook. Thirtyjourth Congress-1855 to 1857.-First District, Augustus Hall. Second District, James Thorington. T.hirty-fifth Congress-1857 to 1859.-First District, Samuel R. Curtis. Second District, Timothy Davis. Thirty-sixth Congress-1859 to 1861.-First District, Samuel R. Curtis. Second District, William Vandever. Thirty-seventh Congress-1861 to 1863.-First District, First Session, Samuel R. Curtis.* First District, Second and Third Sessions, James F. Wil-son. Second District, William Vandever. Thirty-eighth Congress-1863 to 1865.-First District, James F. Wilson. Second District, Hiram Price. Third District, William B. Allison. Fourth District, Josiah B. Grinnell. Fifth District, John A. Kasson. Sixth District, Asahel W. Hubbard. Thirty-ninth Congress-1865 to 1867.-First District, James F. Wilson; Second District, Hiram Price; Third District, William B. Allison ; Fourth District, Josiah B. Grinnell; Fifth District, John A. Kasson; Sixth District, Asahel W. Hubbard. Fortieth Congress-1867 to 1869.-Ffrst District, James F. Wiison; Sec-ond District, Hiram Price; Third District, William B. Allison, Fourth District, William Loughridge; Fifth District, Grenville M. Dodge; Sixth District, Asahel W. Hubbard. Forty-first Congress-1869 to 1871.-First District, George W. McCrary; Second District, William Smyth; Third District, William B. Allison; Fourth District, William Loughridge; Fifth District, Frank W. Palmer; Sixth Dis-trict, Charles Pomeroy. Forty-second Congress-1871 to 1873.-First District, George W. Mc-Crary ; Second District, Aylett R. Cotton; Third District, W. G. Donnan ; Fourth District, Madison M. Waldon; Fifth District, Frank W. Palmer; Sixth District, Jackson Orr. . Forty-third Congress-1873 to 1875.-First District, George W. McCrary; Second District, Aylett R. Cotton; Third District, William Y. Donnan; Fourth District, Henry 0. Pratt; Fifth District, James Wilson; Sixth District, * Vacated seat by acceptance of commission as Brigadier General, and J. F. Wilson chosen his successor . . This page intentionally blank. This page intentionally blank. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 220 ' William Loughridge; Seventh District, John A. Kasson; Eighth District, James W. McDill; Ninth District, Jackson Orr. Forty-fourth Congress-1875 to 1877.-First District, George W. Mc-Crary; Second District, John Q. Tufts; Third District, L. L. Ainsworth; Fourth District, Henry 0. Pratt; Fifth District, James Wilson; Sixth District, Ezekiel S. Sampson; Seventh District, John A. Kasson; Eighth District, James W. McDill; Fifth District, Addison Oliver. Forty-fifth Congress-1877 to 1879.-First District, J. 0. Stone; Second District, Hiram Price; Third District, T. W. Burdick; Fourth District, H. 0. Deering ; Fifth District, Rush Clark ; Sixth District, E. S. Sampson ; Seventh District, H. J. B. Cummings; Eighth District, W. F. Sapp ; Ninth District, Addison Oliver. WAR RECORD. The State of Iowa may well be proud of her record during the War of the Rebellion, from 1861 to 1865. The following brief but comprehensive sketch of the history she made during that trying period is largely from the pen of Col. A. P. Wood, of Dubuque, the author of '· The History of Iowa and the War,'' one of the best works of the kind yet written. ·' Whether in the promptitude of her responses to the calls made on her by the General Government, in the courage and constancy of her soldiery in the field, or in the wisdom and efficiency with which her civil administration was conducted during the trying period covered by the War of the Rebellion, Iowa proved herself the peer of any loyal State. The proclamation of her Governor, responsive to that of the President, calling for volunteers to compose her First Regiment, was issued on the fourth day after the fall of Sumter. At the end of only a single week, men enough were reported to be in quarters (mostly in the vicinity of their own homes) to fill the regiment. These, however, were hardly more than a tithe of the number who had been offered by company com-man ders for acceptance under the President's call . So urgent were these offers that the Governor requested ( on the 24th of April) permission to organize an additional regiment. While awaiting an answer to this request, he conditionally accepted a sufficient number of companies to compose two additional regiments. In a short time, he was notified that both of these would be accepted. Soon after the completion of the Second and Third Regiments (which was near the close of May), the Acljutant General of the State reported that upward of one hundred ancl seventy companies had been tendered to the Governor to serve against the enemies of the Union. " Much difficulty and considerable delay occured in fitting these regiments for the field. For the First Infantry a complete outfit (not uniform) of clothing was extemporized-principally by the volunteered labor of loyal women in the different towns-from material of various colors and qualities, obtained within the limits of the State. The same was done in part for the Second _Infantry. :'.\foantime, an extra session of the General Assembly had been called by the Governor, to convene on the 15th of May. With but little delay, that body authorized a loan of $800,000, to meet the extraordinary expenses incurred, and to be incurred, by the Executive Department, in consequence of the new emer-gency. A wealthy merchant of the State (Ex-Governor Merrill, then a resident of McGregor) immediately took from the Governor a contract to supply a com-plete outfit of clothing for the three regiments organized, agreeing to receive, should the Governor so elect, his pay therefor in State bonds at par. This con-230 HlSTORY OF THE STATE OF row A. tract he executed to the letter, and a portion of the clothing (which was manu-factured in Boston, to his order) was delivered at Keokuk, the place at which the troops had rendezvoused, in exactly one month from the day on which the contract had been entered into. The remainder arrived only a few days later. This clothing was delivered to the regiment, but was subsequently condemned by the Government, for the reason that its color was gray, and blue had been adopted as the color to be worn by the national troops." Other States also clothed their troops, sent forward under the first call of President Lincoln, with gray uniforms, but it was soon found that the con-federate forces were also clothed in gray, and that color was at once abandoned by the Union troops. If both armies were clothed alike, annoying if not fatal mistakes were liable to be made. But while engaged in these efforts to discharge her whole duty in common with all the other Union-loving States in the great emergency, Iowa was compelled to make immediate and ample provision for the protection of her own borders, from threatened invasion on the south by the Secessionists of Missouri, and from danger of incursions from the west and northwest by bands of hostile Indians, who were freed from the usual restraint imposed upon them by the presence of regular troops stationed at the frontier posts. These troops were withdrawn to meet the greater and more pressing danger threatening the life of the nation at its very heart. To provide for the adequate defense of her borders from the ravages of both rebels in arms against the Government and of the more irresistible foes from the Western plains, the Governor of the State was authorized to raise and equip two regiments of infantry, a squadron of cavalry (not less than five companies) and a battalion of artillery (not less than three companies.) Only cavalry were enlisted for home defense, however, "but," says Col. Wood, "in times of special danger, or when calls were made by the Unionists of Northern Missouri for assistance against their disloyal enemies, large numbers of militia on foot often turned out, and remained in the field until the necessity for their services had passed. " The first order for the Iowa volunteers to move to the field was received on the 13th of June. It was issued by Gen. Lyon, then commanding the United States forces in Missouri. The First and Second Infantry immediately embarked in steamboats, and moved to Hannibal. Some two weeks later, the Third Infantry was ordered to the same point. These three, together with many other of the earlier organized Iowa regiments, rendered their first field service in Missouri. The First Infantry formed a part of the little army with which Gen. Lyon moved on Springfield, and fought the bloody battle of Wilson's Creek. It received unqualified praise for its gallant bearing on the field. In the following month (September), the Third Iowa, with but very slight support, fought with honor the sanguinary engagement of Blue Mills Landing; and in November, the Seventh Iowa, as a part of a force commanded by Gen. Grant, greatly distinguished itself in the battle of Belmont, where it poured out its blood like water-losing more than half of the men it took into action. "The initial operations in which the battles referred to took place were fol-lowed by the more important movements led by Gen. Grant, Gen. Curtis, of this State, and other commanders, which resulted in defeating the armies defending the chief strategic lines held by the Confederates in Kentucky, Tenn-nessee, Missouri and Arkansas, and compelling their withdrawal from much of the territory previously controlled by them in those States. In these and other movements, down to the grand culminating campaign by which Vicksburg was HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 231 captured and the Confederacy permanently severed on the line of the Mississippi River, Iowa troops took part in steadily increasing numbers. In the investment and siege of Vicksburg, the State was represented by thirty regiments and two batteries, in addition to which, eight regiments and one battery were employed on the outposts of the besieging army. The brilliancy of their exploits on the many fields where they served won for them the highest meed of praise, both in military and civil circles. Multiplied were the terms in which expression was given to this sentiment, but these words of one of the journals of a neigh-boring State, 'The Iowa troops have been heroes among heroes,' embody the spirit of all. " In the veteran re-enlistments that distinguished the closing months of 1863 above all other periods in the history of re-enlistments for the national armies, the Iowa three years' men (who were relatively more numerous than those of any other State) were prompt to set the example,of volunteering for another term of equal length, thereby adding many thousands to the great army of those who gave this renewed and practical assurance that the cause of the Union should not be left without defenders. "In all the important movements of 1864-65, by which the Confederacy was penetrated in every quarter, and its military power finally overthrown, the Iowa troops took part. Their drum-beat was heard on the banks of every great river of the South, from the Potomac to the Rio Grande, and everywhere they rendered the same faithful and devoted service, maintaining on all occasions their wonted reputation for valor in the field and endurance on the march. "Two Iowa three-year cavalry regiments were employed during their whole term of service in the operations that were in progress from 1863 to 1866 against the hostile Indians of the western plains. A portion of these men were among the last of the volunteer troops to be mustered out of service. The State also supplied a considerable number of men to the navy, who took part in most of the naval operations prosecuted against the Confederate power on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts, and the rivers of the West. " The people of Iowa were early and constant workers in the sanitary field, and by their liberal gifts and personal efforts for the benefit of the soldiery, placed their State in the front rank of those who became distinguished for their exhibitions of patriotic benevolence during the period covered by the war. Agents appointed by the Governor were stationed at points convenient for ren-dering assistance to the sick and needy soldiers of the State, while others were employed in visiting, from time to time, hospitals, camps and armies in the field, and doing whatever the circumstances rendered possible for the health and comfort of such of the Iowa soldiery as might be found there. '' Some of the benevolent people of the State early conceived the idea of establishing a Home for such of the children of deceased soldiers as might be left in destitute circumstances. This idea first took form in 1863, and in the following year a Home was opened at Farmington, Van Buren County, in a building leased for that purpose, and which soon became filled to its utmost capacity. The institution received liberal donations from the general public, and also from the soldiers in the field. In 1865, it became necessary to pro-vide increased accommodations for the large number of children who were seeking the benefits of its care. This was done by establishing a branch at Cedar Falls, in Black Hawk County, and by securing, during the same year, for the use of the parent Home, Camp Kinsman near the City of Davenport. This property was soon afterward donated to the institution, by act of Congress. 232 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. " In 1866, in pursuance of a law enacted for that purpose, the Soldiers' Orphans' Home (which then contained about four hundred and fifty inmates) became a State institution, and thereafter the sums necessary for its support were appropriated from the State treasury. A second branch was established at Glenwood, Mills County. Convenient tracts were secured, and valuable improve-ments made at all the different points. Schools were also established, anrl em-ployments provided for such of the children as were of suitable age. In all ways the provision made for these wards of the State has been such as to chal-lenge the approval of every benevolent mind. The number of children who have been inmates of the Home from its foundation to the present time is considerably more than two thousand. "At tbe beginning of the war, the populatiqn of Iowa included about one hundred and fifty thousand men presumably liable to render military service. The State raised, for general service, thirty-nine regiments of infantry, nine regiments of cavalry, and four companies of artillery, composed of three years' men; one regiment of infantry, composed of three months' men; and four regi-ments and one battalion of infantry, composed of one hundred days' men. The original enlistments in these various organizations, including seventeen hundred and twenty-seven men raised by draft, numbered a little more than sixty-nine thousand. The re-enlistments, including upward of seven thousand veterans, numbered very nearly eight thousand. The enlistments in the regular army and n:wy, and organizations of other States, will, if added, raise the total to upward of eighty thousand. The number of men who, under special enlistments, and as militia, took part at different times in the operations on the exposed borders of the State, was probably as many as five thousand. '' Iowa paid no bounty on account of the men she placed in the field. In some instances, toward the close of the war, bounty to a comparatively small amount was paid by cities and towns. On only one occasion-that of the call of July 18, 186-!-was a draft made in Iowa. This did not occur on account of her proper liability, as established by previous rulings of the War Department, to supply men under that call, but grew out of the great necessity that there existed for raising men. The Government insisted on temporarily setting aside, in part, the former rule of settlements, and enforcing a draft in all cases where subdistricts in any of the States should be found deficient in their supply of men. In no instance was Iowa, as a whole, found to be indebted to the General Government for men, on a settlement of her quota accounts." It is to be said to the honor and credit of Iowa that while many of the loyal States, older and larger in population and wealth, incurred heavy State debts for the purpose of fulfilling their obligations to the General Government, Iowa, while she was foremost in duty, while she promptly discharged all her obligations to her sister States and the Union, found herself at the close of the war without any material addition to her pecuniary liabilities incurred before the war com-menced. Upon final settlement after the restoration of peace, her claims upon the Federal Government were found to be fully equa1 to the amount of her bonds issued and sold during the war to provide the means for raising and equipping her troops sent into the field, and to meet the inevitable demands upon her treasury in consequence of the war. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 233 NUMBER OF TROOPS FURNISHED BY THE STATE OF row A DURING THE WAR OF THE REBELLION, TO JANUARY 1, 1865. No. Regiment. 1st Iowa Infantry .......................... . 2d 3d 4th " 5th " 6th " 7th " 8th " 9th •• 10th " 11th " 12th · " 13th " 14th " 15th " 16th " 17th " 18th " 19th " 20th " 21st " 22d 23d 24th " 25th " 26th " 27th " 28th " 29th " 30th " 31st 32d 33d " 34th " 35th " 36th " 37th " 38th " I No. of men. No. Regiment. 959 39th Iowa Infantry .......................... . 1,247 40th " " ···························I 1,074 41st Battalion Iowa Infantry ............... . 1,184 44th Infantry (100-days men) .............. I 1,037 45th " " " ............. . 1,013 46th ............. . 1,138 47th " ··············l 1,027 48th Battalion ............. . 1,090 1st Iowa Cavalry ............................ . 1,027 2d ............................ . l,~~i :th " ·::::::::::::::::::.::::::::::1 989 5th " ·····························I 840 6th " ............................ . 1,196 7th " ............................ . 919 8th " ............................ . 956 9th " ............................ . 875 Sioux City Cavalry* .......................... . 985 Co. A, 11th Penn. Cavalry .................. . 925 1st Battery Artillery ....................... . 980 2d •• ................ ....... . 1,008 3d .. . .................... . 961 4th ....................... . !l79 1st Iowa African Infantry, 60th U. St .. 995 Dodge's Brigade Band ....................... . !l19 Band of 2d Iowa Infantry .................. . 940 Enlistments as far as reported to Jan. 1, No. of men. 933 9(!0 294 867 912 8!l2 884 346 1,478 1,394 1,360 1,227 1,245 1,125 562 1,234 1,178 93 87 149 123 142 152 903 14 10 956 1864, for the older Iowa regiments..... 2,765 1,005 Enlistments of Iowa men in regiments 978 of other States, over........................ 2,500 977 ,--925 Total. ................................ · 16 l, 653 985 Re-enlisted Veterans for u.ifferent Regi-953 ments ...... . . ... ................................ 1 7,202 984 Auditional enlistments. . ....................... 6,664 986 1--914 Grand total as far as reported up to Jan. 910 1, 1865 ........................ . ............... , 75,519 This does not include those Iowa men who veteranized in the regiments of other States, nor the names of men who enlisted during 1864, in regiments of other St11tes. * Afterward consolidated with Seventh Cavalry. t Only a portion of this regiment was credited to the State. w NUMBER OF CASUALTIES AMONG OFFICERS OF IOWA REGIMENTS DURING THE WAR. <:,:) "'" I II I WOUNDED. KILLED. ])11<;0. DISCHARGED. TRANSFERRED. .; till -~ "' .; ~ ,.:. Cl ,.:. ~.; ,: '" "' REGIME1'T OR BATTERY. I . 3 ., ·a ~ ;; ci ~ .,,; ;; 1Z . ·o . '"O "' ci .,,; "' .,,; ., .,.. ... ,: ,: ~ ~ i:i "' . .,.. 0 ,: ., 0 "' "' ., "' ...... p..,: ;; "' 0 ., "'0 " ., "' "' 0 "' ... ;; "'"' ~ "' "' ·§ ... "'0 8 " ~ 2 ~ ;; '"O ~ ;;,.s: ~ 0 '"O ~ bl) '" .B I> Q 3 ., ., ·s ·;;; 0 ~ ... cl 0 0 "' 0 .,.. "' " 0 .... .... >. 0 0 Q "' " "' A ., 0 >. 0 ..... <'1 E-< 0 0 ;:Q E-< ~ E-< ..... <'1 E-< P'1 E-< Q E-< ;:Q E-< - - -- ---- - -- ------ --- -- -- -- -- -- ---- --First Cavalry ...... .................................................. 1 1 1 2 .. 3 1 ...... 1 4 4 34 3 46 1 . ..... 3 3 ::c; ..... Second Cavalry ...................................................... 1 1 ...... 2 2 . ..... 2 2 12 l 2 ~5 3 45 1 . .. ... 5 5 UJ. 1-3 Third Cavalry ....................................................... 3 3 2 4 6 ...... 5 5 g g 3g 1 (i3 5 . ..... 3 3 0 Fourth Cavalry ..................................................... 3 3 ...... 6 6 6 ...... () 8 7 31 2 55 4 ...... 2 2 ~ Fifth Cavalry ........................................................ 5 5 2 2 4 1 1 6 6 35 51 8 ~ ...... . ..... . ..... ...... ...... Sixth Cavalry ........................................................ 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 15 ~ 21 1 1 0 ...... ... ...... ...... . ..... ...... >rj Seventh Cavalry ...................................... ....... ..... ... 1 1 2 ...... ...... ... ...... ...... ...... ······ ...... ... ...... 15 6 23 ······ ...... 1 1 1-3 Eighth Cavalry ..................................................... 3 ... 3 ...... 2 2 ······ 2 2 10 ... 10 23 1 41 22 ...... 2 2 ::c; Ninth Cavalry ........................................................ ...... ... ...... 3 ... 3 1 1 2 ...... ... ...... 25 ...... 30 . ..... ...... ...... ...... t,j Artillery, First Battery ............................................ ...... ... ...... .. .... 1 ... 1 1 ...... 1 2 ... 2 6 ...... 10 ...... ...... ...... ...... UJ. 1-3 Artillery, Second Battery ......................................... ...... ... ...... ...... ...... . ..... ...... .... .. ······ ......... ...... ...... No casu alt's rep. >-Artillery, Third Battery .............. ............................. 1 1 1 1 2 4 1 8 1-3 t,j Artillery, Fourth Battery ......................................... ...... ... ...... ...... ...... ... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ... ...... 1 ...... 1 ...... ...... 1 1 0 First Infantry ........................................................ 1 ... 1 ...... ...... ... ...... ...... ...... ...... 4 4 . ..... ...... 5 . ..... ...... ...... ...... >rj Second Infantry ..................................................... 6 ... 6 4 2 6 2 ...... 2 23 23 25 ...... 61 1 1 8 9 ..... Second Veteran Infantry ......................................... 2 ... 2 1 1 3 3 3 g 1 1 1 0 ... ... ... . ..... ...... ...... . ..... . ..... ::;;j Second and Third Infantry (consolidated) .................... ...... ......... 1 1 ...... 1 1 1 1 3 ...... 6 . ..... ...... 1 1 >-Third Infantry ....................................................... 2 ... 2 4 4 1 ...... 1 35 34 40 ...... 81 8 . ..... 2 2 Third Veteran Infantry ... ........................ .... ............ 2 2 ...... ...... ... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ... ...... ...... ...... 2 . ..... ...... ...... ...... Fourth Infantry .................. , ................................. 3 3 3 2 5 1 ...... l 16 16 34 ...... 59 . ..... ...... 5 5 Fifth Infantry ........................................................ 4 1 5 5 1 6 2 4 6 17 17 28 1 63 7 ...... 3 3 Sixth Infantry ........... . .. . ........................................ 7 7 1 2 3 1 4 5 18 18 32 2 67 2 ...... 1 1 Seventh Infantry ................................................... 4 4 3 3 6 ...... ...... ...... 22 1 23 37 3 73 6 . ..... 7 7 Eighth Infantry ......................... ............................ 3 3 1 4 5 2 ~ 4 14 14 30 2 57 12 1 3 4 Ninth Infantry ....................................................... 6 6 7 2 9 1 3 5 24 2 26 26 ...... 72 9 . ..... 6 6 Tenth Infantry ....................................................... 6 6 ...... ······ ......... ...... 4 4 16 16 32 ...... 58 1 . ..... 1 1 Eleventh Infantry .................................................. 3 3 2 1 1 4 1 3 4 8 8 25 3 47 4 ...... 5 5 Twelfth Infantry .................................................... 3 3 1 8 9 ...... ...... ...... 11 2 13 19 1 45 22 1 . ..... 1 Thirteenth Infantry ................................................ . 2 2 4 3 ... 7 ...... ...... ...... 19 19 3() 1 65 4 . ..... .4 4 Fourteenth Inf&ntry.. .... ............... ... .... ............... ..... 3 ... 3 2 1 ... 3 ...... ...... ...... 6 ... 6 22 1 35 20 ................. . Fourteenth Residuary Battalion................ . ........ .............. ... ...... ...... ...... ... ..... . ...... ...... ...... ... ... ... ...... ...... 1 1 ..... . .. ............... . Fifteenth Infantry................................. . ................ 6 . .. 6 2 1 1 3 .. .. . 3 3 22 22 27 1 62 5 ...... 5 5 Sixteenth Infantry.................... . . .. .... ......... ...... ...... 5 ... 5 3 3 6 2 ...... 2 21 21 13 ...... 47 15 ...... 2 2 Seventeenth Infantry...... . ........... .... ..... .................. 2 ... 2 3 1 5 ...... 1 1 19 20 40 ... ... 69 14 ...... 2 2 Eighteenth Infantry,........... ........ ...... ... ......... ........ . ...... ... ...... 2 1 3 ...... ...... ...... 5 5 20 5 33 ...... ...... 5 5 Nineteenth Infantry......... ............. ........ .......... ........ 5 5 1 2 3 ...... 2 2 7 7 18 1 36 12 ...... 3 3 Twentieth Infantry........... ................................ ..... 1 1 ..... . 2 2 2 1 3 6 6 20 ...... 33 3 ...... 1 1 Twenty-first Infantry.................... ... ....................... 1 1 3 1 4 2 3 5 15 11 26 1 48 1 ...... 2 2 Twenty-second Infantry........ .. ..... . ....... ..... ... ....... .... 4 4 2 2 2 . . . . . . 2 22 22 26 1 56 5 ................. . Twenty-third Infantry........................................... .. 2 2 3 2 5 1 3 4 9 9 27 ...... 47 ....................... . Twenty-fourth Infantry....................................... .... 7 7 2 4 6 1 ...... 1 17 17 23 ...... 54 4 ...... 1 1 Twenty•fifth Infantry...... ... .. ... . . . . . ........ .. . . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . .. ... . . . . .. . . . 2 2 4 1 . . . . . . 1 19 19 24 1 49 1 . .. . .. 2 2 Twenty-sixth Infantry.... ................ . .... .. ......... ........ . 2 ... 2 4 4 8 4 2 6 22 22 28 ...... 66 3 ...... 1 1 Twenty-seventh Infantry... .............. .......... .............. ...... ... ...... ...... 3 3 2 3 5 7 7 17 .. .... 32 ... ... ...... 2 2 Twenty-eighth Infantry........................ . ...... ........... . 4 ... 4 2 3 5 2 2 4 16 16 21 1 50 4 ...... 1 1 Twenty-ninth Infantry.......................... ...... . . . .. ....... ...... ... ...... 1 1 2 3 5 8 8 8 25 ...... 39 2 ................. . Thirtieth Infantry......... ................ ... ...................... 4 ... 4 5 2 7 ...... 3 3 17 17 27 ...... 58 ... ... ...... 1 1 Thirty-first Infantry...... .... . ................. .. .. ..... ...... .... 2 ... 2 ...... 2 2 ...... .... .. ...... 9 8 33 1 46 ....................... . Thirty-second Infantry............. ................. . ...... 3 ... 3 3 2 5 3 4 7 9 9 13 1 38 5 1 1 2 Thirty-Third Infantry................ ... ................ ...... ... ...... ... ...... 4 I 5 ...... 2 2 8 9 26 ...... 42 1 1 4 4 Thirty-fourth Infantry.................................. ..... ..... ... ... .. . ...... 1 2 3 ..... . I 1 3 3 28 ...... 35 1 ................. . Thirty-fourth [34th and 38th] consolidated................... ...... ... ...... ...... ...... ... ..... . 1 . ..... 1 1 1 2 ...... 4 ....................... . Thirty-fifth Infantry............................................... 3 ... 3 1 4 5 ... ... 1 1 2 2 12 2 25 ....................... . Thirty-sixth Infantry......................... .................. ... .. .... ... ...... 1 6 7 ...... ...... ...... 4 4 16 ...... 27 23 ...... 1 1 Thirty-seventh Infantry.. ....... ................................. ...... ... ...... ...... 3 3 1 2 3 ...... ... ...... 5 ...... 11 ........ .... ........... . Thirty-eighth Infantry........ .......... ....... ... ............... ...... ... ...... ...... 3 3 ...... ...... ...... ...... ... ...... 21 3 27 ...... ...... 2 2 Thirty-ninth Infantry.... . ....... ........ .......... ..... .... ... ... 7 ... 7 ...... 2 2 ...... ...... ...... 5 ... 5 15 ...... 29 3 ...... 1 1 Fortieth Infantry.............. . ............................. ....... ..... . ... ...... ...... 2 2 3 9 12 2 ... 2 18 1 35 1 ................. . Forty-fourth Infantry. .......... ......... ...... .. ................. . .. . . . . . . ...... ... .. . 1 1 . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . ..... . . . ... ... . .. . .. ...... 1 ....................... . Forty-fifth Infantry..................... . ... .. ................. ... .. . . .. . . . . .. .. . . .. . . . . .. . .. ... . ..... .... .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . ..... ... . .. . . . . ... . . ... .. . ... ... . .. ... . ..... 1 1 Forty-sixth Infantry................................. .................... ... ...... ...... ...... .. . ...... .. .... ...... ...... ...... ... ...... ...... ...... ...... No casu alt's ..... . Forty-seventh Infantry............................. . ...... .. ...... .. ... ... ...... . ..... .... .. ... .... .. . .. . .. ...... ... .. . . ..... . . . ... . . . 2 ... ... 2 . .. ... ... ... 1 1 Forty-eighth Infantry (battalion).................................... .. . ...... ...... ...... ... ...... .... .. ...... ...... ...... ... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... 1 1 First Colored Regiment of Iowa (60th U. S. )............... 1 ... 1 ...... 1 ... 1 ...... ...... ...... ...... ... ...... 11 3 16 ....................... . Total.. ........................................................ 1133 I 21135 II 88 1115 I 21205 II 51 I 80 1132 11565 I 81 56611122511 56 11232111241 4 1105 1109 :::c: ij 0 ~ >< 0 ,,:: ~ ~ rn. ..., ~ t:,,J 0 ',:I H 0 ::;:; ?'--I'-:> O:> Cll t,:;) NUMBER OF CASUALTIES AMONG ENLISTED MEN OF IOWA REGIMENTS DURING THE WAR. co 0-KILLED. II DIED. DISCHARGED. WOUNDED. .; TRANSFERRED. " ,.:, bl) ~ ' .i, -~ "' .,; '" '" 1::1 1:1 cl p_. .., ~ 1 '"' 1:1 REGIMENT OR BATTERY. I i:i 't:l ' 't:l .i:l p. i:i 3 ::, ...,; 0 -~ .5 1:1 "' i::: A "' u 0 :3 ::, "' Q 0 1:1 so "' " p_.. " 0 "' ·a 0 "' "i::: ·.;::: " .5 u ... ~ P..~ Q ~ 3 :,;:: i:S '"' 3 A oo 0 3 Q 't:l 3 ::, <'1 ~ 3 <'1 w. A ::, 1::1 <'1 "' 3 ~ p,'. Q ... ,,~ Q "' l>,s 1::1 " 0 "" "" I>. I>. 0 0 0 1::1 Q 0 ;,;; 0 " 0 0 H <'1 E-< 0 0 P::i P::i E-< ~ u E-< H ..,: E-< ,.,,, E-< u E-< P::i E-< - --- ---- ----- ------ -- - -- -- -- -- ------First Cavalry............................................ .. . 34 8 42 20 187 1 4 312 187 16 203 81 3 84 2 543 21 14 22 36 ;i::: Second Cavalry ................................................. 37 3 40 28 191 3 222 140 29 169 158 3 161 10 602 73 26 11 37 H ... u, Third Cavalry ................................................... 58 4 62 19 224 ... 2 245 220 85 305 155 2 157 1 7,7(_ 141 24 7 31 >-3 0 Fourth Cavalry ................................................. 37 4 41 11 186 ... 4 201 151 82 233 108 4 112 3 590 90 25 8 33 ~ Fifth Cavalry ................................................... 36 6 42 7 127 1 2 137 172 51 223 47 3 50 ...... 452 209 14 3 17 ~ Sixth Cavalry ................... .. .............................. 16 3 19 5 59 2 4 70 70 16 86 15 3 18 ...... 193 ...... 1 5 6 0 Seventh Cavalry ............................................... . 37 8 45 2 92 ... 7 101 228 18 246 4 1 8 ...... 402 3 5 8 >rj ...... Eighth Cavalry ................................................ 24 3 27 9 91 ... 4 104 49 15 64 75 2 77 2 274 237 20 ...... 20 >-3 ;i::: , Ninth Cavalry ................................................... 5 1 6 10 162 ... 3 175 54 8 62 13 2 15 ...... 258 1 10 1 11 tzj Artillery, 1st Battery, ......................................... 7 ... 7 3 51 ... ...... 54 25 9 34 28 1 29 ...... 124 ...... 3 .••••• 3 u, Artillery, 2d Battery .......................................... 1. .. 1 1 29 .... ...... 30 16 ...... 16 14 1 15 ...... 62 1 5 1 6 >-3 >" Artillery, 3d Battery ................................. , ........ 2 1 3 1 33 ,,, ...... 34 23 3 26 15 1 16 ...... 79 ...... ...... ...... ······ >-3 Artillery, 4th Battery ........................................ , ...... ... ...... 5 ... 1 6 11 ...... 11 ...... 17 ... , .. tzj ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ······ *Independent Company Sioux City Cavalry ............. ...... ... ...... ...... ...... ... ...... ...... 7 ...... 7 ...... ······ ...... ...... 7 .. , ... ...... ...... ······ 0 >rj tCompany A, 11th Pennsylvania Cavalry ................ 1 .,, ...... ...... 4 ,,, ...... 4 .. , ... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ······ 5 ...... ...... ...... ...... H Dodge's Brigade Banc!. ....................................... ...... ... ...... ...... ...... ......... ...... 3 ...... 3 ...... ...... ...... ...... 3 , ..... ...... ...... ...... 0 First Infantry ........ ,, ........... , ............................ 12 ,,, 12 5 7 ... 1 13 ...... ...... ...... 137 ······ 137 3 165 ...... ...... ...... ...... ~ Second Infantry .................. , .... , .. ,, ..... , .............. 55 3 58 17 107 ,., 4 128 137 191 328 244 1 246 ...... 758 13 9 6 15 ?-Second Veteran Infantry ..................................... 11 ... 11 3 11 ... ······ 14 2 1 3 41 ..... , 41 ...... 69 ...... 1 .... ,. 1 Second and Third Consolidated Infantry .. , ............ ,, 4 ... 4 ...... 27 .. , ...... 27 14 14 28 8 .. ,.,, 8 ... ,,. 67 18 5 3 8 Third Infantry, ....... , ... , ......... , ........................... 52 3 55 28 99 ,., 2 129 163 67 230 333 2 335 10 749 85 13 4 17 Third Veteran Infantry ....................... , ............... 17 .... 17 1 9 , ... ...... 10 . 1 ·•···· 1 ...... ...... ...... ...... 28 23 ...... 2 2 Fourth Infantry ............... , ....... ,, ...... ,, ............... 57 1 58 51 237 ... 2 290 152 146 298 319 3 322 5 973 44 30 2 32 Fifth Infantry ..................... ························ 59 1 60 29 90 1 ...... 1:lO 222 15 237 . 278 4 282 ...... 699 96 45 2 47 Sixth Infantry .................................................. 102 .... 102 30 124 154 211 47 258 331 4 335 0 865 54 7 ······ 7 .......... " Seventh Infantry ............................. ,,, ............... 94 .... 94 35 135 .... 2 172 180 108 288 328 3 331 ...... 885 73 15 7 22 Eighth Infantry ..................................... ........ ... 49 1 50 44 137 .... 1 182j 245 63 308 210 4 214 8 761 382 21 13 34 Ninth Infantry ...... : .... ...... , ...... , ....... ,,,,,, .......... ,. 76 2 78 57 208 .... I 266 243 26 269 304 5 359 1 973 23 24 .... ,, 24 Tenth Infantry ............. ,... . .............. , ... , ,, , ..... ,, . , 56 1 57 35 134 .... 1 170! 137 I 15 2G2 257 4 261 .... ,, 730 16 41 5 48 Eleventh Infantry ............................................. 54 1 55 25 148 ... 1 174 121 30 151 220 6 226 4 610 59 26 11 37 Twelfth Infantry ............ .................................. 30 ... 30 32 243 ... 1 276 124 133 257 208 1 209 ...... 768 382 19 3 22 Thirteenth Infantry ...................................... .. . . . . 65 1 66 34 182 ... I 217 192 77 269 290 4 294 6 852 84 15 15 30 Fourteenth Infantry .. . . ... .................................... 27 1 28 23 122 ........ 145 137 53 190 162 ...... 162 1 526 249 13 10 23 Fourteenth Residuary Battalion ............................ ...... ... ...... ······ ...... ... ····· ········ 7 4 11 ...... ...... ...... ...... 11 ...... 1 1 2 Fifteenth Infantry .................... .. ...................... 52 ... 52 78 194 ••• '-I 274 270 32 302 392 2 394 7 1029 78 13 14 27 Sixteenth Infantry ............................................ 57 .. . 57 32 217 249 160 49 209 . 289 1 290 14 819 242 21 6 27 Seventeenth Infantry ................. .. ...................... 43 ... 43 18 97 ... 1 116 129 93 222 225 ...... 225 8 614 264 23 3 26 Eighteenth Infantry .......................................... 26 2 28 7 109 ... 3 119 222 6 228 73 1 74 ...... 449 63 5 5 10 Nineteenth Infantry .................................... ... ... 53 ... 53 33 91 ... 6 130 183 5 188 190 1 191 ...... 562 204 27 13 40 Twentieth Infantry ....................... . .................... 8 ... 8 5 130 ... 7 142 157 6 163 43 3 46 ...... 359 10 36 2 38 Twenty-first Infantry .. . ...................................... 37 1 38 29 157 ... 2 188 139 14 153 147 3 150 2 531 20 49 5 54 Twenty-second Infantry ..................................... 53 l 54 52 126 ... 2 180 150 8 158 245 ...... 245 ...... 634 79 40 2 42 ~ Twenty-third Infantry ....................................... 39 ... 39 30 196 ... 2 228 171 6 177 123 3 126 ...... 570 3 41 1 42 H Ul Twenty-fourth Infantry ...................................... 58 1 59 53 197 ... 3 253 200 4 204 240 3 243 2 761 72 48 6 54 ..., Twenty-fifth Infantry ...... . . ...... ........................... 39 39 22 199 219 120 18 138 162 2 164 4 564 17 16 8 69 0 ... ....... ~ Twenty-sixth Infantry .......... ........ ......... ............ 40 2 42 29 204 ... 3 236 140 1 141 140 3 143 ...... 562 24 69 ······ 69 ><: Twenty-seventh Infantry ................... : . ............... 7 ... 7 14 162 ... 4 180 134 68 202 132 3 135 6 530 32 40 5 45 0 Twenty-eighth Infantry ...................................... 52 ... 52 24 180 1 1 206 166 16 182 2~2 4 246 10 696 89 33 10 43 >rj Twenty-ninth Infantry ........... . ........................... 19 2 21 17 248 ... 1 266 117 7 124 97 2 99 1 . 511 53 31 t) 37 ..., Thirtieth Infantry ............................................. 39 1 40 24 233 257 12\l 13 142 202 3 205 2 646 19 46 1 47 ~ .. . ..... trj Thirty-first Infantry .......................................... 11 ... 11 16 261 ........ 277 137 38 175 77 ...... 77 .. .... 540 13 72 ...... 72 Ul Thirty-second Infantry ....................................... 56 ... 56 33 203 ... 1 237 156 10 166 132 1 133 ...... 58\l 1)3 27 6 33 ..., Thirty-third Infantry ......................................... 25 l 26 37 166 3 236 10!1 34 143 166 2 168 7 580 73 18 10 28 ;,... ... ..., Thirty-fourth Infantry ..................... . ................. 4 ... 4 2 228 1 ..... 231 286 27 313 13 .. .... 13 ...... 561 3 22 ...... 22 t,; Thirty-fourth consolidated Battalion Infantry ........ ...... ......... ...... 3 ... ..... 3 3 ...... 3 ...... ...... ...... .... .. 6 . ..... ...... ...... ...... 0 Thirty-fourth [34th and 38th] Infantry consolidated 3 1 4 2 10 12 29 7 36 12 2 14 66 "l ...... ...... ...... ······ ...... Thirty-fifth Infantry .......................................... 23 2 25 19 182 1 1 203 172 17 18\l 93 1)3 3 510 15 51 14 65 H ...... 0 Thirty-sixth Infantry ....................... . ... .......... .... 35 ... 35 24 226 ... 1 251 187 4 Hll 142 ...... 142 ...... 61\l 437 17 6 23 :a Thirty-seventh Infantry ..................................... 3 ... 3 ...... 141 ... 1 142 326 30 356 ...... 2 2 ...... 503 ······ 2 ...... 2 ?--Thirty-eighth Infantry ....................................... 1 ... 1 ...... 310 ... 1 311 108 9 117 2 ...... 2 ... . .. 431 ...... 8 4 12 Thirty-ninth Infantry ......................................... 33 1 34 21 119 ... 1 141 89 34 12:3 105 3 108 ...... 406 203 12 3 15 Fortieth Infantry ...................... -........................ 5 ... 5 10 179 ... 5 l\l4 117 4 121 41 ...... 41 ...... 361 2 20 6 26 *Forty-first Infantry (battalion) ........................... ...... ... ...... ...... 2 ... ..... 2 15 ...... 15 ...... ...... ······ ...... 17 ...... ...... ...... ...... Forty•fourth Infantry ........... ...................... ........ ...... 1 1 ...... 14 ... ..... 14 ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... 15 ...... ...... :::::r ·--i Forty-fifth Infantry ........................................... ... ... 2 2 1 17 ... 1 19 ...... ...... ······ ••.•··· 1 1 ...... 22 1 ' Forty-sixth Infantry ........................ . ................. ...... 2 2 1 23 ... ..... 24 ...... ....... ...... 1 ...... 21 ...... 28 3 ............ Forty-seventh Infantry ...................................... ...... 1 1 45 ... 1 46 ...... ...... ...... ...... ..... ...... ...... 47 ...... ...... ...... ...... Forty-eighth Infantry........................................ ...... ... ...... . ..... 4 . .. . .... 4 I~.~~: ~:~L ;~~~ 8·:~·~ ...... ...... ...... 4 ...... ...... ..... r···· First African Infantry [60th U. S. ]............ ..... ...... 4 1 5 1 331 . .. 5 337 1 383 ...... 1 ...... 1 -- t Partial returns. 1940 78 2017 1199 8695 8!10!'.)}0011 ----- ---- ~ • Jlefore transferred to 7th Iowa Cavalry. 112 8282 115 30394 4¾89 1264 2811545 c:o -'I 238 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. COUNTIES. POPULATION OF IOWA, BY COUNTIES. AGGREGATE. 1873. I 1870. 1860. 1 1860. 1840. Voters, Adair.......................................... 7045 3982 984 ............ ............ 1616 Adams......................................... 7832 4614 1533 ............ ............ 1727 Allamakee.................................... 19158 17868 12237 777 ... ......... 3653 Appanoose............. ..................... 2370 16456 11931 3131 ...... . ..... 527 Audubon...................................... 17405 1212 454 ............ ............ 3679 Benton........................................ 28807 22454 8496 672 ............ 4778 Black Hawk................................. 22913 21706 8244 135 ............ 4877 Boone ......... .......... ... ... . ..... ...... ... 17251 14584 4232 735. ........... 3515 Bremer....................................... 13220 12528 4915 ............. ............ 2656 Buchanan.................................... 17315 17034 7906 517 ............ 3890 Buena Vista................................. 3561 1585 57 ....... ..... ... ......... 817 Buncombe* ......................................................................................................... .. Butler ... ..... .. . . .. . . . . . . .. . . .. ... . .. . . . . .. . . . 11734 9951 3 724. . ..... ....... ... ...... . . . 2598 Calhoun....................................... 3185 1602 147 ............ ............ 681 Carroll......................................... 5760 2451 281 . ..... ....... ...... ...... 1197 Cass .. ,......................................... 10552 5464 1612 ............ ............ 2422 Cedar.......................................... 17879 19731 12949 3941 1253 3934 Cerro Gordo.................................. 6685 4722 940 ............ ........ .... 1526 Cherokee...................................... 4249 1967 58 ............ ............ 1001 Chickasaw.................................... 11400 10180 4336 ............ ............ 2392 Clarke......................................... 10118 8735 5427 79 ....... ..... 2213 Clay............................................ 3559 1523 52 ............ ............ 868 Clayton....................................... 27184 27771 20728 3873 1101 5272 Clinton........................................ 34295 35357 18938 2822 821 5569 Crawford...................................... 6039 2530 383 ......... .... ............ 1244 Dallas.......................................... 14386 12019 5244 854 ...... ..... 3170 Davis........................................... 15757 15565 13764 7264 ............ 3448 Decatur.................. . .. ....... ........... 13249 12018 8677 965 ............ 2882 Delaware...................................... 16893 17432 11024 1759 168 3662 Des Moines ................................... [ 35415 27256 19611 12988 5577 6654 Dickinson .................................... 1748 1389 180 ......................... 394 Dubuque...................................... 43845 38969 31164 10841 3059 8759 Emmett....................................... 1436 1392 105 ............ ............ 299 Fayette........................................ 20515 16973 12073 825 ............ 4637 Floyd.......................................... 13100 10768 3744 ............ ............ 2884 Franklin...................................... 6558 4738 1309 ............ ............ 1374 Fremont....................................... 13719 11173 5074 1244 ............ 2998 Greene......................................... 7028 4627 1374 ............. ............. 1622 Grundy . ..... .... ........... .................. 8134 6399 793 ............ ............ 1525 Guthrie....................................... 9638 7061 3058 ............ ...... ...... 2339 Hamilton...................................... 7701 6055 1699 ............ ............. 1455 Hancock ....... ... . . .................. ... .. ... 1482 999 179 ............ ............ 303 Hardin ......... ..... ... . . .. ... ...... .... .. ... 15029 13684 5440 ............ ..... ........ 3215 Harrison...................................... 11818 8931 3621 ............ ............ 2658 Henry......................................... 21594 21463 18701 8707 3772 4641 Howard ....................................... 7875 6282 3168 ............. ............ 1712 Humboldt.................................... 3455 2596 332 ............ ............ 695 Ida............................................. 794 226 43 . .. . . . . . . . . . .. ... ... . . . 172 Iowa........................................... 17456 16644 8029 822 ............ 3576 Jackson....................................... 23061 22619 18493 7210 1411 4901 Jasper......................................... 24128 22116 9883 1280 ............ 5239 Jefferson...................................... 17127 17839 15038 9904 2773 3721 Johnson................... ................... 24654 24898 17573 4472 1491 5225 Jones ............ .............................. 19168 19731 13306 3007 471 4180 * In 1862, name changed to Lyon. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 239 POPULATION OF row A-CoNcLunEn. COUNTIES. Keokok .......................•............... Kossuth ...................................... . Lee ............................................ . Linn .......................................... . Louisa ........................................ . Lucas .............•............................ Lyon* ......................................... . Madison ...................................... . Mahaska ..................................... . Marion ....................................... . Marshall ...................................... . Mills .......................................... . Mitchell ............................•........ Monona .....•................................. Monroe ...................................... . Montgomery ................................ . Muscatine ................................... . O'Brien ...................................... . Osceola ...................................... . Page .......................................... . Palo Alto ................................... . Plymouth ................................... . Pocahontas .................................. . Polk ................ ........................... . Pottawattamie .............................. . Poweshiek ................................... . Ringgold ..................................... . Sac ............................................ . Scott .......................................... . Shelby ........................................ . Sioux ......................................... . Story ......................................... . Tama ......................................... . Taylor ........................................ . Union ..............•........................... Van Buren .................................. . Wapello ...................................... . Warren ....................................... . Washington .................................. . Wayne ..................•...................... Webster ...................................... . Winnebago .................................. . Winneshiek ................................. . Woodbury ................................... . Worth ......................................... . Wright .................................... . . . AGGREGATE. 1873. 1870. 1860. ~~~1 18<10. Voters. 20488 19434 1327) 48221.......... .. 4202 3765 3351 416 ............ ...... ...... 773 33913 38210 29232 18861 6093 5709 31815 28852 18947 5444 1373 7274 12499 12877 10370 4939 1927 2899 11725 10388 5766 4 71 ............ 2464 1139 221 ....•....... ···•••······ ...... ······ 287 16030 13884 7339 1179 ...... ...... 2632 23718 22508 14816 5989 ············ 5287 24094 24436 16813 5482 ············ 4988 19629 17576 6015 3?8 ···•·•······ 4445 10555 8718 4481 ..... ....... ...... ...... 2365 11523 9582 3409 .......•..•• ............ 2338 2267 3654 832. ..... ...... ....... ..... 1292 12811 12724 8612 2884 ············ 2743 10389 5934 1256 ............ ············ 2485 21623 21688 16444 5731 1942 6588 2349 715 8 . .. . .. . . . ... . .. . .. . . . ... 595 1778 ···••······· ·····•····· ............ ............ 498 14274 9975 4419 551 ...... ...... 3222 2728 1336 132 ............ ...... ...... 556 5282 2199 148 ............ ....•.•.•... 1136 2249 1446 103 ...... ...... .......•••.. 464 31558 27857 11625 4513 ············ 6842 21665 16893 4968 7828 ............ 4392 16482 15581 5668 615 .......... ,. 3634 7546 5691 2923 ............ . ..... ...... 1496 2873 1411 246 ............ ............ 657 39763 38599 25959 5986 2140 7109 5664 2540 818 ............ ............ 1084 3720 576 10 ............ ············ 637 13111 11651 4051 ...........• ············ 2574 18771 16131 5285 8 ............ 3911 10418 6989 3590 204 ............ 2282 8827 6986 2012 ............ ............ 1924 17980 17672 17081 12270 6146 3893 18541 22346 14518 8471 ············ 3923 19269 17980 10281 961 ............ 4168 23865 18952 14235 4957 1594 5346 13978 11287 6409 340 ............ 2947 13114 10484 2504 ............ ............ 3747 24233 1562 168 ·•·········· ··········· 4117 2986 23570 13942 546 ......... ... 406 8568 6172 1119 ........•.. ············ 1776 4908 2892 7 36. ..... ... ... ......... ... 763 3244 2392 653 . . . . . . . . . ... . .. ... . .. . .. 694 ·-----------1--·-- , ____ ----Total...................................... 1353118 1191792 674913 192214 43112 284557 * Formerly Buncombe. ,. 240 THE XORTIIWESTERN STATES. ILLINOIS. Length, 380 miles, mean width about 156 miles. Area, 55,410 squaTe miles, or 35,462,400 acres. Illinois, as regards its surface, constitutes a table-land at a varying elevation ranging between 350 and 800 feet above the sea level; composed of extensive and highly fertile prairies and plains. Much of the south division of the State, especially the river-bottoms, are thickly wooded. The prairies, too, have oasis-like clumps of trees scattered here and there at intervals. The chief rivers irrigating the State are the Mississippi-dividing it from Iowa and Missouri-the Ohio (forming its south barrier), the Illinois, Wabash, Kaskaskia, and San-gamon, with their numerous affluents. The total extent of navigable streams is calculated at 4,000 miles. Small lakes are scattered over vari-ous parts of the State. Illinois is extremely prolific in minerals, chiefly coal, iron, copper, and zinc ores, sulphur and limestone. The coal-field alone is estimated to absorb a full third of the entire coal-deposit of North America. Climate tolerably equable and healthy; the mean temperature standing at about 51 ° Fahrenheit As an agricultural region, Illinois takes a competitive rank with neighboring States, the cereals, fruits, and root-crops yielding plentiful returns; in fact, as a grain-growing State, Illinois may be deemed, in proportion to her size, to possess a greater area of larids suitable for its production than any other State in the Union .. Stock-raising is also largely carried on, ·while her manufacturing interests in regard of woolen fabrics, etc., are on a very extensive and yearly expand-ing scale. The lines of railroad in the State are among the most exten-sive of the Union. Inland water-carriage is facilitated by a canal connecting the Illinois River with Lake Michigan, and thence with the St. Lawrence and Atlantic. Illinois is divided into 102 counties; the chief towns being Chicago, Springfield ( capital), Alton, Quincy, Peoria, Galena, Bloomington, Rock Island, Vandalia, etc. By the new Consti.-tution, established in 1870, the State Legislature consists of 51 Senators, elected for four years, and 153 Representatives, for two years; which numbers were to be decennially increased thereafter to the number of six per every additional half-million of inhabitants. Religious aml educational institutions are largely diffused throughout, and are in a very flourishing condition. Illinois has a State Lunatic and a Deaf and Dumb Asylum at Jacksonville; a State Penitentiary at Joliet; and a Home for (99) THE NORTHWESTERN STATES. 241 Soldiers' Orphans at Normal. On November 30, 1870, the public debt of the State was returned at $4,870,937, with a balance of $1,808,833 unprovided for. At the same period the value of assessed and equalized property presented the following totals: assessed, $840,031,703; equal-ized $480,664,058. The name of Illinois, through nearly the whole of the eighteenth century, embraced most of the known regions north and west of Ohio. French colonists established themselves in 1673, at Cahokia and Kaskaskia, and the territory of which these settlements formed the nucleus was, in 1763, ceded to Great Britain in conjunction with Canada, and ultimately resigned to the United States in 1787. Illinois entered the Union as a State, December 3, 1818; and now sends 19 Representatives to Congress. Population, 2,539,891, in 1870. 242 THE NORTHWESTERN STATES. INDIANA. The profile of Indiana forms a nearly exact parallelogram, occupy-ing one of the most fertile portions of the great Mississippi Valley. The greater extent of the surface embraced within its limits consists of gentle undulations rising into hilly tracts toward the Ohio bottom. The chief rivers of the State are the Ohio and Wabash, with their numerous affluents. The soil is highly productive of the cereals and grasses-most particularly so in the valieys of the Ohio, Wabash, Whitewater, and \,Vhite Rivers. The northeast and central portions are well timbered with virgin forests, and the west section is notably rich in coal, constitut-ing an offshoot of the great Illinois carboniferous field. Iron, copper, marble, slate, gypsum, and various clays are also abundant. From an agricultural point of view, the staple products are maize and wheat, with the other cereals in lesser yields; and besides these, flax, hemp, sorghum, hops, etc., are extensively raised. Indiana is divided into 92 counties, and counts among her principal cities and towns, those of Indianapolis (the capital), Fort Wayne, Evansville, Terre Haute, Madison, Jefferson-ville, Columbus, Vincennes, South Bend, etc. The public institutions of the State are many and various, and on a scale of magnitude and efficiency commensurate with her important political and industrial status. Upward of two thousand miles of railroads permeate the State in all dire-ctions, and greatly conduce to the development of her expanding manufacturing interests. Statistics for the fiscal year terminating October 31, 1870, exhibited a total of receipts, $3,896,541 as against dis-bursements, $3,532,406, leaving a balance, $364,135 in favor of the State Treasury. The entire public debt, January 5, 1871, $3,971,000. Thi;;; State was first settled by Canadian voyageurs in 1702, who erected a fort at Vincennes; in 1763 it passed into the hands of the English, and was by the latter ceded to the United States in 1783. From 1788 till 1791, an Indian warefare prevailed. In 1800, all the region west and north of Ohio (then formed into a distinct territory) became merged in Indiana. I!]- 1809, the present limits of the State were defined, Michigan and Illinois having previously been withdrawn. In 1811, Indiana was the theater of the Inclian War of Tecumseh, ending with the decisive battle of Tippecanoe. In 1816 (December 11), Indiana became enrolled among the States of the American Union. In 1834, the State passed through a monetary crisis owing to its having become mixed up with railroad, canal, and other speculations on a gigantic scale, which ended, for the time being, in a general collapse of public credit, and consequent bank-ruptcy. Since that time, however, the greater number of the public THE NORTHWESTERN STATES. 243 works which had brought about that imbroglio - especially the great Wabash and Erie Canal- have been completed, to the great benefit of the State, whose subsequent progress has year by year been marked by rapid strides in the paths of wealth, commerce, and general social and political prosperity. The constitution now in force was adopted in 1851. Population, 1,680,637. IOWA. In shape, Iowa presents an almost perfect parallelogram; has a length, north to south, of about 300 miles, by a pretty even width of 208 miles, and embraces an area of 55,0-!5 square miles, or 35,228,800 acres. The surface of the State is generally undulating, rising toward the middle into an elevated plateau which forms the "divide" of the Missouri and Mississippi basins. Rolling prairies, especially in the south section, constitute a regnant feature, and the river bottoms, belted with woodlands, present a soil of the richest alluvion. Iowa is well watered; the principal rivers being the Mississippi and Missouri, which form respectively its east and west limits, and the Cedar, Iowa, and Des Moines, affluents of the first named. Mineralogically, Iowa is important as occupying a section of the great Northwest coal field, to the extent of an area estimated at 25,000 square miles. Lead, copper, zinc, and iron, are also mined in considerable quantities. The soil is well adapted to the production of wheat, maize, and the other cereals; fruits, vegetables, and esculent roots; maize, wheat, and oats forming the chief staples. Wine, tobacco, hops, and wax, are other noticeable items of the agricul-tural yield. Cattle-raising, too, is a branch of rural industry largely engaged in. The climate is healthy, although liable to extremes of heat and cold. The annual gross product of the various manufactures carried on in this State approximate, in round numbers, a sum of $20,000,000. Iowa has an immense railroad system, besides over 500 miles of water-communication by ~neans of its navigable rivers. The State is politically divided into 99 counties, with the following centers of population: Des Moines (capital), Iowa City (former capital), Dubuque, Davenport, Bur-lington, Council Bluffs, Keokuk, Muscatine, and Cedar Rapids. The State institutions of Iowa-religious, scholastic, and philanthropic - are on a par, as regards number and perfection of organization and operation, with those of her Northwest sister States, and education is especially "ell cared for, and largely diffused. Iowa formed a portion of the American territorial acquisitions from France, by the so-called Louisiana purchase in 1803, and was politically identified with Louisiana till 1812, 244 THE NORTHWESTERN STATES. when it merged into the Missouri Territory; in 1834 it came under the Michigan organization, and, in 1836, under that of Wisconsin. Finally, after being constituted an independent Territory, it became a State of the Union, December 28, 1846. Population in 1860, 674,913; in 1870, 1,191,792, and in 1875, 1,353,118. MI C HIGAN. United area, 56,243 square miles, or 35,995,520 acres. Extent of the Upper and smaller Peninsula -length, 316 miles; breadth, fluctuating between 36 and 120 miles. The south division is 416 miles long, by from 50 to 300 miles -wide. Aggregate lake-shore line, 1,400 miles. The Upper, or North, Peninsula consists chiefly of an elevated plateau, Bxpanding into the Porcupine mountain-system, attaining a maximum height of some 2,000 feet. Its shores along Lake Superior are eminently bold and picturesque, and its area is rich in minerals, its product of copper constituting an important source of industry. Both divisions are heavily wooded, and the South one, in addition, boasts of a deep, rich, loamy soil, throwing up excellent crops of cereals and other agricultural produce. The climate is generally mild and humid, though the Winter colds are severe. , The chief staples of farm husbandry include the cereals, grasses, maple sugar, sorghum, tobacco, fruits, and dairy-stuffs. In 1870, the acres of land in farms were: improved, 5,096,939; unimproved woodland, 4,080,146; other unimproved land, 842,057. The cash value of land was $398,240,578; of farming implements and machinery, $13,711,979. In 1869, there were shipped from the Lake Superior ports, 874,582 tons of iron ore, and 45,762 of smelted pig, along with 14,188 tons of copper ( ore and ingot). Coal is another article largely mined. Inland communication is provided for by an admirably organized railroad system, and by the St. Mary's Ship Canal, connecting Lakes Huron and Superior. Michigan is politically divided into 78 counties; its chief urban centers are Detroit, Lansing (capital), Ann Arbor, Marquette, Bay City, Niles, Ypsilanti, Grand Haven, etc. The Governor of the State is elected biennially. On November 30, 1870, the aggregate bonded debt of Michigan amounted to $2,385,028, and the assessed valuation of land to $266,929,278, representing an estimated cash value of $800,000,000. Education is largely diffused and most excellently conducted and pro-vided for. The State University at Ann Arbor, the colleges of Detroit and Kalamazoo, the Albion Female College, the State N onnal School at Ypsilanti, and the State Agricultural College at Lansing, are chief among the academic institutions. Michigan (a term of Chippeway origin, and THE NORTHWESTERN STATES. 245 signifying "Great Lake), was discovered and first settled by French Canadians, who, in 1670, founded Detroit, the pioneer of a series of trad-ing-posts on the Indian frontier . During the " Conspiracy of Pontiac," following the French loss of Canada, Michigan became the scene of a sanguinary struggle between the whites and aborigines. In 1796, it became annexed to the United States, which incorporated this region with the Northwest Territory, and then with Indiana Territory, till 1803, when it became territorially imlependent. Michigan was the theater of warlike operations during the war of 1812 with Great Britain, and in 1819 was authorized to be represented by one delegate in Congress; ir, 1887 8he was admitted into the Union as a State, and in 1869 ratified the 15th Amendment to the Federal Constitution. Population, 1,184,059. WISCONSIN. It has a mean length of 260 miles, and a maximum breadth of 215. Land area, 53,924 square miles, or 34,511,360 acres. Wisconsin lies at a considerable altitude above sea-level, and consists for the most part of an upland plateau, the surface of which is undulating and very generally diversified. Numerous local eminences called mounds are interspersed over the State, and the Lake Michigan coast-line is in many parts char-acterized by lofty escarped cliffs, even as on the west side the banks of the Mississippi form a series of high and picturesque bluffs. A group of islands known as The Apostles lie off the extreme north point of the State in Lake Superior, and the great estuary of Green Bay, running far inland, gives formation to a long, narrow peninsula between its waters and those of Lake Michigan. The river-system of Wisconsin has three outlets - those of Lake Superior, Green Bay, and the Mississippi, which latter stream forms the entire southwest frontier, widening at one point into the large watery expanse called Lake Pepin. Lake Superior receives the St. Louis, Burnt Wood, and Montreal Rivers; Green Bay, the 111enomonee, Peshtigo, Oconto, and Fox; while into the Mississippi empty the St. Croix, Chippewa, Black, "Wisconsin, and Rock Rivers. The chief interior lakes are those of Winnebago, Horicon, and Court Oreilles, and smaller sheets of water stud a great part of the surface. The climate is healthful, with cold Winters and brief but very warm Summers. Mean annual rainfall 31 inches. The goological system represented by the State, embraces those rocks included between the primary and the Devonian series, the former containing extensive deposits of copper and iron ore. Besides these minerals, lead and zinc are found in great quantities, together with kaolin, plumbago, gypsum, 246 THE NORTHWESTERN STATES. and various clays. Mining, consequently, forms a prominent industry, and one of yearly increasing dimensions. The soil of Wisconsin is of varying quality, but fertile on the whole, and in the north parts of the State heavily timbered. The agricultural yield comprises the cereab, together with flax, hemp, tobacco, pulse, sorgum, and all kinds of vege-tables, and of the hardier fruits. In 1870, the State had a total number of 102,904 farms, occupying 11,715,321 acres, of which 5,899,343 con-sisted of improved land, and 3,437,442 were timbered. Cash value of farms, $300,414,064 _; of farm implements and machinery, $14,239,864. Total estimated value of all farm products, including betterments and additions to stock, $78,027,032; of orchard and dairy stuffs, $1,0-.15,933; of lumber, $1,327,618; of home manufactures, $338,423; of all live-stock, $-.15,310,882. Number of manufacturing establishments, 7,136, employ-ing 39,055 hands, and turning out productions valued at $85,62-.1,%6. The political divisions of the State form 61 counties, and the chief places of wealth, trade, and population, are Madison (the capital), Milwaukee, Fond du Lac, Oshkosh, Pr,tirie du Chien, Janesville, Portage City, Racine, Kenosha, and La Crosse. In 1870, the total assessed valuation reached $333,209,838, as against a true valuation of both real and personal estate aggregating $602,207,329. Treasury receipts during 1870, $886,-696; disbursements, $906,329. Value of church property, $-.1,749,983. Education is amply provided for. Independently of the State University at Madison, and those of Galesville and of Lawrence at Appleton, and the colleges of Beloit, Racine, and Milton, there are Normal Schools at Platteville and Whitewater. The State is divided into 4,802 common school districts, maintained at a cost, in 1870, of $2,09-.1,160. The chari-table institutions of Wisconsin include a Deaf and Dumb Asylum, an Institute for the Education of the Blind, and a Soldiers' Orphans' School. In January, 1870, the railroad system ramified throughout the State totalized 2,779 miles of track, including several lines far advanced toward completion. Immigration is successfully encouraged by the State author-ities, the larger number of yearly new-comers being of Scandinavian and German origin. The territory now occupied within the limits of the State of Wisconsin was explored by French missionaries and traders in 1639, and it remained under French jurisdiction until 1703, when it became annexed to the British North American possessions. In 1706, it reverted to the United States, the government of which latter admitted it within the limits of the Northwest Territory, and in 1809, attached it to that of Illinois, and to Michigan in 1818. Wisconsin became indepe.nd-ently territorially organized in 1836, and became a State of the Union, March 3, 1847. Population in 1870, 1,0H4,985, of which 2,113 were of the colored race, and 11,521 Indians, 1,206 of the latter being out of tribal relations. THE NORTHWESTERN STATES. 247 MINNESOTA . Its length, north to south, embraces an extent of 380 miles; its oreadth one of 250 miles at a maximum. Area, 84,000 square miles, or 54,760,000 acres. The surface of Minnesota, generally speaking, con-sists of a succession of gently undulating plains and prairies, drained by an admirable water-system, and with here and there heavily- timbered bottoms and belts of virgin forest. The soil, corresponding with such a superfices, is exceptionally rich, consisting for the most part of a dark, calcareous sandy drift intermixed with loam. A distinguishing physical feature of this State is its riverine ramifications, expanding in nearly every part of it into almost innumerable lakes- the whole presenting an aggregate of water-power having hardly a rival in the Union. Besides the Mississippi - which here has its rise, and drains a basin of 800 miles of country- the principal streams are the Minnesota (334 miles long), the Red River of the North, the St. Croix, St. Louis, and many others of lesser importance ; the chief lakes are those called Red, Cass, Leech, Mille Lacs, Vermillion, and '\Vinibigosh. Quite a concatenation of sheets of water fringe the frontier line where Minnesota joins British America, culminating in the Lake of the Woods. It has been estimated, that of an area of 1,200,000 acres of surface between the St. Croix and Mis-sissippi Rivers, not less than 73,000 acres are of lacustrine formation. In point of minerals, the resources of Minnesota have as yet been very imperfectly developed; iron, copper, coal, lead - all these are known to exist in considerable deposits; together with salt, limestone, and potter's clay. The agricultural outlook of the State is in a high degree satis-factory; wheat constitutes the leading cereal in cultivation, with Indian corn and oats in next order. Fruits and vegetables are grown in great plent.y and of excellent quality. The lumber resources of Minnesota are important; the pine forests in the north region alone occupying an area of some .21,000 square miles, which in 1870 produced a return of scaled logs amounting to 313,116,416 feet. The natural industrial advantages possessed by Minnesota are largely improved upon by a railroad system. The political divisions of this State number 78 counties; of which the chief cities and towns are: St. Paul (the capital), Stillwater, Red Wing, St. Anthony, Fort Snelling, Minneapolis, and Mankato. Minnesota has already assumed an attitude of high importance as a manufacturing State; this is mainly due to the wonderful command of water-power she pos-sesses, as before spoken of. Besides her timber-trade, the milling of flour, the distillation of whisky, and the tanning of leather, are prominent interests, which in 1869, gave returns to the amount of $14,831,043. :2-18 THE NORTHWESTERN STATES. Education is notably provided for on a broad and catholic scale, the entire amount expended scholastically during the year 1870 being $857,-816; while on November 30 of the preceding year the permanent school fuDd stood at $2,476,222. Besides a University and Agricultural College. Normal and Reform Schools flourish, and with these may be mentioned such various philanthropic and religious institutions as befit the needs of an intelligent and prosperous community. The finances of the State for the fiscal year terminating December 1, 1870, exhibited a balance on the right side to the amount of $136,16--!, being a gain of $-!4,000 over the previous year's figures. The earliest exploration of Minnesota by the whites was made in 1680 by a French Franciscan, Father Hennepin, who gave the name of St. Antony to the Great Falls on the Upper Missisippi. In 1763, the Treaty of Versailles ceded this region to England. Twenty years later, Minnesota formed part of the Northwest Territory transferred to the United States, and became herself territorializecl inde-pendently in 1849. Indian cessions in 1851 enlarged her boundaries, and, May 11, 1857, Minnesota became a unit of the great American federation of States. Population, 439,706. NEBRASKA. Maximum length, 412 miles; extreme breadth, 208 miles. Area, 75,905 square miles, or 48,636,800 acres. The surface of this State is almost entirely' undulating prairie, and forms part of the west slope of the great central basin of the North American Continent. In its west division, near the base of the Rocky Mountains, is a sanely belt of country, irregularly defined. In this part, too, are the "dunes," resem-bling a wavy sea of sanely billows, as well as the Mauvaises Terres 1 a tract of singular formation, produced by eccentric disintegrations and denuda-tions of the land. The chief rivers are the Missouri, constituting its en-tire east line of demarcation; the Nebraska or Platte, the Niobrara, th~ Republican Fork of the Kansas, the Elkhorn, and the Loup Fork of the Platte. The soil is very various, but consisting chiefly of rich, bottomy loam, admirably adapted to the raising of heavy crops of cereals. All the vegetables and fruits of the temperate zone are produced in great size and plenty. For grazing purposes Nebraska is a State exceptionally well fitted, a region of not less than 23,000,000 acres being adaptable to this branch of husbandry. It is believed that the, as yet, comparatively infertile tracts of land found in various parts of the State are susceptible of productivity by means of a properly conducted system of irrigation. Few minerals of moment have so far been found within the limits of THE NORTHWESTERN STATES. 249 Nebraska, if we may except important saline deposits at the head of Salt Creek in its southeast section. The State is divided into 57 counties, independent of the Pawnee and Winnebago Indians, and of unorganized territory in the northwest part. The principal towns are Omaha, Lincoln (State capital), Nebraska City, Columbus, Grand Island, etc . In 1870, the total assessed value of property amounted to $53,000,000, being an increase of $11,000,000 over the previous year's returns. The total amount received from the school-fund during the year 1869-70 was $77,999. Education is making great onward strides, the State University and an Agricultural College being far advanced toward completion. In the matter of railroad communication, Nebraska bids fair to soon place herself on a par with her neighbors to the east. Besides being inter-sected by the Union Pacific line, with its off-shoot, the Fremont and Blair, other tracks are in course of rapid construction. Organized by Con-gressional Act into a Territory, May 30, 1854, Nebraska entered the Union as a full State, March 1, 1867. Population, 122,993. JJUNTING PRAIRIE WOLVES IN AN l.:ARLY DAY. 250 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND ITS AMENDMENTS. We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish J°iistice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. ARTICLE I. SECTION' 1. All legislative powers lierein granted shall be vested in a Congrc,ss of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. SEC. 2. The House of Representatives shall be composed of mem-bers chosen every second year by the people of-the several states, and the electors in each state :,hall haYe the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State Legislature. No person shall be a representative who shall not have attained to the age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inha1itant of that state in which he shall be chosen. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the sev-eral states which may be included within this Union, according to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term 0£ years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons. The actual enumeration shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subse-quent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The namber of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each state shall have at least one Representative; and until such enumeration shall be made the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence Plan-tations one, Connecticut five, New York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylva-::1ia eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, and Georgia three. ·when vacancies happen in the representation from any state, the Exermtive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and other officers, and shall have the sole power of impeachment. SEC. 3. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each state, chosen by the Legislature thereof for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first election, they shall be divided as equally as may Le into three classes. The seats of the Senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expira-AND ITS AMENDMENTS. 2.51 tion of the second year, of the second class at the expiration of the fourth year, and of the third class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that oae-third may be chosen every second year; and if vacancies happen by resignation or otherwise, during the recess of the Legislature of any state, the Executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the Legislature, which shall theu fill such vacai1cies. No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the age of thirty years and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state for which he shall be chosen. The Vice-President of the United States shall be President of th Senate, but shall have no vote unless they be equally divided. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a President pro tempore, in the absence of the Vice-President, or when he shall exercise the office of President of the United States. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When sitting for that purpose they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried the Chief Justice shall preside. And no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the members present. Judgment, in cases of impeachment, shall not extend further than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust, or profit under the United States; but the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment, and punishment according to law. SEC. 4. The times, places and manner of holding elections for Sen-ators and Representatives shall be prescribed in each state by the Legis-lature thereof; but the Congress may at any time by law make or alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing Senators. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a different day. SEC. 5. Each house shall be the judge of the election, returns, and qualifications of its own memberR, and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to clay, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members in such manner and under such penalties as each house may provide. Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may, in their judgment, require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the members of either house on any question shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journal. Neither house, during the session of Congress, shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting. SEC. 6. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a compen-sation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the treasury of the United States. They shall in ail cases, except treason, 252 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES felony, and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective houses, and in going to and returning from the same; and for any speech or debate in either house they shall not be questioned in any other place. No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased during such time ; and· no person holding any office under the United States, shall be a member of either house during his continuance in office. 1 SEC. 7. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments as on uther bills. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, b,.ifore it becomes a law, be presented to the President : the United States; if he approve he shall sign it; but if not he shall retarn it, with his objections, to that house in which it shall have origi-nated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration two-thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objec-tions, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of that house, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both houses shall be determined by :yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each house respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the President within ten days (Sundays excepted), after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress, by their adjournment, prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary ( except on a question of adjournment), shall be presented to the President of the United States, and before the same shall take effect shall be approved by him, or, being disapproved by him, shall be re-passed by two-thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules and lim-itations prescribed in the case of a bill. SEC. 8. The Congress shall have power-To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises, to pay the debts, and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United .::;tates; but all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States; To borrow money on the credit of the United States; To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several Sk,tes, and with the Indian tribes; To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and. uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States; To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures ; To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United States; To establish post offices and post roads; AND ITS Ai\1ENDIIIENTS. 253 To promote the progress of sciences and useful arts, by securing, for limited times, to authors and inventors, the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries ; To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court; To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high sel:ts, and offenses against the law of nations ; To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water ; To raise a11d support armies, but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for rt longer term than two years; To provide and maintain a navy; To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces; To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions; To provide for organizing, arming and disciplining the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving to the states respectively the appointment of the officers, and the authority of training the militia according to the disci, pline prescribed by Congress; To exercise legislation in all cases whatsoever over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular states, and tho acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the government of the United States, and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by the consent of the Legislature of the state in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock yards, and other needful buildings ; and To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any depart-ment or officer thereof. SEC. 9. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the states now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohiLited by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it. No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the census or enumeration hereinbefore directed to be taken. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any state. No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or rev enue to the ports of one state over those of another; nor shall vessels bound to or from one state be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another. No money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in consequence of appropriations made by law; and a regular statement and account of the receipts and expeditures of all public money shall be published from time to time. 254 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED ST.ATES No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States: and no person holding any office of profit or trust under them, shall, without the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state. SEC. 10. No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confeder-ation; grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; emit bills of credit; make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts; pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility. No state shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection laws, and the net produce of all duties and imposts laid by any state on imports or exports, shall be for the use of the Treas~ry of the United States ; and all such laws shall be subject to the xevision and control of the Congress. No state shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty on tonnage, keep troops or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another state, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay. ARTICLE II. SECTION 1. The Executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four years, and, together with the Vice-President chosen for the same term, be elected as follows : Each state shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a number of Electors, equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives to which the state may be entitled in the Congress; but no Senator or Representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States, shall be appointed an Elector. [*The Electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by ballot for two persons, of whom one at least shall not Le an inhabitant of the same state wiLh themselves. And they shall make a list of all the persons voted for, and of the number of votes for each; which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit, sealed, to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The Pres-ident of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Rep-resentatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then Le counted. The person having the greatest number of votes shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed; and if there be more than one who have such majority, and have an equal number of votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately choose by ballot one of them for President; and if no person have a ma-jority, then from the five highest on the list the said House shall in like manner choose the President. But in choosing the President, the vote shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote ; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after the choice of the President, • This clause between brackets bas been superseded and anD,Ullecl by the Twelfth amendm•~ AND ITS AMENDMENTS. 255 the person having the greatest number of votes of the Electors shall be the Vice-President. But if there should remain two or more who have ep. Dem. R. Maj. Total. Maj. '74. District. Rep. Dem. R. Maj. Total. )IaJ. '74. ------- ---------I .. ..................... 171 88 14814 2374 32002 D. 1863 VII .... .......... , .... 19496 ll688 7808 31184 R. 2300 IL ..... ............. 16439 14683 1756 31122 R. 657 VIII·"···········"· 19358 15236 4122 34594 R. 2127 III ............. ...... . 17423 16100 1323 33523 D. 63 IIX .................... 19563 10583 8980 30146 R. 5849 IV ..................... 20770 9379 11391 30149 R.3824 -- ----v ....................... 19274 11154 8120 30428 R. 5243 168289 118356 49933 *2921!1 1· ······••"• VI ....... . .... ....... 18778 14il9 4059 33497 R. 2724 Total vote, 18741 184,640; aggregate Republican majority, 24,524. *Including 5,466 Greenback votes. PRACTICAL RuLES FOR EvERY D AY USE. How to find the gain or loss p er cent. when the cost and selling price are given. RULE.-Find the difference between the cost and selling price, which wi11 be the gain or loss. Annex two ciphers to the gain or loss, and divide it by the cost price ; the result will be the gain or loss per cent. How to change gold into currency. RuLE.-Multiply the given sum of gold by the price of gold. How to change currency into gold. Divide the amount in currency by the price of gold. How to find each partner's share of the gain or loss in a copartnership business. RULE.-Divide the whole gain or loss by the entire stock, the quo-tient will be the gain or loss per cent. Multiply each partner's stock by this per cent., the result will be each one's share of the gain or loss. How to find gross and net weight and price of hogs. A short and simple method for finding the net weight, or price of hogs, when the gross weiglit or price is given, and vice versa. NOTE.-It is generally assumed tha t th e gross weight of Hogs diminished by 1-5 or 20 per cent. of itself gives the net weight, and the n et weight increased by Jo or 25 per cent. of itself equals the gross weight. To find the net weight or gross price. Multiply the given number by .8 (tenths.) To find the gross weight or net price. Divide the given number by .8 (tenths.) How to find the capacity of a granary, bin, or wagon-bed. RULE.-Multiply (by short method) the n nmber of cubic feet by 6308, and point off ONE decimal place- the result will be the correct nswer in bushels and tenths of a bushel. For only an approximate answer, multiply the cubic feet by 8, and point off one decimal place. How to find the contents of a corn-crib. RuLE.-Multiply the number of cubic feet by 54, short method, or (265) 266 MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. by 4½ ordinary method, and point off ONE decimal place-the result will be the answer in bushels. NOTE.-In estimating corn in the ear, the quality and the time it has been cribbed must be taken into consideration, since corn will shrink considerably during the ,vinter and Spring. This rule generally holds good for corn measured at the time it is cribbed, provided itis sound and clean. How to find the contents of a cistern or tank. RuLE.-Multiply the square of the mean diameter by the depth (all in feet) and this product by 5681 (short method), and point off ONE decimal place-the result will be the contents in barrels of 31½ gallons. How to find the contents of a barrel or cask. RuLE.-Under the square of the mean diameter, write the length (all in inches) in REVERDD order, so that its UNITS will fall under the TENS ; multiply by short method, and this product again by 430 ; point off oue decimal place, and the result will be the answer in wine gallons. How to rneasure boards. RuLE.-Multiply the length (in feet) by the width (in inches) and divide the product by 12-the result will be the contents in square feet. How to measure scantlings, J°oists, planks, sills, etc. RuLE.-Multiply the width, the thickness, and the length together (the width and thickness in inches, and the length in feet), and divide the product by 12-the result will be square feet. How to find the number of acres in a body of land. RuLE.-Multiply the length by the width (in rods), and divide the product by 160 ( carrying the division to 2 decimal places if there is a remainder) ; the result will be the answer in acres and hundredths. When the opposite sides of a piece of land are of unequal length, add them together and take one-half for the mean length or width. How to find the number of square yards in a floor or wall. RuLE.-Multiply the length by the width or height (in feet), and divide the product by 9, the result will be square yards. How to find the number of bricks required in a building. RuLE.-Multiply the number of cubic feet by 22½. The number of cubic feet is found by multiplying the length, height nd thickness (in feet) together. Bricks are usually made 8 inches long, 4 inches wide, and two inches thick; hence, it requires 27 bricks to make a cubic foot without mortar, but it is generally assumed that the mortar fills 1-6 of the space. H ow to find the number of shingles required in a roof. RuLE.-Multiply the number of square feet in the roof by 8, if the shingles are exposed 4½ inches, or by 7 1-5 if exposed 5 inches. To find the number of square feet, multiply the lenith of the roof by twice the length of the rafters. MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. 267 To find the length of the rafters, at ONE-FOURTH pitch, multiply the width of the building by .56 (hundredths); at ONE-THIRD pitch, by .6 (tenths); at TWO-FIFTHS pitch, by .64 (hundredths); at ONE-HALF pitch, by . 71 (hundredths). This gives the length of the rafters from the apex to the end of the wall, and whatever they are to project must be taken ·into consideration. NOTE.- By ¼ or ¼ pitch is meant that the apex or comb of the roof is to be¼ or¼ the widtll of the building higher than the walls or base of the rafters. How to reckon the cost of hay. RuLE.-Multiply the numl:>er of pounds by half the price per ton, and remove the decimal point three places to the left. How to measure grain. RULE.-Level the grain; ascertain the space it occupies in cubic feet; multiply the number of cubic feet by 8, and point off one place to the left. NOTE.-Exactness requires the addition to every three hundred bushels of one extra bushel. The foregoing rule may be used for finding the number of gallons, by multiplying the number of bushels by 8. If the corn in the box is in the ear, divide the answer by 2, to find the number of bushels of shelled corn, because it requires 2 bushels of ea:r, corn to make 1 of shelled corn. Rapid rules for measuring land without instruments. In measuring land, the first thing to ascertain is the contents of any given plot in square yards; then, given the number of yards, find out the number of rods and acres. The most ancient and simplest measure of distance is a step. Now, an ordinary-sized man can train himself to cover one yard at a stride, on the average, with sufficient accuracy for ordinary purposes. To make use of this means of measuring distances, it is essential to walk in a straight line ; to do this, fix the eye on two objects in a line straight ahead, one comparatively near, the other remote; and, in walk-ing, keep these objects constantly in line. Farmers and others by adopting the following simple and ingenious con-trivance, may always carry with them tlie scale to construct a correct yard measure. Take a foot rule, and commencing at the base of the little finger of the left hand, mark the quarters of the foot on the outer borders of the left arm, pricking in the marks with indelible ink. To find how many rods in length will make an acre, the width being given. RULE.-Divide 160 by the width, and the quotient will be the answer. 268 . MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. How to find the number of acres in any plot of land, the number of rods being given. RuLE.-Divide the number of rods by 8, multiply the quotient by 5, and remove the decimal point two places to the left. The diameter being given, to find the circumference. RuLE.-Multiply the diameter by 3 1-7. Bow to find the diameter, when the circumference is given. RULE.-Divide the circumference by 3 1-7. To find how many solid feet a round sticlc of timber of the same thick-ness throughout will contain when squared. RuLE.- Square half the diameter in inches, multiply by 2, multiply by the length in feet, and divide the product by 144. General rule for measuring timber, to find the solid contents in feet. RULE.-Multiply the depth in inches by the breadth in inches, and then multiply by the length in feet, and divide by 144. To find the number off eet of timber in trees with the bar le on. RULE.-Multiply the square of one-fifth of the circumference in inches, by twice the length, in feet, and divide by :'..44. Deduct 1-10 to 1-15 according to the thickness of the bark. Howard's new rule for computing interest. RuLE.-The reciprocal of the rate is the time for which the interest on any sum of money will be shown by simply removing the decimal point two places to the left; for ten times that time, remove the point one place to the left; for 1-10 of the same time, remove the point three places to the left. Increase or diminish the results to suit the time given. NoTE.-The reciprocal of the rate is found by inverting the rate i thus 3 per cent. per month, in-verted, becomes¼ of a month, or 10 days . When the rate is expressed by one figure, always write it thus: 3-1, three ones. Rule for converting English into American currency. Multiply the pounds, with the shillings and pence stated in decimals, by 400 plus the premium in fourths, and divide the product by 90. U. S. GOVERNMENT LAND MEASURE. A township-36 sections each a mile square. A section-640 acres. A quarter section, half a mile square-160 acres. An eighth section, half a mile long, north and south, and a quarter of a mile wide-80 acres. A sixteenth section, a quarter of a mile square- 40 acres. MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. 269 The sections are all numbered 1 to 36, commencing at the north-east corner. The sections are divided into quarters, which are named by the cardinal points. The quarters are divided in the same way. The de-scription of a forty acre lot would read: The south half of the west half of the south-west quarter of section 1 in township 24, north of range 7 west, or as the case might be; and sometimes will fall short and sometimes overrun the number of acres it is supposed to contain. The nautical mile is 795 4-5 feet longer than the common mile. SURVEYORS' MEASURE. 7 92-100 inches .................... ........... ........ ........... .... ....... .... .. .. .. ... ... make 1 link. 25 links .. . . . . . . . . ................ ............ ..... ..... .. .. .. ..... ... ... ... ..... ..... .. . .. ... ..... " 1 rod. 4 rods...... ....... .. .............. ... .............. .. . . . . .. . .... .. ... .... .. .... ...... .. .. .. ... ..... " 1 chain. 80 chains .. .. ... ... ... ...... ..... .. ..... .. .. ...... ........ ...... ... .. ... .. .. ... ..... .. ...... ..... " 1 mile. NOTE.-A chain is 100 links, equal to 4 rods or 66 feet. Shoemakers formerly used a subdivision of the inch called a barley-corn ; three of which made an inch. Horses are measured directly over the fore feet, and the standard of measure is four inches-called a hand. In Biblical and other old measurements, the term span is sometimes used, which is a le.v.gth of nine inches. The sacred cubit of the Jews was 24.024 inches in length. The common cubit of the Jews was 21. 704 inches in length. A pace is equal to a yard or 36 inches. A fathom is equal to 6 feet. A league is three miles, but its length is variable, for it is strictly speaking a nautical term, and should be three geographical miles, tqual to 3.45 statute miles, but when used on land, three statute miles are said to be a league. In cloth measure an aune is equal to H yards, or 45 inches. An Amsterdam ell is equal to 26.796 inches. A Trieste ell is equal to 25.284 inches. A Brabant ell is equal to 27.116 inches. HOW TO KEEP ACCOUNTS. Every farmer and mechanic, whether he does much or little business, should k eep a record of his transactions in a clear and systematic man-ner. For the benefit of those who have not had the opportunity of ac-quiring a primary knowledge of the principles of book-keeping, we here present a simple form of keeping accounts which is easily comprehended, rmd well adapted to record the business transactions of farmers, mechanics and laborers. 270 MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. 1875. A. H . .JACKSON. .Jan. " Feb. " March " " " April " May " July lOTo 7 bushels Wheat ______________________ at $1.25 17 By shoeing span of Horses ______________________ _ 4 To 14 bushels Oats _______________________ at $ .45 4 To 5 lbs. Butter __________________________ at .25 8 By new Harrow _______________________________ _ 8 By sharpening 2 Plows _________________________ _ 13 By new Double-Tree __________ ______ ___________ _ 27 To Cow and Calf_ ____ . _________________________ _ 9 To half ton of Hay _____________________________ _ 9 By Cash _________ ______ __________ _____________ _ 6 By repairing Corn-Planter ______________________ _ 24 To one Sow with Pigs ____________________ __ . ___ _ 4 By Cash, to balance account ___________________ __ _ 1870. CASSA ~IASON. March 21 By 3 days' labor._. ____ - - - - . _ _ _. _________ at $1.25 " 21 To 2 Shoats _________________________ . ___ at 3.00 '' 23 To 18 bushels Corn _____ ... _ .. __ ._ ... _ ... _______ at .45 May 1 By 1 month's Labor ____________________________ _ " 1 To Cash ________________ .. _____________________ _ June 19By8days' Mowing _______________________ at $1.50 " 26 To 50 lbs. Flour .. _____ ___________________ __ ____ _ July lOTo 27 lbs. Meat __________________________ at $ .10 " 29 By 9 days' Harvesting ___________________ .at 2.00 Aug. 12By 6 days' Labor _________________________ at 1.50 " 12 To Cash _________ .. ____ . __________ __ .. ____ ... __ .. __ _ Sept. 1 To Cash to balance account ___ • ______ . ___ . _____ _ INTEREST TABLE. Dr. Cr. $8 75 $2 50 6 30 125 18 00 40 2 25 48 00 G 25 25 00 4 75 17 50 35 15 -- - -- -$88 05 ! $88 05 Dr. c,· $3 75 $6 00 810 25 00 10 00 12 00 2 75 2 70 18 00 9 00 20 00 18 20 -- - -- -'67 75 3567 75 A SIMPLE RULE FOR ACCURATELY COMPUT[NG INTEREST .A."r ANY GIVEY PEI~ CENT. l •'OP.. ANY LENGTH OF 'l'l)IE. l\lultlply the principa! (amount of money at interest) by the lime reduced to d«ys; tlleu e the required interest, ILLUSTRATlON. lnte1::~uA:'iJ1h0 lsn~ra:~~[ m~1gn~~; i:~r e'f::tl~~/SM1~~~~~n.it~lasy:~ 6sm.ii~u11i~ Solution. S46:l-50 -48 plied by .48 gives $222.0000; 360 dlvide deceased, as head of a family, would have been exempt from execution. TAXES. The owners of personal property, on the first day of January of each year, and the owners of real property on the first day of November of each year, are liable for the taxes thereon. The following property is exempt from taxation, viz. : 1. The property of the United States and of this State, including univer-sity, agricultural, college and school lands and all property leased to the State; property of a county, township, city, incorporated town or school district when devoted entirely to the public use and not held for pecuniary profit; public grounds, including all places for the burial of the dead; fire engines and all implements for extinguishing fires, with the grounds used exclusively for their buildings and for the meetings of the fire companies; all public libraries, grounds and buildings of literary, scientific, benevolent, agricultural and reli-gious institutions, and societies devoted solely to the appropriate objects of these institutions, not exceeding 640 acres in extent, and not leased or otherwise used with a view of pecuniary profit; and all property leased to agricultural, charit-able institutions and benevolent societies, and so devoted during the term of such lease; provided, that all deeds, by which such property is held, shall be duly filed for record before the property therein described shall be omitted from the assessment. 2. The books, papers and 11,pparatus belonging to the above institutions; used solely for the purposes above contemplated, and the like property of stu-dents in any such institution, used for their education. 3. Money and credits belonging exclusively to such institutions and devoted solely to sustaining them, but not exceeding in amount or income the sum pre-scribed by their charter. 4. Animals not hereafter specified, the wool shorn from sheep, belonging to the person giving the list, his farm produce harvested within one year previous to the listing; private libraries not exceeding three hundred dollars in value; family pictures, kitchen furniture, beds and bedding requisite for each family, all wearing apparel in actual use, and all food provided for the family; but no person friom whom a compensation for board or lodging is received or expected, is to be cor,sidered a member of the family within the intent of this clause. 5. The polls or estates or both of persons who, by reason of age or infirm-ity, may, in the opinion of the Assessor, be unable to contribute to the public 278 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. revenue; such opinion and the fact upon which it is based being in all cases reported to the Board of Equalization by the Assessor or any other person, and subject to reversal by them. 6. The farming utensils of any person who makes his livelihood by farming, and the tools of any mechanic, not in either case to exceed three hundred dollars in value. 7. Government lands entered or located or lands purchased from this State, should not be taxed for the year in which the entry, location or purchase is made. There is also a suitable exemption, in amount, for planting fruit trees or forest trees or hedges. Where buildings are destroyed by fire, tornado or other unavoida.ble casu-alty, after being assessed for the year, the Board of Supervisors may rebate taxes for that year on the property destroy6d, if same has not been sold for taxes, and if said taxes have not been delinquent for thirty days at the time of destruction of the property, anA the rebate shall be allowed for such loss only as is not covered by insurance. All other property is subject to taxation. EYery inhabitant of full age and sound mind shall assist the Assessor in listing all taxable property of which he is the owner, or which he controls or manages, either as agent, guardian, father, husband, trustee, executor, accounting officer, partner, mortgagor or lessor, mortgagee or lessee. Road beds of railway corporations shall not be assessed to owners of adja-cent property, but shall be considered the property of the companies for pur-poses of taxation; nor shall real estate used as a public highway be assessed and taxed as part of adjacent lands whence the same was taken for such public purpose. The property of railway, telegraph and express companies shall be listed and assessed for taxation as the property of an individual would be listed and assessed for taxation. Collection of taxes made as in the case of an individual. The Township Board of Equalization shall meet first Monday in April of each year. Appeal lies to the Circuit Court. The County Board of Eqalization (the Board of Supervisors) meet at their regular session in June of each year. Appeal lies to the Circuit Court. Taxes become delinquent February 1st of each year, payable, without interest or penalty, at any tirue before March 1st of each year. Tax sale is held on first Monday in October of each year. Redemption may be made at any time within three years after date of sale, by paying to the County Auditor the amount of sale, and twenty per centum of such amount immediately added as penalty, with ten per cent. interest per annum on the whole amount thus made from the day of sale, and also all sub-sequent taxes, interest and costs paid by purchaser after March 1st of each year, and a similar penalty of twenty per centum added as before, with ten per cent. interest as before. If notice has been given, by purchaser, of the date at which the redemption is limited, the cc,st of same is added to the redemption money. Ninety days' notice is required, by the statute, to be published by the purchaser or holder of certificate, to terminate the right of redemption. This page intentionally blank. This page intentionally blank. ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS 281 JURISDICTION OF COURTS DISTRICT COURTS have jurisdiction, general and original, both civil and criminal, except in such cases where Circuit Courts have exclusive jurisdiction. District Courts have exclusive supervision over courts of Justices of the Peace and Magistrates, in criminal matters, on appeal and writs of error. CIRCUIT COURTS have jurisdiction, general and original, with the District Courts, in all civil actions and special proceedings, and exclusive jurisdiction in all appeals and writs of error from inferior courts, in civil matters. And exclusive jurisdiction in matters of estates and general probate business. JUSTICES OF THE PEACE have jurisdiction in civil matters where $100 or less is involved. By consent of parties, the jurisdiction may be extended to an amount not exceeding $300. They have jurisdiction to try and determine all public offense less than felony, committed within their respective counties, in which the fine, by law, does not exceed $100 or the imprisonment thirty days. LIMITATION OF ACTIONS. Action for injuries to the person or reputation; for a stutute penalty; and to enforce a mechanics' lien, must be brought in two (2) years. Those against a public officer within three (3) years. Those founded on unwritten contracts; for injuries to property; for relief on the ground of fraud; and all other actions not otherwise provided for, within five ( 5) years. Those founded on written contracts; on judgments of any court ( except those provided for in next section), and for the recovery of real property, within ten (10) years. Those founded on judgment of any court of record in the United States, within twenty (20) years. All above limits, except those for penalties and forfeitures, are extended in favor of minors and insane persons, until one year after the disability is removed -time S in any adjoining State to this, at such place therein as the said synod, conference or council shall hold its annual meet-ings; and the elections so held and business so transacted shall be as legal and binding as if held and transacted at the place of business of the corporation in this State. The provisions of this chapter shall not extend or apply to any association or individual who shall, in the certificate filed with the Recorder, use or specify a name or style the same as that of any previously existing incorporated society in the county. . The Trustees, Directors or stockholders of any existing benevolent, char-itable, scientific, missionary or religious corpdration, may, by conforming to the requirements of Section 1095 of this chapter, re-incorporate themselves or con-tinue their existing corporate powers, and all the property and effects of such existing corporation shall vest in and belong to the corporation so re-incorporated or continued. INTOXICATING LIQUORS. No intoxicating liquors (alcohol, spirituous and vinous liquors), except wine manufactured from grapes, currants or other fruit grown in the State, shall be manufactured or sold, except for mechanical, medicinal, culinary or sacramental purposes ; and even such sale is limited as follows : Any citizen of the State, except hotel keepers, keepers of saloons, eating houses, grocery keepers and confectioners, is permitted to buy and sell, within the county of his residence, such liquors for such mechanical, etc., purposes only, provided he sha.11 obtain the consent of the Board of Supervisors. In order to get that consent, he must get a certificate from a majority of the elec-tors of the town or township or ward in which he desires to sell, that he is of good moral character, and a proper person to sell such liquors. If the Board of Supervisors grant him permission to sell such liquors, he must give bonds, and shall not sell such liquors at a greater profit than thirty-three per cent. on the cost of the same. Any person having a permit to sell, shall make, on the last Saturday of every month, a return in writing to the Auditor of the county, showing the kind and quantity of the liquors purchased by him since the date of his last report, the price paid, and . the amount of freights paid on the same; also the kind and quantity of liquors sold by him since the date of his last report; to whom sold; for what purpose and at what price; also the kind and quantity of liquors on hand; which report shall be sworn to by the person having the permit, and shall be kept by the Auditor, subject at all times to the inspection of the public. No person shall sell or give away any intoxicating liquors, including wine or beer, to any minor, for any purpose whatever, except upon written order of parent, guardian or family physician ; or sell the same to an intoxicated person or a person in the habit of becoming intoxicated. 302 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. Any person who shall mix any intoxicating liquor with any beer, wine or cider, by him sold, and shall sell or keep for sale, as a beverage, such mixture, shall be punished as for sale of intoxicating liquor. But nothing in the chapter containing the laws governing the sale or pro-hibiting the sale of intoxicating liquors, shall be construed to forbid the sale by the importer thenof of foreign intoxicating liquor, imported under the author-ity of the laws of the United States, regarding the importation of such liquors, and in accordance with such laws; provided that such liquor, at the time of the sale by the importer, remains in the original casks or pac:.kages in which it was by him imported, and in quantities not less than the quantities in which the laws of the United States require such liquors to be imported, and is sold by him in such original casks or packages, and in said quantities only. All payment or compensation for intoxicating liquor sold in violation of the laws of this State, whether such payments or compensation be in money, goods, lands, labor, or anything else whatsoever, shall be held to have been received in viola-tion of law and equity and good conscience, and to have been received upon a valid promise and agreement of the receiver, in consideration of the receipt thereof, to pay on demand, to the person furnishing such consideration, the amount of the money on the just value of the goods or other things. All sales, transfers, conveyances, mortgages, liens, attachments, pledges and securities of every kind, which, either in whole or in part, shall have been made on account of intoxicating liquors sold contrary to law, shall be utterly null and void. Negotiable paper in the hands of holders thereof, in good faith, for valuable considerntion, without notice of any illegality in its inception or transfer, how-ever, shall not be affected by the above provisions. Neither shall the holder of land or other property who may have taken the same in good faith, without notice of any defect in the title of the person from whom the same was take1_1,, growing out of a violation of the liquor law, be affected by the above prov1s10n. Every wife, child, parent, guardian, employer, or other person, who shall be injured in person or property or means of support, by an intoxicated person, or in consequence of the intoxication, has a right of action against any person who shall, by selling intoxicating liquors, cause the intoxication of such person, for all damages actually sustained as well as exemplary damages. For any damages recovered, the personal and real property (except home-stead, as now provided) of the person against whom the damages are recovered, as well as the premises or property, personal or real, occupied and used by him, with consent and knowledge of owner, either for manufacturing or selling intox-icating liquors contrary to law, shall be liable. The only other exemption, besides the homestead, from this sweeping liability, is that the defendant may have enough for the support of his family for six months, to be determined by the Township Trustee. No ale, wine, beer or other malt or vinous liquors shall be sold within two miles of the corporate limits of any municipal corporation, except at wholesale, for the purpose of shipment to places outside of such corporation and such two-mile limits. The power of the corporation to prohibit or license sale of liquors not prohibited by law is extended over the two miles. No ale, wine, beer or other malt or vinous liquors shall be sold on the day on which any election is held under the laws of this State, within two miles of the place where said election is held; except only that any person holding a permit may sell upon the prescription of a practicing physician. ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 303 SUGGESTIONS TO THOSE PURCHASING BOOKS BY SUBSCRIP-TION. The business of publishing books by subscription, having so often been brought into disrepute by agents making representations and declarations not authorized by the publisher, in order to prevent that as much as possible, and that there may be more general knowledge of the relation such agents bear to their principal, and the law governing such cases, the following statement. is made: A subscription is in the nature of a contract of mutual promises, by which the subscriber agrees to pay a certain sum for the work described; the consid-eration is concurrent that the publisher shall publish the book named, and deliver the same, for which the subscriber is to pay thP- price named. Tlte nature and character of the work is described by the prospectus and sample shown. These should be carefully examined before subscribing, as they are the basis and consideration of the promi&e to pay, and not the too often exag-gerated statements of the agent, who is me1·ely employed to solicit subscriptions, for which 'lie is usually paid a commission for each subscriber, and has no authority to change or alter the conditions upon which the subscriptions are authorized to be made by the publisher. Should the agent assume to agree to make the subscription conditional or modify or change the agreement of the publisher, as set out by the prospectus and sample, in order to bind the princi-pal, the subscriber should see that such condition or changes are stated over or in connection with his signature, so that the publisher may have notice of the same. All persons making contracts in reference to matters of this kind, or any other business, should remember that the law as written is, that they can not be altered, varied or rescinded verbally, but if done at all, must be done in writing. It is therefore important that all persons contemplating subscribing should distinctly understand that all talk before or after the subscription is made, is not admissible as evidence, and is no part of the contract. Persons employed to solicit subscriptions are known to the trade as can-vassers. They are agents appointed to do a particular business in a prescribed mode, and have no authority to do it any other way to the prejudice of their principal, nor can they bind their principal in any other matter. They can not collect money, or agree that payment may be made in anything else but money. They can not extend the time of payment beyond the time of delivery, nor bind their principal for the payment of expenses incurred in their business. It would save a great deal of trouble, and often serious loss, if persons, before signing their names to any subscription book, or any written instrument, would examine carefully what it is; if they can not read themselves call on some one disinterested who can. TABULAR STATEMENT, Showing the Valuation and Tax Levied in Black Hawk County, Iowa, from the Year 1877. .,, ~t] ' .... ~ a; ; = ,;;.c-o ~ " " " " " ti C = d,) ~ " ~ ' ' ' E-< g 0 "0 "<> 0 E-< E-< " E-< ' E-< i>< ~~ "'"i"I o"" 0 E-< bO >< ~" "';; I"! E-< E-< ... i NAMES OF TOWNSHIPS OR CITIES. "';; ... b 0 " " :3~ ct Total. -i> <> i .. "" .,, " 0., " 31>~ 0 C 0 0 .,, = = - eE-< '.ii;; $re~ g {l 0 i 0 ~ 0 " 0 0~ § 0 .,~ p.. p.. I"! = "' 0 {l 0 0 i> ~~00 00 0 00 <> 0 0 ... ~ 0 ... 00 ... ·~o ... ------- ------Fox ........ .. ..... ....................... $1706 25 $1564 67 $1857 08 $83 50 $371 48 $742 96 $185 74 $185 74 $557 82 $232 18 $92 87 ·············· .............. ........ , ..... .............. $2451 69 Cedar ................................... 1702 57 1581 76 2320 76 53 00 464 29 928 58 232 15 232 15 696 44 290 18 116 08 $1508 68 $464 01 $445 74 .............. 5431 30 Orange ................................. 1871 63 2028 58 2556 89 96 00 511 39 1022 78 255 69 255 69 767 08 319 62 127 85 .............. 511 39 ·············· .............. 3867 49 Black Hawk .......................... 1898 78 1898 68 2297 26 84 00 459 56 919 12 229 78 229 78 689 34 287 21 114 89 530 88 108 47 .............. ............. , 3653 03 Spring Creek ....... .................. 1708 22 1708 22 2139 37 70 50 427 94 855 89 213 97 213 19 641 91 267 47 106 99 427 94 213 97 213 97 ············" 3654 52 Big Creek .................... ......... 1464 75 1614 89 2120 72 55 50 424 24 848 47 212 12 212 12 636 35 265 14 106 06 1593 89 374 12 457 21 662 41 5185 22 La Porte .............................. 881 58 881 68 1103 98 83 50 220 80 441 60 110 40 110 40 331 20 138 00 55 20 1048 81 220 80 1104 01 .............. 4527 13 Eagle ... .... ....... .... ...........•.••..• 1699 91 1699 91 1946 24 59 50 389 33 788 66 194 67 194 67 584 00 243 33 97 33 868 13 268 01 86 16 ............. 3763 79 Lincoln .............. .................. 1611 43 1611 4a 1853 64 64 50 370 75 741 50 185 37 185 37 556 13 231 72 9~ 69 1297 63 648 82 92 69 .............. 4467 17 East Waterloo ..............••....... 2132 48 2188 40 3131 06 105 00 626 30 1252 60 313 15 313 15 939 45 391 43 156 58 1947 38 1237 90 444 35 ............. 7727 29 East Waterloo City ........•.......• 2739 99 3059 30 3909 71 264 00 782 03 1564 06 391 02 391 02 1173 05 488 77 195 51 5278 70 3323 63 3910 16 3910 16 21672 11 West Waterloo City ......... ... ... 3317 26 3751 46 4696 88 242 50 939 41 1878 82 469 71 469 71 1409 11 587 13 234 85 2348 53 469 71 3522 79 4697 06 17269 33 Cedar Falls City .................... 3276 31 3695 59 4569 20 237 00 913 85 1827 71 456 92 456 92 1370 78 571 17 228 46 7996 21 3883 88 1142 32 5016 19 24211 41 Lester ................. ................. 1429 52 1429 52 1767 73 94 00 353 64 707 29 176 82 176 82 530 46 221 03 88 41 1591 39 707 29 405 64 ·············· 5052 79 Bennington .. ... .. , ................... 1555 87 1727 51 2086 57 62 00 417 37 834 74 208 69 208 69 626 06 260 86 104 34 1252 13 208 69 .............. ·············· 4392 26 Mt. Vernon ............................ 1779 85 1795 13 2270 22 81 00 454 16 908 33 227 08 227 08 681 25 283 85 113 53 1330 17 564 18 .............. .............. 4870 63 Washington .............•.... ... .... .. 811 23 811 23 1136 11 52 50 227 21 454 44 113 61 113 61 340 83 142 00 56 81 560 28 284 81 ·············· .............. 2346 10 Union ................... .......... ..... 710 57 710 57 1103 87 44 50 220 E3 441 67 110 42 110 42 331 25 137 98 55 21 386 46 165 63 110 42 ····· ········· 2114 79 Barclay ................................ 1965 92 1880 84 2559 99 103 00 512 03 1024 07 256 01 256 01 768 05 320 00 128 01 1151 99 768 05 .............. .............. 5287 22 o~~~:'i~ii~·::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 1916 14 1831 33 2314 97 104 00 (64 13 926 26 231 56 231 56 694 71 289 49 115 78 1177 06 477 08 .............. .............. 4711 13 2155 59 2263 14 3233 83 103 50 646 87 1293 73 223 44 223 44 970 30 404 29 161 72 1285 53 626 38 151 52 .............. 6290 72 Waterloo .............................. 1170 89 1203 07 1695 27 35 00 339_ 17 678 34 169 48 169 48 508 75 211 99 84 79 525 30 373 54 397 75 .............. 3493 79 --- ------Total... .................•..•....... $39514 91 $40936 71 $52621 65 $2278 50 $10535 78 $21071 62 $5267 90 $5267 90 $15803 72 $6584 84 $2633 96,$34107 09 $15900 36 $12484 73 $13271 15 $146440 91 ~;?r:x~~ f'UBL/SHER & f'ROf'RIE:TOR or THE WI/TERLO0 COURl£R n HISTORY OF BLACK HA WK COUNTY. THE Indian title to the territory in Iowa west of the Black Hawk Purchase and south of the neutral ground at Winnebago Reserve was not extin-guished until 1837, and the beautiful valley of the Red Cedar, a portion of which is now embraced in the limits of Black Hawk County, was the favorite hunting ground of the Sacs and Foxes. Nor did they relinquish it entirely when they ceded "the Beautiful Land " to the United States. For years, wandering bands roved through this region, and were occasionally very troublesome to the few white settlers who ventured to establish homes in the smiling wilderness. BOUNDARIES AND CIVIL DIVISIONS. Black Hawk County was created and its boundaries defined by act of the Territorial Legislature of Iowa, approved February 17 ,. 1843, and attached to Delaware County for judicial and revenue purposes. Black Hawk County contains sixteen Congressional townships, viz.: Town-ships Nos. 87, 88, 89 and 90 north of Ranges 11, 12, 13 and 14 west. These are divided into eighteen civil townships, as follows: Spring Creek, all of Township 87, Range 11, lying north of the Cedar River; Fox, Township 88, Range 11; Barclay, Township 89, Range 11; Lester, Township 90, Range 11; Bennington, Township 90, Range 12; Poyner, a strip two and one-half sections wide on east of Township 89, Range 12, all of Township 88, Range 12, on east side of Cedar River, except west half of Section 4, and Sections 5 and 6, and that part of Township 87, Range 12, lying east of the river (a town-ship about fifteen miles long and two and a half miles wide); Cedar, that part of Township 88, Range 12, west of Cedar River and that part of the north half of Township 87, Range 12, that lies west of the river; Big Creek, south half of Township 87, Range 12, and that part of Township 87, Range 11, which lies south of the Red Cedar River; Eagle, Tow~ship 87, Range 13; Orange, Township 88, Range 13; Waterloo, that part of Township 89, Range 13, and Township 89, Range 12, south of the Red Cedar; East Waterloo, that part of Township 89, Range 13, north and east of the Red Cedar, except Sec-tions 6 and 7, that part of Township 89, Range 12, not included in Poyner east of the river, and Sections 6, 5 and west half of Section 4, Township 88, Bange 12; Mount Vernon, Township 90, Range 13; Washington, east half of Town-ship 90, Range 14; Union, west half of Township 90, Range 14; Cedar Falls, Township 89, Range 14, and Sections 6 and 7, Township 89, Range 13; Black Hawk, Township 88, Range 14; Lincoln, Township 87, Range 14. LOCATION. Black Hawk County lies chiefly in the lovely and fertile valley of the Red Cedar River-the garden and granary of the State-unsurpassed on the Amer-B 308 HISTORY OF BLACK HAWK COUNTY. ican continent for beauty of scenery and fertility of soil. The general surface presents an undulating prairie, with an elevation slightly less than surrounding counties. The soil is a deep black, vegetable, sandy mold or loam, well adapt-ed to withstand both drough.ts and floods. Wheat and corn are the chief pro-ducts, but all grasses, grain and vegetables grown in the latitude can be raised to perfection here. Recently, however, the people of the county are devoting more attention to the dairy. STREAMS. The Red Cedar runs diagonally through the center of the county from north~ west to southeast, a beautiful river about two hundred yards wide and an aver-age depth of two feet. Its waters are clear., and, in this county, flow mostly over a rocky, gravelly bed, having an average fall of two feet six inches. The Wapsipinicon flows through the township of Lester. ~ Crane Creek flows through Bennington and Lester, and loses itself in the W apsipinicon. Black Hawk Creek drains the southwest, pouring its waters into the Cedar just a hove Waterloo. · Miller's Creek, Beaver Creek, Mud Creek, Prairie Creek and other small streams empty into the Cedar from the west, and Ellsworth, Elk Run, Poyner, Indian and Spring Creeks from the east. Til\IBER. Originally, the proportion of timber was about one acre to fourteen acres of prairie. Nearly all of that standing when the county was first settled has been cut off, but much of the land it covered has come up with second growth and many groves have been planted by the settlers, so that the supply has increased rather than diminished. It is said that the banks of the river were formerly covered in many places with groves of red cedar trees, from which fact the river took its name. A large portion of this valuable timber, however, was cut and rafted to St. Louis, before the advance guard of civilization began to settle in this beautiful valley, by bands of adventurers, some of whom continued their depredations after the removal of the Indians and after the white settlers began to occupy their hunt-ing grounds. One of these was Charles Dyer, who had a peculiarly formed hump-back, looking, as some of the early settlers described him, "as if he had shouldered himself." Dyer continued his work of plunder to such an extent that the white settlers determined to drive him from the county. They assembled, and visited his shanty in a body to deal with him in accordance with pioneer custom; but the gentleman whom they desired to see was not at home. After due deliberation-as they knew that Dyer could not read a note of warning if they left one for him-they stripped the bark from a large tree in front of his rude cabin, and, with a bit of charcoal, one of their number sketched upon the naked trunk a picture of the hump-back, which they riddled with bullets. The likeness was unmistakable, and it is said D.r.er understood it, as he quietly dis-appeared. It is not known when the event occurred or where Dyer's cabin was located. THE GEOLOGICAL FORMATION of the Red Ceda1• Valley is full of interest to the careful student of natural his-tory. Most of the county is underlaid with Devonian rock, generally of the Hamilton group, although the Chemung appears in the western part. Much of the rock is magnesian limestone, suitable for building purposes, while in other HISTORY OF BLACK HA WK COUNTY. 30!) localities it is entirely unfit for use. Fossils are numerous, and everywhere the limestone rock abounds with corals, sea-weeds, shells, spines, teeth, etc., of ganoid fishes, as well as teeth of those reptiles and fishes that abounded during the old red sandstone era. There are also evidences of vegetable life prior to the deposits constituting the present prairie. Ancient soil and timber are found in digging wells, gen-erally twenty-five to thirty feet below the present surface. Beautiful specimens of spar are frequently found, and agates and cornelians are occasionally picked up along the river banks. Boulders of granite, schist, quartz and greenstone scattered over the prairie are evidences that this was a part of the great drift region. Much of the lime-stone, when burned, makes excellent lime, while good brick-clay and sand are abundant and well distributed throughout the county. The climate is remarkably salubrious. Malarious diseases are rare. Win-ters are cold and long, but the cold is steady and the air pure and invigorating. The county is peculiarly adapted to grazing-the long Winter being the only drawback. EARLY SETTLEMENT. The first "pale-face'' to enter the domain of the Sacs and Foxes, in that portion of the valley of the Cedar now embraced within the limits of Black Hawk County, was, so far as is now known, G. Paul Somaneux, a Frenchman, who located at the Falls of the Cedar in the Spring or early Summer of 1837, and commenced trafficking with the natives. For some reason, probably not caring to spend the Winter alone, surrounded by " no gentler " neighbors than Indians, he left his encampment in the Fall of that same year. Although his first stay was so brief, Somaneux must probably be considered the pioneer set-tler of Black ·Hawk County, for he returned ten years after his first visit or stay, and in the Winter of 1847-48, in company with A. J . Taylor, trapped above Sturgis' Falls. During the following Summer of 1848, Somaneux worked for Overman & Co. In the Fall of that year, he trapped along the Shell Rock, and early in the Winter of 1848-49, made a claim and built a cabin where the village of Cedar City now stands. He is said to have been a very devout Catholic, having been reared by a Catholic priest at Detroit, Mich., and very rarely uttered a profane word. He died at his cabin in the Fall of 1850, and was buried on the bank of the slough, near by. Leaving no known heirs, his estate was administered by John T. Barrick. ROBERT STUART. Somaneux was not the only white man who came to the Cedar Valley in 1837. Robert Stuart, an elderly man, said to have been a surveyor, spent the Summer of 1837 in the vicinity of the Falls, engaged in trading with the Indians. Stuart's testimony remains, that the Summer of 1837 was extremely wet. The river, according to his statement, having risen to higher water than it has ever reached since that time. In 1855, Stuart was at Cedar Falls; while there an evangelist visited the place and held meetings in the school house every evening during the week, and announced three discourses on the Sabbath. He drew large audiences, and it was understood that a collection was to be taken up in his behalf, on Sunday afternoon. The house was crowd,ed as usual; Bob Stuart, the pioneer of 1837, was among the audience ; the sermon was long and Stuart got tired. He was near the door and determined to leave; he rose to his feet and deliberately 310 HISTORY OF BLACK HA WK COUNTY. marched up the aisle toward the preacher. Every eye was upon him, for he was over six feet high, gaunt, stoop-shouldered, grizzly, and dressed as a fron-tiersman; he halted at the desk, thrust his bony hand deep into his trousers, fished up a ten-cent piece, which he turned over on the open Bible with a mus-cular slap, and exclaimed, "Here's my sheer! " turned on his heel and passed out of the door, leaving both preacher and congregation paralyzed with aston-ishment. A man named Osborn, who afterward settled in the southern part of Cedar County, hunted at the forks of the Cedar prior to 1845, but in what year is not now known. From 1837 to 1844, a period of seven years, there are no traces of white occupation of any p9rtion of the territory of this county. It does not seem probable, however, that this beautiful valley could have been so long overlooked by the roving frontier traders and trappers known to have had their trampmg grounds in this region. Although the Sacs and Foxes had ceded this region to the United States in 1837, so that south of the neutral line it was open to white occupation, they had not left their old hunting grounds. The south line of the neutral groun,l, starting from a point on the left bank of the Des Moines River, 37 miles 70.50 chains below the second or upper fork of the same, and run-ning a course north 70 deg. 15 min. east, passed very near the forks of the Cedar, and very near the northwest corner of the county of Black Hawk, as subsequently laid out. This line was surveyed by James Craig, under instructions from the Super-intendent of Indian Affairs, April 9, 1833. North of this line, from 1833 to 1848, the Winnebago Indians had their Reserve, a strip forty miles wide, from the Des Moines River to the Mississippi. Along this line Indian traders and an occasional settler located. In 1840, Franklin Wilcox, with his family and his brother Nathaniel, settled just south of the line surveyed by Craig, in Fayette County; and a few miles east on the Volga, in 1841, George Culver built a log trading-post that is still standing. With these facts in view, and with the knowledge that white men lived on the bank of the Cedar in 1837, it is difficult to believe that from that date to 1844, this lovely valley was untrodden by any save Indian feet. It seems almost certain that other traders lived in succeeding Summers where Somaneux and Stuart tarried in 1837; but there are no evidences r~maining to verify this belief. In the Spring of 1844, however, William Chambers, a genuine specimen of the Western frontiersman, from Louisa County, established himself at the Falls of the Cedar, built a cabin, and engaged in trading with the Indians. The cabin which he occupied (whether he or some previous trader built it, is not so clear), stood on the south bank of the Cedar at the head of the Falls. The south end of the Dubuque & Pacific Railroad bridge at Cedar Falls is very near the spot where Chambers lived, ·' monarch of all he surveyed," in the Summer of 1844. It is not known whether Chambers made any "claim,'' as understood by Western pioneers. If he did, he abandoned it in the Fall, when he is said to have re-turned to hi's home in Louisa County, and never returned to make any perma-nent settlement. FIRST PERMANENT SETTLEMENT. The next visitors at this point were destined to make a more permanent loca-tion. In March, 1845, William Sturgis, a farmer from Michigan, and his wife, and Erasmus D. Adams, a cabinet maker from Ohio, then living in Johnson HISTORY OF BLACK HA WK COUNTY. 311 County, made a trip up the valley of the Red Cedar, in search of homes and a desirable water-power. Arrived at the point where Chambers had lived the previous year, they were charmed by the romantic beauty of the spot, and, with an eye to business, appreciating its adaptability for a town site in the future, they determined to remain and make claims. :Mr. Sturgis claimed the north part of the present town of Cedar Falls, including the mill site, and A.darns selected his claim farther south, near what is now called Dry Run. Sturgis built a double log cabin on the bank of the river, and broke five acres of prairie. Adams built a cabin on his claim, about two miles from Mr. Hanna's, and also broke about five acres. This breaking by Sturgis and Adams was the first breaking done in Black Hawk County. "Adams soon returned to Iowa City," says George W. Hanna, the only settler of 1845 now living in the county. " Sturgis had some hands, and commenced getting out timber for a mill, but his family got sick, and he and -his family went back to Iowa City again, leaving a Dutchman to work his claim, and not intending to return until other settlers came in. The man he left had a claim where Hon. Jeremiah Gay now lives (on Miller's Creek), and the creek took its name from him." To :Mrs. Sturgis must be accorded the credit of being the pioneer white woman of Black Hawk County. "In the Fall," says Mr. Hanna, '' Sturgis and his wife, and Adams, and his wife and his little boy John, came back and occupied the cabins they had built in the Spring previous." The Chambers' cabin was yet standing as he had left it, but soon after Sturgis and Adams moved to their claims in the Fall, it singularly enough tumbled into the river. By what mysterious agency this result was produced is not known, but it is said that Sturgis had a theory upon which the phenome-" non was to be explained; but he never, so far as is known, made the explanation. When the mill was built and the town of Cedar Falls was laid out, Sturgis' cabin proved to be near the upper end of the race, at the foot of Washington street, where it remained until, a few years ago, it was removed to give place to a more permanent and graceful building. In May or June, 1845, John Hamilton and his sons, also from Johnson County, arrived and made claims near Sturgis and Adams. They brought a team and breaking-plow with them, and broke some prairie. The Hamiltons did not remain long. Becoming dissatisfied, they abandoned their claims, returned to Johnson County, and left Sturgis and Adams the only white men in the county, whose nearest white neighbors were at Quasqueton, Buchanan County, and Fremont (Vinton), Benton County. They, too, had gone when, on the 18th day of July, 1845, George W. Hanna, with his wife and two children and his wife's brother, John Melrose, arrived and located on Section 20, Town 89, Range 13, about half-way between Sturgis' Falls and Prairie Rapids. If Mrs. Sturgis is fairly entitled to the honor of being the first white woman in the county, Mrs. Hanna has the honor of being the first to permanently settle here. In the Fall, about the time Sturgis and Adams moved in, William Virden and his family, consisting of his wife ,and little daughter, set,tled about half a mile southeast of Hanna's cabin, on what in 1878 is known as the " Glover Farm." The four families of Hanna, Sturgis, Adams and Virden, numbering thirteen souls, comprised the entire permanent population of Black Hawk County in the Winter of 1845-6. Mr. Sturgis made some progress with his dam across the Cedar at the head of the Falls during the Fall, but owing to the difficulty in obtaining "hands," the work progressed very slowly. 312 HISTORY OF BLACK HA WK COUNTY. Capt. Boone, of Missouri, visited Iowa in the Summer of 1836, and in the Fall of that year gave James Newell, then living in the vicinity of Muscatine, a glowing description of the region about the three forks of the Cedar, through which he had passed some years before in command of a squad of eleven soldiers, marching from Council Bluffs to Prairie du Chien. So much pleased had Boone been with the beauty of the surroundings that he halted his party there for four days, and spent the time in hunting and fishing. In the Spring of 1845, James Newell and Harris Wilson started out from the vicinity of Muscatine to visit the country along the upper part of Cedar River. At Marion, they were informed that the last settler northward lived 1,eventeen miles out, and that after they passed that lonely cabin they must keep a sharp look-out, for the Fall before the Indians had robbed two brothers named Ward who had been trapping along the Cedar. The two explorers met James Chambers as they proceeded northwestward, who told them it was a fine countl!y along the Cedar, but that no white man could live there in safety. because it was neutral ground for the Sacs, Foxes, Winnebagoes and Sioux, 'l'he first night in Black Hawk County, the two men camped near where Gil-bertsville was afterward laid out. Near where Waterloo now sta,nds, they crossed an Indian trail leading from Fort Atkinson to Indiantown, on the Iowa River, which crossed the Cedar at the rapids above. The men left the ford to the left, and came to the Cedar again near where Janesville now stands, where they crossed and explored the country between the Cedar and the Shellrock. While camping in the vicinity, a heavy rain occurred. They forded the Shellrock with great difficulty, and in crossing the Cedar the water filled their wagon-box. Wilson was hardly satisfied with the forks of the Cedar, but Newell had made up his mind to settle there. Returning, Wilson was better pleased with the land north of the Rapids, where Sturgis had just made his claim, but objected to the whole country as being too far from Muscatine. The two travelers decided they must visit Sturgis, and on the way Newdl picked up a piece of coal, which Wilson suggested had been carried thither by ice. Arriving opposite Sturgis Rapids, they found a small canoe at the eddy below, into which they got, Newell rowing. When they reached the main cur-rent, Wilson became frightened and stretched himself in the bottom of the boat, whimpering, praying and begging Newell to set him on shore. When they reached the south bank, Wilson sprang out and remarked that he'd "be d--d if Newell would get him in that boat again." They did not find Sturgis, anJ. had nothing to do but to return to camp. That evening, Wilson visited the bank of the second bottom, and found flood-wood about seven feet higher than their camping ground, which convinced him he did not want to settle there. The following Fall, 1845, Newell returned to the forks of the Cedar, called " Turkey Foot Forks " by the Indians, accompanied by his brother Robert, ·walter Fillman and Joseph Brown, but was much incommoded on the way by an attack of ague. His c9mpanions built him a cabin, and, not fancying the region, they soon returned down the river, Newell going back with them, fully determined to return to his claim as soon as possible. TRERPASSING ON THE PUBLIC LANDS. In January, 1846, James Newell and Hugh Rawdon started up the Cedar, with the intention of cuttin()' cedar logs and rafting them down. They engage(] Charles Hinkley, of Rcnto~ County, to go with them as guide. They found the Dickersons cuttin()' loO'S near the mouth of Big Creek. The Dickersons o o ~ HISTORY OF BLACK HAWK COUNTY. 313 informed them that" Cedar" Johnson had begun cutting eight miles above Big Creek in 1844. They found Johnson's cabin and moved in without ceremony, sending Rawdon back for grain for the teams. Johnson heard that his cabin was occupied, and sent word up the river for the party to vacate, or to "prepare their wooden jackets," for he intended to shoot them at sight. But the little party kept at work till they had cut and hauled logs enough for a raft eighty-four yards long. About this time they were visited by John Sturgis, who stayed one night with them. When Newell waa about ready to start, Johnson came up in a wagon, with two hands. His desire for human blood was not so great af! when he was at Cedar Rapids. Johnson went into the grove, saw that it was badly slashed, and returned to the cabin, where, after being invited in by Newell, he expostulated mildly about Newell's occupying his cabin, and gave Newell to understand that he intended to sue him for the value of the logs. Newell remarks concerning this, "that it would be a d-d pretty case-two thieves going to law about property they were stealing from the Government." 'l'he latter part of March came, and the water being too low for rafting, Newell started for home in a canoe down the Cedar, sold his place and made his preparations to move to Black Hawk County. He reached his cabin May 19, 1846. He mentions that his wagon broke down at Poyner Creek, and that Clark and Giles, of Quasqueton, passed by without offering to help him. He had sold his share of the raft, and was enabled to go to farming in earnest as soon as he reached his claim. In spite of the crows, he raised 500 bushels of corn, one hundred of which he sold to the Indians at a dollar a bushel. Wolves were very numerous around Newell's cabin in the Fall of 1846, killing off all his chickens but one rooster, whose gills turned white with fear. To save his life, they had to take him in the cabin of nights. In January or February, 1847, James Chambers made Newell a visit. He was going northward with a load of pork, driving up the river on the ice. June 1, 1846, James Virden came to visit his brother William and see the country, and was so well pleased that he made a claim and broke some prairie on the east side of the Cedar, at Prairie Rapids, on Section 23, Township 89, Range 13, just above the original town plat of Waterloo, but he did not build a cabin until the Fall of the next year. June 24, Charles Mullan and family, wife and two children (Mrs. Mullan was a sister of James and William Virden), located on the west side of the river, opposite Prairie Rapids, and built a log cabin on the northwest quarter of Section 26, Township 89, Range 1~. The first actual settler near the future city, Andrew Jackson Taylor, and his family, settled at Sturgis Falls about the same time. E. G. Young settled at Turkey Foot Forks, near Newell's, in the Fall of 1846, and two Williams families settled in the vicinity. Mr. Sturgis continued work on his dam during this year, but did not succeed in completing it. THE FIRST SCHOOL on the territory of the future county of Black Hawk was "kept" at Sturgis Falls, during the Summer of 1846, by Mrs. A. J. Taylor, with six scholars, who doubtless acquired the rudiments of knowledge under Mrs. Taylor's tuition just as readily and thoroughly as the pupils of a generation later with infinitely bet-ter advantages have done. 'rhe first electio11 occurred in August, 1846 (see "First Election" on suc-ceeding pages). 314 HISTORY OF BLACK HA WK COUNTY. It is said that when the Winter of 1846-7 set in, there were ten white families in the entire area of Black Hawk County, now so densely populated. Berry Way and another young man, well-known thieves from the Lower Cedar, made a trip through Black Hawk County in March, 1846, stop-ping at Newell's logging camp over night. The next morning, they proceeded up the Cedar, spent the night with'' Big Wave," a Winnebago Chief, and to requit!l that chief's hospitality, stole two valuable horses from him before day-light next morning. About twenty of Big Wave's band pursued them, and found them at a singing school near Center Point. They threatened to shoot the trio, but the settlers interfered and persuaded the Indians it would be best to place the thieves under arrest and let the law take its course. The scoun-drels were accordingly confined in jail at Marion, but soon after escaped. In December, 1846, Winnesheik, the head chief of the Winnebagoes, paid Newell a visit, accompanied by Big Wave and 250 men and women. The Indians camped for the Winter in the grove near Newell's. In February, 184 7 ,I a band of Pottawatomies, 250 in number, came and camped on the Cedar also, soon after which, both bands celebrated their meeting with a feast and dance. In the Spring, the Indians broke camp to make sugar, the Winneba-goes going up the Shell Rock, and the Pottawatomies coming down the Cedar toward Sturgis Rapids. INDIAN RAID. It is said that during the first year of the settlement, probably in 1846, the Sioux made a raid down the Cedar, and surprised and killed nine Winneba-goes near Newell's Ford, on Turkey Foot Forks. The next year, the Winne-bagoes surprised a camp of Sioux about twenty-five miles above, while the braves were absent hunting, and killed twenty-seven squaws and papoose,;. Mr. James Virden, however, thinks that originally the twenty-seven squaws and papooses were a Sioux brave and a boy, only two, increased to twenty-seven by the lapse of years. In Febuary, 1847, the Overmans and John T. Barrich came to Sturgis Falls. Sturgis was trying to build a dam and mill, but his resources were very limited, and he finally concluded to sell, and during the next Fall did sell, to John W. Overman, D. C. Overman and Barrick, his claim of 280 acres of land, including the mill site and improvements, for $2,200, Barrick borrowing $500 of James Newell to make part payment for his share of the purchase. The new firm pushed the work with such energy that early in 1848 they had the saw-mill-the first in the county-in operation, and in 1850, in a shed addition to the saw-mill, the company put in one run of stones cut from a granite bowl-der in the vicinity. 1'his was the first grist-mill in the county, and was of great service to the settlers who patronized it for a hundred miles north and west. COULDN'T SCARE Hil\f. About 184 7, Moses Bates, from Wes tern Indiana, located on Section 14, Township 87, Range 11 (Spring Creek Township), on the bank of Spring Creek. Bates appears to have been connected with the gang of prairie bandits, and was a "hard case.'' On one occasion he went to the cabin of Henry Gray, who had settled near him. Abruptly entering his neighbor's house, he roughly inquired of Gray if he knew who his visitor was. Gray said he had that honor, whereupon Bates, who was armed with a rifle, tomahawk, three revolvers and a bowie-knife, informed his quiet neighbor that he might have just three days to pack up his" traps'' and leave the county. Gray, however, did not belong to a HISTORY OF BLACK HA WK COUNTY. 315 timid family; he didn't "scare" worth a cent. His trusty rifle was hanging just over his head. He coolly took it down, "drew a bead" on his surly neighbor and exclaimed, "D--n you, Bates, I'll give you just three minutes to get out from here. Git! " It is needless to add that before the three minutes had ex-pired, Bates had placed himself at a safe distance from Gray's rifle. On another occasion a German from Allamakee County, in search of some horses that had been stolen, found them in Bates' possession. There were 0th.er evidences of Bates' propensity to appropriate to his own use the property of others, without rendering compensation, and about a dozen stalwart settlers gathered, took the offender into the woods, stripped him and tied him securely to a tree. The men then prudently formed a ring with their backs to the cen-ter while the irate owner of the stolen horses applied a liberal dose of hickory to his bare back. Bates afterward had his castigator arrested, but as there were no witnesses who had seen him chastised, he was unable to maintain his accusation. Bates sold out to John Clark in 1852, and removed to Boone County, where he died. Soon after Bates, Peyton Culver and John Robinson settled near him on the southwest quarter of Section 14, and commenced building a saw-mill on Spring Creek, but abandoned the project, and after remaining a year or two removed to Marysville. The years 1848 and 1849 were uneventful, and the population of the county did not increase very rapidly. Among those who sought homes in Black Hawk during these two years were William Pennell, H. H. Meredith, J. L. Kirkpatrick, Geo. Philpot, Jonath,in R. Pratt, Edwin Brown and Samuel Newell. A VENGEFUL SAVAGE. In the Spring of 1848, after the Indians had been collected at Fort Atkin-son prior to their removal to Minnesota, one of them, "Very Good'' Johnson, returned to Turkey Foot Forks, and falling in with Paul Somaneux, got d1·unk and quareled with him. Somaneux gave him more whisky and paddled up the river to his camp. Johnson went to Newell's house, breathing vengeance toward Somaneux. He then 8tarted off, and meeting George Newell in the river bottom, after threatening Somaneux, fired at George, one of the buck-shot grazing his skull. George ran to the house, and had just got a satisfactory bead on Mr. Johnson, when Mrs. Newell caught hold of the gun and drew him in the house. His brother Thomas coming along just then, saw Johnson in the act of leveling his gun on George again. Thomas snatched the piece from the Indian, and took it into the house, Johnson following. There Thomas took the drunken vagabond in hand and inflicted a punishment that left him with a couple of fractured ribs, which made him roar for mercy. The impudence of Johnson was sublime. On his way to his camping place up the river he met James Newell, who, being struck with the scamp's woe-begone appearance, asked him what was the matter. Johnson's only answer was a grunt. Noti-cing that the scamp had his blanket wrapped around his noble form although the weather was hot, Newell snatched it o:fl~ when it was very evident what 11iled the vagabond. The Indian, in reply to Newell's questioning look, merely said, "Two ribs-Thomas no good," and made off. Had Newell known of the affray it is probable the Indian would haTre had more bones broken. '' BLACK HAWK STORE.'' During the Summer of 1850, Andrew Mullarky removed from Independ-ence to Sturgis' Falls, brought a small stock of goods and opened a store. He 316 HISTORY OF BLACK HA WK COUNTY. occupied a small building on the north side of First street, which served for both store and residence. This was soon named the "Black Hawk Store," the first in the county, and, like the mill, drew custom for a hundred miles north and west. POPULATION IN 1850. In 1850, according to the United States census of that year, there were 26 families in the county, with a total population of 135 persons; 75 males and 60 females. The whole number of children attending sehool was four, and there were two births and two deaths during that year. There were 389 acres of improved land; farming implements valued at $655; 15 horses, 39 cows, 28 oxen, 41 head of other cattle, 40 sheep and 183 hogs. The entire productions of the county in that year were 160 bushels of wheat, 2,150 bushels of corn, 100 bushels of oats, 7 5 bushels buckwheat, 120 pounds of wool, 3,364 pounds of maple sugar, and 61-5 pounds of honey. In 1852 the population had increased to 315. FIRST BIR'fHS, WEDDINGS AND DEATHS. The first white child born in the county was Jennette, daughter of William Sturgis, born Oct. 1, 1846. The first white male child was Henry F . Adams son of E. D. Adams, who was born three days after Jennette Sturgis. The third birth was Emily Hanna, March 7, 1847. The first wedding, so far as can now be a:scertained, was that of James Vir-den and Charlotte Pratt, at the house of Jonathan R. Pratt at Cedar City. The license was obtained from the County Judge of Buchanan County, Feb. 25, 1851, and the wedding took place on the 27th, George W. Hanna, Justice of the Peace, officiating. The records of Buchanan County show the following marriages under that jurisdiction, viz .: David S. Pratt and Miss Jane Sturgis, license issued Sept. 16, married by Edwin Brown, Justice of the Peace, Sep-tember 21, 1851 ; James S. Hampton and Mary Ann Payne, license dated June 22, married June 27, 1852, by George W. Hanna, Justice of the Peace; Marquis L. Knapp and Mary Streeter, licensed Sapt. 3, married Sept. 5, 1852, by G. W. Hanna, Justice of the Peace; James Keeler, Jr. and Cornelia Streeter, married Sept. 21, 1852, by James Keeler, · Justice of the Peace; Adam Shigley and Aurelia S. Harwood, license issued June 13, 1853, married June 14, by Benoni Harris, local preacher. The first marriage of any resident of Black Hawk, however, was that of James Newell. His wife died June 2, 1847, and his family, one an infant born May 21, 1847, needed the care of a mother; accordingly he found Mrs. Howard in Cedar County, and married her there, Nov. 7, 1847. The first death was James Monroe Hanna, infant son of George W. and Mary Hanna, who died Oct. 18, 1845. The second was Mrs. James Newell, June 2, 184 7. The third death, so far as is known, was that of Mary Virden, 2 years old, daughter of William Virden, whose clothes took fire accidentally, and she was so badly burned that she died soon after, in 1848. In 184 7, Rev. Mr. Collins, a missionary of the Methodist Episcopal Church, visited the region and held religious services in Mr. Mullan's cabin at "Prairie Rapids" and at other places in the county where there were any settlers to listen to him. Rev. Mr. Johnson, also :1 Methodist, preached to the pioneers of Black Hawk a little later in the same year. It is perhaps a little singular that no post office was established in Black Hawk County until Jan. 3, 1850, when Dempsey 0. Overman was appointed Postmaster at Cedar Falls. The arrival of the first mail was quite an event, HISTORY OF BLACK HAWK COUNTY. 317 but for some time the mails were so small that the Postmaster used to carry the letters iu his hat, delivering them as he happened to meet the persons addressed. It is not known that there were any other carrier deliveries in the State at that time, and Mr. Overman may be called the Pioneer Letter Carrier of Iowa. ~'he mails were carried on horseback by Thomas W. Case, and the receipts of the first quarter were $2.50. It was nearly two years after the establishment of the first post office at Cedar Rapids before the second one was established at Waterloo. In the Summer or Fall of 1851, Charles Mullan circulated a peti-tion for a post office at Prairie Rapids, or '' Prairie Rapids Crossing,'' as the little hamlet was then called, and asking for the appointment of Charles Mullan as Postmaster. The petition had seven signatures. The petitioners had not agreed upon a name for the post office, but left the selection to Mr. Mullan, who, when he took the petition to Cedar Falls to be indorsed by the postmaster there, looked through the list of post offices in the United States to find a name. He found Waterloo, was pleased with it, selected it, and in due time the necessary papers were received, dated December 29, 1851. The post office being named Waterloo, the town and township were designated by the same name. In 1851, Mr. John T. Barrick had disposed of his interest in the mill property to the Overmans, Edwin Brown and Dr. H. H. Meredith. This change brought into the combination considerable capital, which was at once applied to developing the water-power. The race was increased in width and depth, and the brush dam was replaced with one of logs and plank, and soon after a three-story flouring mill was erected. But this was not all. A town plat was surveyed, and the little settlement for the first time received the name of Cedar Falls. 'l'he plat was not recorded, however, and two years later the town was again surveyed and recorded as Independence. John R . CaIJ).eron purchased the first lot, on the southeast corner of Main and Second streets, on which he erected a frame building for a store, which is still standing. The first frame dwelling was that of Samuel Wick, on First street, near Main. At the time the plat was made, there were nine log cabins and forty inhabitants in the new town of Cedar Falls. The first lawyer to settle in the county was Samuel Wick. He settled at Cedar Falls, and was there in 1850. The first lawyer at Waterloo was John Randall. When Black Hawk County was createcl, in 1843, it was attached to Dela-ware County; but in 1845 it was attached to Benton County, and in 18-:16. states Geo. W. Hanna, Esq., under Benton jurisdiction, an election was held at the house of E. D. Adams, near the Falls. At this election, Geo. W. Hanna, E. D. Adams and John Melrose were the judges, and William Sturgis and a man from Benton County, whose name is forgotten, were the clerks. George W. Hanna, E. D. Adams and John Melrose were elected Justices of the Peace at this election, who held their offices for five years, as Mr. Hanna states that after that first election, in 1846, there was none held until 1851. The first action of the County Commissioners of Buchanan County, relating to Black Hawk, was recorded April 14, 1851, when the following entry was made: Application of Black Hawk County and Bremer County to be set off into separate election precincts ,11lowed. Black Hawk to be one, and Bremer to be one, and election ordered on the 28th day of April inst., at --- in Black Hawk County, and at J. H. i\Iessinger' s in Bremer. under this order, the second election in Black Hawk Countv was held at the house of John T. Barrick. 'fhere are no records of the me~ting, but it is remembered that ' Squire Hanna was re-elected Justice of the Peace, and Edwin 318 HISTORY OF BLACK HAWK COUNTY. Brown was elected Justice of the Peace, and John Melrose and Norman Williams, Constables. The first assessment rolls of Buchanan County on which the names of Black Hawk settlers appear, were mn,dc in 1851, when the following citizens of Black Hawk were assessed, viz.: E. D. Adams, F. Davenport, D. -S. Pratt, D. S. Pratt & Co., William Virden, Overman & Co.,-- Brown, D. C. Over-man, E. Brown, J. Morgan, Mahlon Lupton, F. Hohiner, A. Mullarky, George Philpot, David Davis, G. W. Hanna, J. Melrose, John Virden, R. Jones, L. Downing, William Sturgis, Henry S. Crumrine, James Wadell, C. Mullan, Geo. Ellis, Hiram Hampton, James Virden, G. B. White, John Crumrine, J. L. Kirkpatrick, J. H. Pennell, Chas. McCaffree, Thomas Pinner, A. Nims, Mosis Bates, 0. H. Hadon (Hayden), - Layseur, J. H. McRoberts, John Clark, Isaac Virden, C. H. Wilson, S. Wick, Perrin Lathrop, J. R. Pratt, Thomas Newell, S. S. Knapp, M. L. Knapp, C. F. Jaquith, Benj. Knapp, Elbridge (G.) Young, A. C. Finney, John Fairbrother, W. W. Payne, J. T. Barrick, S. T. Vail. In 1850, a man named Brown settled on 1Section 22, Township 87, Range 11 (Spring Creek), and Henry Gray located in the northeast part of the town-ship in 1851; and in 1852, Chl).rles Sturtevant, Edmund Sawyer, Henry Gipe, William Gipe, Jesse Shimer and D. B. Seeter settled in the same township. About 1850, a supply of flour and meal became a matter of no small importance to the little settlement at Sturgis' Rapids ( Cedar Falls). There was no grist-mill in the county, and very little grain raised. The Mississippi River was the nearest point at which supplies of that essential commodity could be obtained. John T. Barrick was chosen to go for such supplies, the country affording plenty of meat in the wild game that was here in abundance. He accordingly made the journey to Muscatine, but was much delayed by high water, there having been a great deal of rain. He was able in about five weeks to return as far as Big Creek, where the city of La Porte now stands. He found the creek impassable, on account of its height, with a large camp of Indians,., waiting on its banks for the return of their hunters, who had gone out on a buffalo chase. He tried in vain to procure the assistance of the Indians in crossing the swollen stream. They would assist with their canoes if he would give them half of his flour, which he refused to do, though offering to pay them liberally for their assistance. In the mean time the hunters returned, after a successful chase, and learning the situation of our hero, they also attempted to enforce the tribute which their comrades had demanded; but failing in nego-tiations, they took him prisoner and took his team from the vicinity', but did not attempt to pilfer his flour. The second day they became tired of holding him, and set him across the creek with orders to leave. Returning to Sturgis' Rap-ids, he procured the assistance of some mutual friends and returned for his team and wagon. After some parleying and considerable pay, the team was brought back, his load ferried acro8s, his wagon floated over, and they successfully started on the road to their settlement, where they arrived in due time, and thus another Indian massacre was happily avoirainage Com-missioner, to hold their respec tive offices until the first Monday in April, 1853 [ 4 ?J. The first election was unquestionably held as ordered above, but the poll books and tally lists are not to be found. They were returned to the County Judge of Buchanan County, and by him turned over, with other documents, to the county authorities of Black Hawk after the election, as appears of record, but they are not accessible. It would be interesting to know the names of the persons who organized this county a qua.rter of a century ago. At that first election, however, held on the first Monday in August, 1853, the following officers were elected, viz.: County Judge, Jonathan R. Pratt; Treasurer and Recorder, Aaron Dow ; Clerk of the District Court, John H. Brooks; Prosecuting Attorney, William L. Christie; Sheriff, John Virden: School Fund Commissioner, H. H. Fowler; Drainage Commissioner, Norman Jackson; Coroner, Edmund Butterfield; County Surveyor, Charles Mullan. It is said that there was no person in the county at that time authorized to administer the oath of office to the new county officers; consequently, on the C 324 HISTORY OF BLACK HAWK COUNTY. 9th day of August, Mr. Pratt, County Judge elect, went to Independence, where the oath of office was duly administered to him by the County Judge of Buchanan County, 0. H. P. Roszell. The first recorded act of the first County Court of Black Hawk County was the administering of the oath of office to the other county officers elect, on the 17th day of August, on which day all their official bonds were filed and approved, and they entered upon the discharge of their official duties. Black Hawk County was now completely organized, with a government of its own. July 4, 1853, was celebrated by the people of the county at Waterloo. A brush tent or arbor was erected on the bank of the river, above Mill Square. The Declaration of Independence was read; speeches made by John Virden, John H. Brooks and others ; a picnic dinner by the assembled multitude ; after which, the usual patriotic toasts were read and appropriate responses made. The first tax levy was made by Judge Pratt, August 28, 1853, when the Court Orriered, That a tax of six mills on the dollar be levied, for county purposes, including the sup-port of the poor, and with a poll tax of fifty cents on all able-bodied men not over fifty years of age; and for the support of schools, one and one-half mills on the dollar; one mill on a dollar for road purposes ; one and a quarter mills on the dollar for State purposes-making a total of eight and three-fourths mills on the dollar. The total amount of taxable property at that time, including the "unseated" land, and also including the other counties attached to Black Hawk for revenue purposes, was $91,608.58. Amount of county tax ..................................................................... $642 92 Whole amount of State tax ............................................................... 110 '27 Whole amount of road tax............................................................... 80 11 Whole amount of school tax............................................................. 39 78 Total. ............................................................................. $873 08 The first marriage after the organization of the county was that of Henry Clark and Sarah Winset. Mr. Clark had considerable difficulty in obtaining the requisite license. He came up to Waterloo, forded the river, found the Clerk of the Court, John H. Brooks, who informed the anxious young man that the County Judge was the proper authority to issue marriage licenses. Judge Pratt lived at Cedar City, but he, said the sympathizing Brooks, was absent from home, and it was very doubtful whether the necessary papers were acces-sible. At the earnest solicitation of Mr. Clark, Mr. Brooks accompanied him to Cedar City, when they found that Judge Pratt was not only away from home, but that his trunk was locked. Inside that trunk was the paper Clark wanted. The Clerk was equal to the emergency, however; with a knife for a screw-driver he soon removed the lock, found the necessary paper, which he made out and delivered to Clark on the 27th day of September, 1853. On the 29th, the couple were joined in matrimony, at Spring Creek, Rev. C. N. Moberly officiating on the happy occasion. CITIES AND TOWNl'l. Cedar Falls, located on Sections 8 and 9, Town 89, Range 14, John M. Overman, Phebe J. Overman, William P. Overman, Harriet C. Overman, Demcy C. Overman and Edwin Brown, proprietors. Acknowledged April 12, 1853, and ordered to be recorded, by 0. H. P. Roszell, County Judge of Buchanan County, April 26, 1853. Twenty-five additions have been made to, the original plat. Waterloo, located on Sections 23, 24, 25 and 26, Town 89, Range 13. ' Plat filed for record June 24, 1854. Surveyed and platted by Charles Mullan, HISTORY OF BLACK HAWK COUNTY. 325 County Surveyor. George W. Hanna, Mary Hanna, Lewis Hallock, Lady A. Hallock, Charles Mullan and America Mullen, John H. Brooks, Lucinda Brooks, proprietors on west side, and Jonathan R. Pratt, James Virden, Char-lotte Virden, B. M. Cooley on both sides. Their several acknowledgments were made, the first in December, 1853. Twenty-six additions have been made to the original plat. Gilbertsville, located on Sections 23, 22 and west half, northeast quarter Section 27, Town 88, Range 12. Surveyed and platted by John W. Holmes, July 2, 1856. John Chambaud and John Felton, proprietors. Ottawa, located on north half of southwest quarter of Section 25, Town 87, Range 12. John Dees .and Nancy Dees, proprietors. Surveyed by Joseph Owen. Acknowledged November C, 1854. Filed for record November 6, 1854. Barclay, located on northwest quarter Section 13, Town 89, Range 11. Surveyed by D. A. Sovereign, August 8, 1854. James Barclay, Lucinda Bar-clay, proprietors. Filed for record April 7, 1855. Janesville, located on the northwest of northeast of Section 2, Town 90, Range 14. Surveyed July 24, 1855, by George W. Miller. Mary Ann Fair-brother and Hiram Fairbrother, proprietors. Filed for record January 12, 1856. Brooklin, located in Black Hawk and Benton Counties. Surveyed April 3, 1856, by Newell Colby, County Surveyor of Benton County. H. N. Brooks, proprietor. Filed for record June 22, 1860. Cedar City, located on south half of Section 6, Town 89, Range 13. Sur-veyed by George W. Miller, County Surveyor. William M. Dean and Sarah Dean, proprietors. Filed for record May 16, 1856. Hudson, located on west half of Section 26, Town 88, Range 14. Surveyed June 15, 1857, by William L. Miller, Deputy County Surveyor. John L. Alline, Mary Alline and Asaph Sergeant, proprietors. Filed for record June 24, 1857. La Porte City, on south half of Section 25, Town 87, Range 12. Surveyed by Wesley Whipple, Surveyor, January 5, 1855. Jesse Wasson, Junia Wasson, W. Catlin and Rozella Catlin, propritors. Fiied for record July 16, 1855. At least twelve additions have been made to the original plat. Warren, located on southeast quarter Section 16, Town 87, Range 11 (Spring Creek). Surveyed October 11, 1855, by George W. Miller, County Surveyor. Warren Rankins. Eliza J. Rankins, proprietors. Filed October 15, 1855. Fees not paid and never recorded. Good crops are raised on the site of this town. Raymond, located on Sections 2 and 3, Town 88, Range 12, was surveyed by John Ball, County Surveyor, April 11, 1866. Edward E. McStay, pro-prietor. Filed for record June 14, 1867. Finchford, located on Section 7, Town 90, Range 14. Surveyed, June, 1869, by Edwin Rodenberger, County Surveyor. Lewis Goings, Elizabeth Goings, proprietors. Filed for record June 11, 1872. Florence City, was the high-sounding name of a town laid out on Section 35, Town 87, Range 11, on Cedar River, March 5, 1855. The plat of the town was presented to the County Court for approval, with a petition asking that it might be recorded, but the Judge refused to order it recorded on account of alleged informalities. October 3, 1853. Ordered by Judge Pratt, that the County Court ses,;ions be held at the office of L. D. C. Maggart, in the village of Cedar Falls. 326 HISTORY OF BLACK HA WK COUNTY. FERRIES. The Red Cedar is a shallow stream, easily and safely forded in many places in ordinary stages of water; but something more was necessary; bridges were out of the question at that time, and a ferry appeared to be one of the essential wants of the little qommunity; and an enterprising settler was ready to supply it, as appears from the following entry in the County Court records of October 12, 1853: Now, to wit, this day, Samuel L. May makes application for a license to erect and keep a ferry at Waterloo, across Cedar River at said place, and on proof that the legal notice has been given, by posting up as the law directs ; and, also, the said applicant having filed the bonds -required by law in a penalty of $200 and bonds being approved by the court, whereupon the court grant to said Samuel L, May the exclusive right to keep and run a ferry boat or boats on the Cedar River, at Waterloo, and this privilege to extend one mile each way, up and down the river fr0m Waterloo, for ten years from this date, if so long the applicant shall attend and cause to be kept in good order, and in all respects comply with the requirements of the law in regard to ferries, and the court prescribe the following rates of toll to be charged, and no greater, to wit: For each footman, 5 cents; man and horse, 15 cents; one horse and buggy, 20 cents ; two horses and wagon, ~5 cents; two horses and carriage, 25 cents ; four horses and wagon, 50 cents; two yokes of oxen and wagon, 50 cents ; neat cattle, per head, 10 cents ; horses, per head, 10 cents'; sheep, per head, 3 cents ; hogs, per head, 3 cents. The said May is to ferry free of charge all persons going to or returning from meetings on the Sabbath, and all voters going to or returning from elections held at Waterloo. J. R. PRATT, County Judge. Mr. May established his ferry at a point a little above the present dam. April 3, 1855, the County Court granted a license to Benoni H. Butter-field to run a ferry across Cedat River from Tenth street, Waterloo (just below the Court House). This franchise extended a mile down the river. On the 23d day of August, of the same year, Mr. Butrerfield sold his license to Lewis Hal-lock, for $7 00. June 5, 1855, a license was granted to Benjamin Barnes to run a ferry across the Cedar River, at or near Section 29, Town 87, Range 11. In 1857, Messrs. Lake & Bullock established a steam ferry above the dam at Waterloo, and operated it for a short time; but the boat was unwieldy, ran over the dam two or three times, and finally laid itself upside down near the livery stable, on the bank of the river, which terminated the experiment. August 8, 1854, the County Court granted a license to J. R. Cameron to run a ferry across Cedar River opposite the village of Cedar Falls. SALE OF COUNTY LOTS IN CEDAR FALLS. November 22, 1853, '.Judge Pratt ordered that the fifty-six lots in the village of Cedar Falls, donated to the county by the people of that town, "be offered for sale at public vendue on the 24th day of December next, for the purpose of raising a fund to erect a building for county offices; thirty day~' notice to be given of the sale, by posting up notices.'' _ On the day appointed, December 24, 1853, eleven lots were sold as follows : To John Melrose, Lot No. 2, Block 4, for ........................... $17 00 paid. To John Hartman, Lot No. 3, Block 4, for .......................... 19 00 paid. To Lewis Hallick, Lot No. I, Block 15, for .......................... 38 00 paid $24 60 To W. Claton, Lot No. 2, Block 15, for ........ ,. ......... ............. 21 00 paid. To J. A. Dunham, Lot No. 3, Block 15, for .......................... 14 00 paid. To John R. Cameron, Lot No. 4, Block 15, for ...................... , 10 50 paid. To John T. Barrick, Lot No. 6, Block 11, for....................... 9 00 paid. To John R. Cameron, Lot No. 7, Block 11, for..................... 9 75 paid. To L. Barrick, Lot No. 2, Block 19, for .............................. 20 00 paid. To L. D. C. Maggart, Lot No. 7, Block 19, for .................... , 16 00 Pl!-id. To Henry Melin, Lot No. 3, Block 28, for ............... ........... 9 00 paid. $183 25 March 4, 1854, sold to E. D. Adams six lots for................................ 60 00 Total . . . . . . . . . . •• • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. .. . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . .... . .. . . $243 25 HISTORY OF BLACK HA WK COUNTY. 327 January 2, 1854, the Court appointed William L. Christy "Agent, for the purpose of examining and selecting the overflowed and swamp lands in the county of Black Hawk, and State of Iowa, and report ,to this office by the first day of March next.'' January 1, 1854, by order of the County Court, C. F. Jaquith was paid $15.33 for rent of a room for use of the county. WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP. Among the earlier and more important duties devolving upon the County Judge was that of carving the county into civil townships; and this has been done in some cases without regard to Congressional township lines. The creation of these townships constitutes one of the more interesting portions of the history of the county, and the transcript from the r c: cords will be new to many oi the residents of the county who settled here after the civil divisions were made. First among these was the following: On petition of Benjamin Knapp and others, the County Court made the following: It is Ordered, That the i.nhabitants of Congressional Township 90 north of Range 14 west, be organized as a township of Black Hawk County, under the name of Washington. * * And it is further Ordered, That the first township election in the town of Washington be held on the first Monday of April next, at the house of Delos Jordan in said township, and that the following town officers be then and there elected, to wit. : Three Trustees, one Town Clerk, two Constables, two Justices of the Peace, one Assessor and one Supervisor of Roads, and that an order be issued to Benjamin Knapp, of said town, for such election, and that Benjamin Knapp, Chris-topher Wilson and John Knapp are appointed Judges of Election. It is also Ordered, That the Congressional Township 90 north , Range 13 west, be attached to and be a part of the township of Washington for revenue, election and judicial purposes, with all privileges of the citizens of Washington Township. J. R. PRATT, County Judge . Feb. 6, 1854. At the first election in the township, on the first Monday in April, 1856, John Wallin Hitchcock, James Newell and V alorus Thomas were elected 'l'rustees; E. G. Young, Clerk; John Knapp and J. Ackerson, Justices of the Peace; W. J. Sherman and Elijah Eggers, Constables. . The first settlers in this township were James Newell and Elbridge G. Young. A school was taught by William Dean in James Newell's house, in the Winter of 1850-51. CEDAR FALLS TOWNSHIP. On petition of John R. Cameron and others, it was Ordered, That the inhabitants of said township (89-14) be organized as a township of the county of Black Hawk, by the name of CEDAR FALLS ; and . It is further Ordered, That the first election thereof be held on the first Monday of April next, at the house of Andrew Mullarky, and that John R. Cameron, Henry Mellin and Luther L. Pease be Judges of said election. Feb. 6, 1854. J. R. PRATT, County Judge. At the election on the first Monday in April following, Henry Mellin and George Philpot were elected Justices of the Pe;:tce ; Elias Overman, Andrew Mullarky and 0. F. Jaquith, Trustees; E. D. Adams, Clerk; J. R. Cameron, Assessor; J. W. Maggart and T. M. Taylor, Constables. WATERLOO TOWNSHIP. February 7, 1864, the petition of Edward Butterfield and other citizens in Congressional Township No. 89 north, Range 13 west, praying for it to be made into a civil township, was presented and the following order passed : It is Ordered, That the inhabitants -of said Congressional Township be organized as a town-ship of the county of Black Hawk, under the name of Waterloo; and 328 HISTORY OF BLACK HAWK COUNTY. It i,further Ordered, That the firs( town election in the township of Waterloo be h0ld on the first Monday of April next after the date hereof. at the school house in the village of Water-loo, in said township, and that the following township officers be then and there elected, to wit : Three Trustees, one Clerk, two Constables, two Justices of the Peace, one Assessor, one Super-visor of Roads, and such other County and State officers as are to be elected at the next April election, and that a warrant be issued to James Virden, for such election of said Township, and that James Virden, H. N. Ayers and Samuel L. May be Judges of said election. Order _dated Feb. 7, 1854. Jo1rn H. BROOKS, Clerk. And it is further Ordered, That two tiers of sections on the north side of Township 88, Range 12, be attached to the township of Waterloo, for election, judicial and revenue purposes. J. R. PRATT, County Judge. At the election ordered above, Morrison Bailey and Charles Mullan were elected Justices of the Peace; John L. Kirkpatrick, Martin Bailey and H. N. Ayers, Trustees; 0. W. Buffum, Clerk; John Melrose, Assessor. The first settler was George W. Hanna, in 1845, followed by James Virden and Charles Mullan. in 1846. HELENA TOWNSHIP. February 7, 1854, Helena was organized by the foll~wing order: It is Ordered, That the inhabitants of Congressional Township 89 north, Range 12 west, be organized as a township of said county by the name of Helena, under the laws of this State; and that said town be attached to the town of Waterloo for all election, judicial and revenue pur-poses ; Provided, That the inhabitants thereof shall be allowed to vote for the town officers of said town of Waterloo. It is also Ordered, That the Congressional Towns 89 north, Range 11 west ; 88 north, Ranges 13 and 14 west, and two miles off the north side of Town 88 in Range 12 west, be attached to Waterloo. February 7, on petition of N. S. Jackson and others, Township 88 north, Ranges 13 and 14 west, was attached to Waterloo for election and judicial pur-poses. This township was never organized. LESTER TOWNSHIP. On petition of A. S. McDowell and others, the following order was passed: It is Ordered, That the inhabitants of Congressional Towns 89 and 90 north in Range 11 west, and Town 90 north in Range 12 west. be organized into a township by the name of Lester, and that the first election for said township be held at the house of A. S. McDowell, * * * '* and that A. S. McDowell, E. S. Wheeler and J. R. Owens be Judges of said election. J. R. PRA'rT, County Judge. At the election so ordered, Alonzo W. Barber, Thomas Wilson and E. S· Wheeler were elected Trustees; E. S. Wheeler, Clerk; Jonathan R. Owens and James Barkley, Justices of the Peace. · PRECINCT NO. 1-(MILLER's CREEK TOWNSHIP.) Beside creating townships, the County Court exercised its authority and ingenuity in the creation of election precincts, composed of several Congres-sional townships and parts of townships. February 7, 1854, the Court Ordered, That the inhabitants of the following Congressional towns, viz.: 87 north of Range 14, 87 north of Range 13; and all that part of Congressional townships, viz.: 87 north of Range 12 and 87 north of Range 11, lying west of the Cedar River; and all that part of Congressional Town 88 north of Range 12 lying west of the Cedar River and south of a line running through said town from the Cedar River to the west boundary thereof, and on the south line of Section 7, be organized as ati election precinct of the county of Black Hawk, under the n».me of Precinct No. 1 ; and that the first election thereof be held on the first Monday of April next after the date hereof, at the house of John G. Forbes, in said precinct. * * * * And that John G. Forbes, 0. H. Hayden and J. R. Points be the Judges of said Election. Although no order of court appears changing the name, the above territory appears to be recognized in subsequent records as "Miller's Creek Township," HISTORY OF BLACK HA WK COUNTY. 329 to which an election was held on the first Monday in April following, when Thomas R. Points, John C. Walker and Michael Bunting were elected Trustees; .John G. Forbes, Clerk; Joseph Bown, Assessor; John C. Reeves, Justice of the Peace, and R. C. Harris and John King, Constables. PRECINCT NO. 2-(SPRING CREEK TOWNSHIP.) It is her,by ord,red, That the inhabitants of that part of Congressional Township 88 north of Range 12 lying east of the Cedar River, and south of a line running east from said river to the east line of said township, and south of Section 12; and those parts of C,,ngressional Towns 87 north of Range 11 nnd 87 north of Range 12 lying east of the Cedar River; and of Congres-sional Town 88 north of Range 11, in said county, be organized as an election precinct of said county, under the name of Precinct No. 2; and that the first election thereof be held on the first ;\,londay of April next after the date hereof, at the house of E. Sawyer * * * * And that B. Winsett, John Clark and Stephen Evans be the Judges of said Election. February 7, 1854. Like Precinct No. 1, or" Miller's Creek," Precinct No. 2 appears in other and subsequent records as Spring Creek Township ; and an election was reported in such a township on the first Monday in April, 1854, when there were about thirty votes polled, and Stephen Evans and Isaac Skinner were elected Justices; Edward Wood, Charles N. Moberly and John Clark, Township Trustees; Henry Gipe, Clerk; James H. Hampton, Assessor; Henry Clark and John Blackford, Constables. The first sermon in this township was preached by Rev. C. N. Moberly, a Methodist minister,. in 1853. Peyton Culver taught the first school, in 1854. He had eight or nine pupils. BUTLER PRECINCT. 'l'here is no preceding order creating Butler County into a precinct or township, but it is evident that there was such, as appears from the follow-ing order: STATE OF low A, BLACK HAWK COUNTY, ss., To M. B. Wamsl•y · You are hereby requested to give due notice of the election which is to be held in Butler Precinct on the first Monday of April next, for the purpose of electing the following officers: Three Trustees, one Clerk, two Constables, two Justices of the Peace, one Assessor, and to vote for such other State officers as are to be elected. on said day. J. R. PRATT, County Judye. )larch 8, 1854. JURORS CALLED. Under date of March 11, 1854, the following entry appears of record: W,i,rrant has this day been issued to the Sheriff of said county to notify the .Judges of the several election districts of said county to return to this office the following number of names as Jurors from the several election districts, viz.: From Washington, 21 ; Waterloo, 57; Cedar Falls, 22; Spring Creek, 24; Miller' 8 Creek, 19; Lester, 7. In the above order, it is evident that Precinct No. 1 is called "Miller's Creek," and No. 2 " Spring Creek." April 4, 1854, John H. Brooks, Clerk of the District Gourt, resigned, and -0n the 20th of the same month the following order appears of record: Be it known, That on the 20th day of April, 1854. Luther L. Peas was, by the County Court, appointed Clerk of the District Court of Black Hawk County, Iowa. Luther L. Peas having given bonds according to law, and on the above date appointed and was sworn and duly qualified according to law, and entered upon the duties of said office. J. R. PRATT, County Judge . In the matter of the petition of Robert Stuart and others asking that the County Court of Black Hawk County attach so much of Congressional Township 90, Range 14, as lies west of Cedar River and south of Beaver Creek to Township 89, Range 14, for election purposes, it is thereupon Ordered, That the prayer of said petition be granted and the same be made a part of the record of said Township 89, Range 14, as relates thereto. June 17, 1854. L. L. PBAB, Clerk. 330 HISTORY OF, BLACK HA WK COUNTY. The first dam across Cedar River was built at Cedar Falls in 184 7-8 ; the second at Waterloo, by James Eggers. June 20, 1854, Mr. Eggers received permission from the County Court to construct a dam across the Cedar at the village of Waterloo, in accordance with an act of the Territorial Legislature of Iowa, approved February 15, 1843, Mr. Eggers having filed a bond in the sum of $2,000, according to law. He located his dam a short distance above the one that in 1878 dams the waters of the river, built it of logs and brush, and in three weeks after he received his permit he had a dam that raised the water two feet. POTNER'S CREEK TOWNSHIP. On petition of Nathan Fancher and others, it was Orderer!, That all that part of Township 87, Range 12, laying east of Cedar River, and a!I that part of Township 88, Range 12, lying south of Elk River and east of Cedar River. and one mile of the west side of Township 88, Range 11, and the whole of Township 89, R. 11, and all that part of Township 89, Range 12, east of Elk Run, shall constitute the township of Poyner' s Creek, and that the elect.ion will be held at the house of Nathan Poyner. June 20, 1854. J. R. PRATT, County Judge. The Township 89, Range 11, was afterward ceded to Barclay. Previous to this time, a portion of the above territory was a part of Precinct No. 2, or Spring Creek Township. At the first election of record, in April, 1855, M. S. Oxley, Benjamin Brown and Job Engle were Judges, and J. H. Hampton and J. C. Engle, Clerks. Nathan Poyner and I. T. Corwin were elected Justices of the Peace; W.W. Engle and T. B. Vaneaton, Constables. The township was named in honor of Rev. Nathan Poyner, a Baptist cler-gyman, who settled here in 1853. It is said that he used to hold religious serv-ices under a large oak tree near his cabin. The first settlement was made by Amasa Nims, in 1850, on Section 26, Township 88, Range 12 ; but he sold to Benjamin Winsett in 1852 ; and dur-ing that year, John Perry, Joseph Perry and George Arthur settled in the township. Rev. Nathan Poyner, Thomas Poyner, Edmund Sawyer and John Van Etton came in 1853. John Morgan, a soldier in the Black Hawk war in 1832, settled near the mouth of Poyner's Creek in 1854. John Chamband and John Felton came the same year and founded the town of Gilberts-ville. · The first marriage was that of Henry Clark and Sarah J. Winsett, in 1853. The first death, that of Mrs. Nathan Poyner, in the Spring of 1853. The first school house was built on Section 25, Township 88, Range 12, in District No. -, and the first school taught during the same year. There are ten school houses in the township, and two churches-one Catho-lic Church, at Gilbertville, Rev. John Nemmert, Pastor; and one Methodist Church, at Raymond, Rev. Mr. Alden, Pastor. Township officers, 1878: J. P. Kieffer, Clerk; W. Waterfield, E. Marble and J. Dobson, Trustees; J. P. Kieffer and E. Marble, Justices of the Peace. PIONEER JURISPRUDENCE. The dockets of the earlier Justices of the Peace, of Cedar Falls Township, in which were most of the cases tried in the county prior to 1855, were lost by fire some years ago, and the dates and many details of the primitive adminis-tration of justice cannot now be obtained. Among the cases remembered, was one trial at Cedar Falls, wherein A. F. Brown, counsel for the defense, made application for a change of venue and HISTORY OF BLACK HA WK COUNTY. 331. moved that the cause be tried before a Justice in Hardin County, which appli-cation was duly gra.nted. Another Justice, it is said, assumed jurisdiction of an application for a di-vorce, and even went so far as to order the amount of alimony and make provis-ion for the custody of the children. One of the early marriages was solemnized by R. P. Speer, Justice of the Peace. During the progress of the ceremony, the blushing lady discovered, to her dismay, that she was standing on the unlucky side, and requested the Jus-tice to wait till the mistake could be rectified. "Keep right hold, just as you. are, ma'am," commanded the custodian of the peace and dignity of Iowa; "for, by G-d, we'll soon be through with this job.'' The Justice was not going to-allow trifles to hamper him in the discharge of his pleasing duty. A citizen had committed an assault upon a gentleman from V aterland, for which he was arrested and taken before the nearest Justice, without a warrant. The hour was late and the weather was hot when they appeared before the magis-trate. He was roused from his sleep and appeared in his office without dress-ing. He called for a statement of the case, which was given. Without making· out either complaint or warrant, the Justice announced judgment upon the prisoner as follows: "I fine you one dollar, and, by --, if you ever hit a Dutchman again without drawing blood, I'll fine you ten dollars!" The fine was paid and His Honor adjourned court. A lot of whisky was seized at Cedar Falls in the early years of the town. The owner of the contraband goods, through his attorney, obtained a change of venue to Justice Knapp, of Washington Township. Whisky, witnesses, owners, and attorneys all appeared on the day fixed. The defense demanded a jury, which was impaneled; the case was tried and submitted. After being out a reasonable time, the jurors sent word to Justice Knapp that they could not agree, for some of them were not sufficiently convinced as to the identity of the fluid with the article mentioned in the information, and that it would be neces-sary to inspect the casks more thoroughly than had been done. Accordingly, a twelve-quart tin pail was filled with the liquor, a dipper placed therein, :md the-sample conveyed to the thirsty jury by the Constable. The Justice, not knowing but the jury might have an arduous task before them, allowed the attorneys, witnesses and spectators to partake of what was left, which was as refreshing to their throats as '' a great rock in a desert land " to a sun-burnt traveler. The result was that the spirit of the law in that case made and provided, was fully carried out. To the lasting credit of the legal profession, which is always regarded as able to take care of itself, it is said that all the attorneys engaged in the case got back to Cedar Falls before any of the witnesses. Mr. Francis Cox relates the particulars of his own arrest while removing to Cedar Falls, in October, 1854. For a day before reaching the eastern limit of Black Hawk County, a party with ox teams had been close to him on the jour-ney. He was gradually drawing ahead of them, on the second day, when Mr. Cox, in looking back, saw that the prairie was on fire, set, no doubt, by the men with the ox teams. Toward night, Mr. Cox was confronted by the Sheriff, who politely informed him he was under arrest for setting the grass on fire. Some settler had gone to Waterloo and had made the complaint. The Sheriff and his prisoners, the ox-drivers having been also arrested, proceeded to a Jus-tice of the Peace not far off, who heard the case and promptly discharged Mr. Cox. He not being able to give evidence as to the fact of the others having set the fire, although fully convinced in his own mind, they were also discharged. Although the effort of the complaining witness was a failure, there is no doubt 332 HISTORY OF BLACK HA WK COUNTY. that it was of advantage in that vicinity, as it would have the effect of deterring others from needlessly exposing houses and grain stacks to the dangers of prai-rie fires. A pertinacious liquor dealer of Cedar Falls was frequently arrested for sell-ing liquor contrary to statute. Some of the people of Cedar Falls, believing that a saloon was a necessary factor in the growth of the community, and being generous with their money, would usually assess themselves and pay his fines. On one occasion he was fined five dollars and costs for a new offense. One of his friends, who was attending the trial, inquired the total cost. Having been informed by the Justice, he counted up the number of friends present, figured up the pro rata to each, and paid his share, promptly followed by the rest. To make it as easy as possible, the Justice and the witnesses contributed their own fees. The Judge of the Second Judicial District appointed a term of court in Black Hawk County on the 27th day of June, A. D. 1854, and on that day court was duly opened at Cedar Falls in the school house then standing on the block now occupied by the Baptist Church. Present, Hon. Thomas S. Wilson, Judge; Luther L. Peas, Clerk; John Virden, Sheriff. On the same day, a petit jury was impaneled as follows: Jesse Shimer, James Hampton, Thomas R. Points, Joseph Brown, Zimri Streeter, J. D. Dewey, William H. Virden, J. C. Hubbard and Myron Smith. No grand jury was summoned. The first case entered was that of Mathew Bevard vs. John A. Dunham, attachment. In this case, D. L. Deyo appeared as attorney for plaintiff, but it appears to have been settled and plaintiff's demand paid previous to the term of court, and was ordered to be stricken from the docket. The second entry was the petition of Emeline Peterson vs. William Peter-son for divorce; but the petitioner failed to appear, and the suit was discontinued at her costs. The other cases entered at this term were G. W. Burton vs. L. D. C. Mag-gart, D. C. Overman vs. John H. Brooks, J. R. Pratt vs. William True, Henry Mellin vs. Covil & Butterfield. On motion of D. S. Wilson, William H. McClure, a practicing attorney of the State of New York, was admitted to practice in the courts of Iowa. The jury was discharged and the court adjourned, having been in session one day. There appear to have been present at the first term of court in Black Hawk County, D. S. Wilson, Esq., of Dubuque; D. L. Deyo, of Independence and William H. McClure, the latter being admitted to practice in the morning. The census of Black Hawk County for 1854 shows a total population of 2,488, of which 1,385 were males and 1,103 females. There were 603 voters, 523 militia men, and 14 aliens. MT. VERNON TOWNSHIP. Sept. 19, 1854.-It is ordered by the County Court that Township 90, Range 13, be organ-jzed a civil township by the name of ~It. Vernon, for all the purposes of a township of Black Hawk County . (Attest) MARTIN BAILEY, Clerk . The county record does not show that any township officers or Judges of Election were appointed, but from other sources it is understood that the first Trustees were : Frederick Pattee, Henry Cole and S. S. Knapp, appointed by the County Court. These Trustees appointed Abraham Eyestone, Township Clerk, and Wallace Pattee, Road Supervisor. HISTORY OF .BLACK HA WK COUllTY. 333 The first township election appears to have been held at the house of Wal-lace Pattee, April 2, 1855, when Joel Hiser and Randolph Leland were elected Justices ; Thomas Gordon and Frederick Pattee, 'rrustees ; Wallace Pattee, Assessor; A. Eyestone, Clerk. Mr. Leland refused to qualify, and in August following, Alpheus Lawrence was elected to fill the vacancy, and Moses W. St . . John was elected Constable. The first settlement in this township, it is said, was made by a Mr. Allen, ,on the northeast quarter of Section 4, in the Summer of 1852, although the record of original entries shows that William Bergin entered a part of Section 3, July 21, 1852. Allen sold to Isaac McCaffrey in 1854. William Hogan settled in northeast quarter of Section 3 in 1853, and his daughter Rebecca and Elihu 'L'horpe were married the following Autumn by Rev. Jonathan Go-forth, being the first marriage in the township. George Housch settled on Sec-tion 4, and 'rhomas Gordon on Section 3, in 1853. Joel Hiser built a cabin and broke some prairie on the southwest quarter of Section 4, in 1854, and re-turned to Western Virginia and married in the following Winter. The follow-ing settlers located in 1854: Abraham Eyestone on Section 30; Moses W. St. John, Section 27 ; Alpheus Lawrence,, southeast quarter of Section 27 ; Joseph Thomas, northeast · quarter of Section 1 ; S. S. Knapp, Section 29 ; Wallace Pattee, Section 5. The township was named Mt. Vernon by S. S. Knapp. · The first child born was a son to Mr. and Mrs. R. L. Leland in ~he Spring of 1855, and Clement Leeper, son of Jacob Leeper, was born in the following August. In 1855, Milton Smith built a tavern on the Independence, Janesville and Waverly road, on the southwest corner of Section 1. This was well known to the early settlers as the " Seven-Mile House." Smith sold it to Charles Gibbs the same Fall. One warm summer's night the next year, it is said that while Mr. Gibbs was asleep a wild cat bit his big toe. Two large cottonwoods mark the spot where the old house stood. The first independent school district was formed in 1856. A Presbyterian ,society was organized in 1856 by Rev. Mr. Colwell, services being held in Mrs. Cleaver's house on the southwest quarter of Section 1. A Methodist Church was organized in November of the same year by Rev. A. N. Odell. The first grove meeting in the township, and probably in the county, was held in the only natural grove in the township, on the northwest corner of Sec-tion 3, in 1857. A Grange of Patrons of Husbandry was organized at the King school house in 1870. May 29, 1871, at a special election, the proposition for a tax to aid in build-ing the Grinnell, Cedar Falls & Winona Railroad was defeated by twelve ma-jority. At another trial on the 24th of June, however, the proposition was car-ried by a majority of eighteen; but the road was not built, and the people saved their money. Mt. Vernon Township is considered one of the best in the county for farming. On the 30th of September, 18.54, twenty-six of the Cedar Falls town lots belonging to the county were sold, from which about $400 was realized. October 30, A. F. Brown was appointed Prosecuting Attorney to fill a vacancy. November 13, the question of incorporation was submitted to the voters of the town of Waterloo. The e1ection resulted in its favor, and another election was appointed by the County Court to accept Articles of Incorporation ; but for some informality in the proceedings the project was abandoned. 334 HISTORY OF BLACK HA WK COUNTY. INDIAN PANICS. The hardy pioneers of Black Hawk County, like most others who endured the toils, privations and hardships of frontier life when they were brought into frequent and disagreeable contact with the Indians, who were being slowly but surely crowded toward the setting sun by the active encroachments of the Anglo-Saxon race, have many thrilling stories to tell of their experiences. During the years 1853-4, the settlers in this and neighboring counties were frequently alarmed by reports of Indian depredations and massacres north and west of here. Everv few weeks settlers would come in from a distance and tell the most wonderful stories of hajr-breadth escapes from cruel deaths by blood-thirsty savages, of houses burned and stock driven off. But investigation invariably demonstrated that all these alleged frightful occurrences were utterly without foundation. For some time the relations existing between the Sioux and Winnebagoes, living in the neighborhood had not been friendly, which finally culminated i11 an outbreak in which a Winnebago boy was killed. The news of this affair rapidly spread, gaining strength as it was told by one excited and thoroughly scared settler to another, until by the time it had reached Black Hawk County it was reported that hundreds of painted warriors were marching down the valley murdering and burning everything before them. The people became fearfully excited, and many fled with their families and ,vhat. little household stuff they could carry, finding safety in the more thickly settled counties or in the adjoin-ing States. A company was raised in Cedar Falls, and under command of Capt. E. Brown and Lieuts. A. F. Brown and W. H. McClure, went out to reconnoiter the enemy, going as far as .Floyd County, where they learned, to their great joy and greater chagrin, that it was all a hoax and no hostile Indi-ans were within hundreds of miles. Others went from Waterloo and Independ-ence; while at Janesville and some other places they hastily constructed rude forts or stockades, and put themselves in the best possible shape to make a strong defense against the blood-thirsty savages. Mr. James Virden, who lived in the grove at the upper end of Waterloo, was awakened one night by a man from near Waverly, who informed him that the Indians were coming, killing and burning everything in their path, and warn-ing him to pack up and flee to a place of safety. Mr. Virden had passed through two or three "scares," and took but little stock in the story. He asked the man in, and finally prevailed upon him to go to bed. It the morning S\;lttlers began arriving on foot, horseback and in wagons, and the yard and sur-rounding grnve were soon filled with the fleeing settlers. Mr. Virden, Charles Mullan and one or two others mounted their horses and started up the river on a recqnnoissance. After a day's ride, failin//; to discover any signs of Indians, they returned, and their reports reassured the runaways, who started at once for their homes. These sensational reports had a bad effect upon the timid, and several fam-ilies left here and went to Linn County, then supposed to be thickly settled and safe. At the supreme agony of the scare, says Mr. Streeter, who had just got the main part of his house up and inclosed, fifty persons stayed all night with him ; and he says his house was so full he could not step between the sleeping fugitives that night. Many of them had buried their valuables before starting, and some of them, when they got over their fright and returned, could not remember where they had dug and hid their property. The danger became HlSTORY OF BLACK HAWK COUNTY. 335 more imminent as the news was carried eastward, and by the time it had got to Dubuque, 6,000 Sioux warriors were rampaging down the Cedar with the besom of death and desolation. Some very ludicrous incidents are told in connection with this bloodless war. On the return of the company to Cedar Falls, one of their number, to signalize the victory, rode his horse into the office of the Carter House, around the stove :md out again, whereupon his comrades fired a salute in honor of his bravery, rousing the whole town. A settler of the name of Rucker and his wife were so badly frightened by the firing of this salute, supposing it to be the realiza-tion of what they had so long intensely feared, that they left everything and rushing out ran sixteen miles that night. At Waterloo, several of the timid left, and after spending a few weeks in Illinois, or some other supposed safe locality, returned. Among others thus leaving was Greenleaf Glidden and family, living on the west side. After spending a short time in Linn County, Mr. Glidden returned an.d resumed his home here. The night of his return there was a wedding in town (Isaac Virden and Eliza May being the parties interested), aRd the boys had made arrangements to give the newly-married couple a charivari. Soon after Glidden went to bed the clan assembled with cow-bells, pans and various instruments more noted for noise than melody, and the first general break-out of the din aroused Mr. Glidden, who was probably dreaming of Indians; and when he sprang from his bed the general hub-bub and clatter only confirmed him in the belief that the Indians had surely come, and were killing all the inhabitants. Hastily burying his grindstone, which was evidently a highly cherished posses-sion, and throwing his feather bed and . household traps into his wagon, he hitched up his horses and started at full speed for the land of safety, alarming the settlers as he went. He made a halt at Abraham Turner's, below town, told his blood-curdling tale, and warned them to flee. While he was talking he glanced backward toward town, expecting probably to see the flames of the burning houses, but instead saw several dark objects approaching at a rapid gait, and with a cry, almost of despair, he shouted, "They are coming! Here they are!" and putting the whip to his team he once more started on his jour-ney at a break-neck speed. A lady at Turner's was so alarmed at Glidden's story that she started at once for some place where she would be safe, and wan-dered around all night in the sloughs and wet grass in her night clothes. The dark objects that had so suddenly and terribly frightened Mr. Glidden, turned out to be a number of colts that had followed the flying team. Glidden con-tinued his journey until he reached .the river, and finding he could not ford it in safety in the dark, was compelled to remain there until morning, when the nature of the "scare" was ascertained, and afterward afforded many a hearty laugh. RELOCATION OF THE COUNTY SEAT. Like most other counties in this part 0f Iowa, Black Hawk has had its "county seat fight," but it came early, and was finally settled. As previously stated, the seat of justice was located at Cedar Falls by Com-missioners appointed by the Legislature in 1853 ; but th,s action was not entirely satisfactory, partly, perhaps because it was too far removed from the geographical center, and partly because Waterloo, which was near the center, was ambitious to bear the honor of being the shire town. It is in tradition that an attempt of some kind to change the location of the county seat was made in 1854, but the exact nature cannot be ascertained. It is 336 HISTORY OF BLACK HA WK COUNTY. said that certain citizens of Waterloo went up to Cedar Falls for that purpose, and that a general melee was the result. In an account of the affair published in the Iowa State Reporter, May 26, 187 5, the local historian remarks : "Some-thing stronger than Cedar River water was used, and after steam was up, the citi-zens of thatt own procured some eggs and opened fire on the invaders. 0. E. Hardy sported a plug hat that afforded a prominent mark for the egg men, and the hat was badly damaged, and the Waterloo force was driven from the field." the result was This was a '' Waterloo defeat;'' but the Waterloo force did not propose to give it up, and when the General Assembly convened the following Winter the matter was presented with so much success, that they secured the passage of " An act to authorize the qualified electors of the County of Black Hawk to vote on the removal of the county seat of said county," approved January 19, 1855. Section 1 of this act provided: That there shall be a poll opened at the usual place of voting in the several organized town. ships in Black Hawk County, on the first Monday in April next, for the purpose of allowing the qualified electors of said county to vote for or against the removal of' the county seat of said county. Section 2 provided that the ballots of the electors should have written or printed therenn the word "Cedar Falls" or "Waterloo," and that place having the greater number of votes should be the county seat. Provided, that if Waterloo should receive the greater number, the county seat should remain at Cedar Falls until July 4, 1855 . and thereafter at Waterloo. In the event of removal, the County Judge was instructed to refund the purchase money to such persons as had purchased lots in Cedar Falls, with interest thereon from date of purchase. On the 5th of March, 1855, Moses W. Chapman presented a petition to the County Court, asking that a town plat called "Florence City," located in the southeast part of the county, be approved and recorded; but owing to a deficiency in the proof the petition was denied. On the same day, H. H. Meredith and others presented a petition to the County Court, asking that the question of the removal of the county .;eat to Florence City, might be submitted to the people at the ensuing April election. Mr. Meredith and others of the petitioners were residents of Cedar Falls, and this petition was designed to create a division, through which it was hoped that the county seat might be retained at ·that place. The consideration of this peti-tion was postponed by the Court to the 19th' of March, when the Judge denied the prayer of the petitioners for reasons, 1st, that it was in conflict with the act of January 19, and 2d, that Florence City was a place unknown to the Court. Ordered to show cause. At the second term of the District Court, held at Cedar Falls March :l6, T. S. Wilson, J. presiding, on petition of H. H. Meredith and others, it was ordered that" the County Judge of Black Hawk County show cause before me at chambers, ten days after the date hereof, why the prayer of said petitioners should not be granted, and such other order made and entered as may seem fit and proper in the premises." Before the day appointed, however, the people of the county had made answer at the polls, and nothing further of this matter appears of record. At the election held April 2, 1855, the question of removal was submitted as provided by the act of January 19, and resulted as follows: Whole number of ballots cast, 648; "Waterloo," received 388; " Cedar Falls," 260. April 11, the County Court entered of record the following: WHEREAS, The election on the removal of the county seat of Black Hawk County, held April 2, 1855, resulted in a majority of 128 for Wat(\rloo over Cedar Falls; Ordered, By the Court that proclamation be this day made, that on the 4th day of July, A. D. 1855, the county seat of Black Hawk County shall cease at Cedar Falls, and that the several county offices required to be kept at the county seat shall thereafter be held at Waterloo. There are those who aver to this day that the vote as cast was not free from the taint of fraud. It was asserted after election, that the advocates and HISTORY OF BLACK HA WK COUNTY. 337 managers for Waterloo imported votes from Benton County, who made the counter-assertion that Cedar Falls generously accorded the numerous strangers then stopping at that place with the intention of buying lands further west, the freedom of the town as citizens of Black Hawk County. In May following this action, County Judge Pratt was taken sick and only a few days before he died he issued an order locating the county seat on the Public Square on the east side; and it is said that when he came to affix the seal of his office to the order he was so weak that he was at first unable to make the impression. He refused assistance, however, being fearful that some question might be raised as to the legality of the proceeding, and finally, by putting almost his whole strength on the seal, succeeded in affixing ,it to the order. On the 1st of June following he died, and John Randall, then Prose-cuting Attorney, having been appointed to fill a vacancy March 20, became ex officio County Judge But the opponents of removal were determined to fight it tc;> the bitter end. On the 21st day of June, 1855, they applied to Hon. William G. Woodward, one of the Judges of the Supreme Court, and obtained a writ of injunction restraining the removal, which was served very early on the 4th of July. On the 16th of July an appropriation of $50 was made by the County Court to aid in defraying the exper:ses attending the efforts to have the injunction dissolved, the order giving as a reason for the appropriation "that the injunction was obtained in violation of law, and injurious to the interests of the county." The injunction was soon afterward dissolved by Judge Woodward, and an order issued for the removal of all the books, papers and documents to Water-loo. which was done on the 27th il committee be appointed, whose duty it shall be to superintend the work, and that they b€ instructed to limit their expenditures to four hundred dollars. All of which is respectfully sub1nitted. J. WASSON, } D. E. CnAMPLIN, Committee. ~I. I-L MOORE. 352 HISTORY OF BLACK IIA WK COUNTY. If there had been extravagant expenditures in the construction of the Court House, the committee were determined that there should be none in providing a jail. The Board, however, evidently thinking that a four hundred dollar jail would be rather too cheap an affair, amended the report by substituting " six hundred" for "four hundred" dollars as the maximum cost of the county jail. As thus amended the report was accepted and the recommendations of the COIJl-mittee were adopted. The next day, however, this action was reconsidered and the report was further amended by substituting "east " in place of •'north," so that it should read " the room in the basement of the east corner," etc., and as thus amended was again adopted. The Chairman of the Board appointed Messrs. Wasson, Champlin and Moore as the Special Committee to supervise the work. June 7, 1861, Mr. Moore reported to the Board that work was to be com-menced forthwith, and on the 2d day of September of the same year the com-mittee reported that they had caused to be built in the basement, as designated, two cells and one outer room, at a total cost of $391.48. This was providing the county with a jail at a trifling expense; but it is questionable whether it is sound policy or true economy to have jails connected with Court Houses. Fayette County built a lock-up in one corner of her Court House, and the result was that a prisoner in escaping set fire to the b_uilding, and the county had to build a new Court House, besides losing many valuable records and papers that cannot be replaced. A fire is liable to originate in the Black Hawk County Jail, and the county be subjected to_irreparable loss in con-sequence. Basements of Court Houses are not the best possible locations for jails. In April, 1861, commenced the war of the rebellion, and Black Hawk County was one of the foremost in the State to respond to the call of the Presi-dent, a more extended account of which will be found under the head of '' War Record." LINCOLN TOWNSHIP. June 6, 1861, by resolution, the Board of Supervisors set off Congressional Township 87 north of Range 14 west, from Black Hawk Township, as a new civil division of the county, called Lincoln Township, in which an election for township officers was ordered to be held on the second Tuesday in October fol-lowing. At this election Samuel B. Roberts, Samuel Gibson and H. Beckwith were Judges, and Samuel Marston and William Wrought, Clerks, of the election. William Wrought, Samuel Gibson and J. Ruckel were elected Trustees. It is said that the township received its name from the fact that at the Presi-dential election in 1860, there were fifteen voters in the township, every one of whom voted for Abraham Lincoln. The first settler in this township was Samuel Gibson. The Zion Baptist Church of Lincoln was organiz"d in Eagle Township, on January 3, 1869, by Rev. J. W. Thompson, with ten members. William P. Thompson was its first and only Clerk. In the Winter of 1869-70, a pro-tracted meeting was held, during whid1 twenty-one were added, and L. H. Thompson licensed to preach. June 15, 1870, a council met with the church and recognized it. Rev. D. S. Starr, of Cedar Falls, preached on the occa-sion. March 10, 1872, the place of meeting was changed to the school house, in sub-district No. 4, Lincoln Township. Present membership, forty. January 8, 1862, by order of the Board, all that portion of East Waterloo Township lying in Township 88, Range 13, was attached to Orange Township. HISTORY OF BLACK HA WK COUNTY. 353 January 9, 1862, all that portion of Congressional Township 87, Range 11, lying south of Cedar River-then a portion of Spring Creek-was attached to Big Creek Township; and all that portion of Township 87, Range 12, lying on the east side of Cedar River-then a portion of Poyner Township-was attached to Spring Creek. But in June, the latter action was revoked, and the land re-annexed to Poyner Township. The Board met in special session February 27, 1863, to pass resolutions of respect to the memory of John Hackett, a member of the Board, who had died a short time previous. The Board of Supervisors early began to devise measures for providing for the support of those who were so unfortunate as to become objects of public charity. The purchase of a County Poor Farm, for the purpose of furnishing a comfortable home for this class, and also to furnish them with employment whereby they might earn at least a portion of the cost of their support, was considered advisable; but the Board did not wish to take the responsibility of appropriating public moneys for the purpose, without first submitting the ques-tion to the people. Accordingly, on the 8th day of June, 1865, a resolution was adopted, as follows: Resolved, That the Clerk of this Board be instructed to give legal notice to the voters of Black Hawk County, Iowa, that, at the next general election, in October next, a proposition will be submitted to said voters, authorizing the Board of Supervisors of said Black Hawk County to appropriate from the funds of said county a sum not to exceed $10,000 (ten thousand dollars ), for the purpose of purchasing re:11 estate in the name of the county of Black Hawk, Iowa, and improving the same, to be used for t.he benefit and purpose of supporting the paupers of the said county of Black Hawk. The election was held, as ordered, and resulted in favor of the proposed appropriation, by a vote of 1,125 to 273. January 4, 1866, the Board of Supervisors adopted the following resolution: Resolved, That a committee of three be appointed by the Board to select lands within the county of Black Hawk, State of Iowa, not to exceed 200 acres, and improve the same, in the name of said county of Black Hawk, for the purpose and to be used for the support of the pau-pers of said county of Black Hawk; said purchase to be made with moneys to be appropriated by said county, as voted at the general election of said county, not to exceed $10,000. And the Clerk of this Board be authorized to issue county warrants, bearing 10 per cent. interest, for the same, to said Committee of Three, not to exceed $10,000. The committee was to be paid $2.50 per day. Messrs. C. May, A. A. Alline and H. W. Abbey were appointed as the committee provided in the above resolution ; but for some reason they resigned on the same day on which they were appointed, and a new committee, consisting of William Gilchrist, N. Hitchcock and A. Vittam, was elected. This commit-tee was further authorized to employ a suitable person for Superintendent of the Poor Farm, when it should be ready for occupancy. June 5, 1866, the committee reported that it had examined a number of farms, but had selected and purchased the farm owned by Mr. Russell, on the west side of the Cedar River, containing 120 acres, at $30 per acre; and that Mr. Russell had executed a warranty deed of the premises; that the committee had requested the Clerk to issue bonds therefor, but it was discovered that the Board had no legal authority to issue bonds, and Mr. Russell refused to accept the warrants provided for by the resolution of January 4. This was the offi-cial record. The report was accepted and the committee discharged. It is said that this bargain was not consummated because Mr. Russell refused to take county war-rants at their face; he would take them at a discount, but the committee were not authorized to comply with this demand. 35-! HISTORY OF BLACK HAWK COUNTY. The purchase of a farm appears to have been abandoned with this failure to consummate the trade with Mr. Russell. But on the 5th day of September, another committee was appointed, consisting of Messrs. William Gilchrist, D. E. Champlin and C. May, "to purchase a lot, not exceeding twenty acres, for poor purposes. September 5, 1866, a committee was appointed to purchase a lot not exceed-ing twenty acres for poor purposes; Wm. Gilchrist, D. E. Champlin and C. May, Committee. Tuesday, January 8, 1867, this Committee reported that they had purchased the private residence of Mr. Gilchrist (Block 21, Lots 1, 2, 3 and 4), for $3,.500. ~fr. Gilchrist was a member of the . Purchasing Committee and it is said suc-ceeded in making a bargain advantageous to himself, with himself. January 8, 1868, the ·Directors of the Poor House (Samuel D. Shaw and W. F. Bunn) reported that an addition to the house had been built at a cost of $1,320.68. A portion of the county poor are provided for at this house, but many are relieved by Township Trustees and by the county in addition to those then furnished with a home at the County Poor House. The first Superintendent was H. A. Henderson, who served until 1877, when he was succeeded by George K. Beal. January 9, 1867, on petition of citizens, the Board ordered that that por-tion of East Waterloo Township known as Cedar City be annexed to Cedar Falls · Township. · On Saturday, July 21, 1866, the people of Black Hawk County were excited by the startling intelligence that a little girl 3½ y_ears old, daughter of Mr. Barney E. Wheeler, of Lester Township, had unaccountably disappeared. About 9 o'clock A. M. of that day, she and her brother, several years olller, went to carry some water to their father who was at work in the field about sixty rods from the house. Their errand performed, the children started to return to the house. The little girl was a little slow in her movements , and her brother became impatient and went home, leaving her to take her time. Mrs. Wheeler asked him where he left his sister, and he told her, "at the edge of the cornfield." As the little one did not come in, her mother went out to the spot where the little boy said he left her, but she was not there. Mr. Wheeler was called from his work, and both commenced search, having become thoroughly alarmed; but no trace of the lost one could be found. The neighborhood was alarmed, and by 3 o'clock P. M. all the neighbors in the vicinity were engaged in the search. During that night men were stationed all around the houses for several miles who were listening eagerly to hear the cries of the child. The next morning two men said they thought they heard cries near a slough in the vicinity, but a thorough search in that locality revealed nothing. On Sun-day, the whole county was aroused and at least 200 people, mostly on horse-back, were engaged in the search, but not a trace of the missing child could be found. It was as if the little one had been removed from the face of the earth. On Monday the excitement and sympathy for the mysteriously bereaved family became intense. All work was thrown aside, for everybody felt that to aid in the search for the lost one was a sacred duty. From all parts of the county, and from Bremer, the people gathered. From twenty-five to one hun-dred men went every day from Waterloo alone, and for ten days the most vigorous search was maintained. The county was swept for miles by mounted men and men on fqot, and every foot of ground supposed to be carefully examined. Several large fields of grain were trampled down, and the prairie HISTORY OF ELA.CK HA WK COUNTY. 355 _grass and hazel brush flattened to the ground for miles, but yet no trace of the lost one. The most exaggerated reports were in circulation. Now, a lightning rod man had seen a child crying at the road side, and now, somebody had seen her with two men in a wagon traveling northward; now, she had been seen and described by a lady in Fayette County; anon, was heard from in Minnesota. "One thing is evident," said the Waterloo Courier of the 2d of August, "the child must be some distance from home, for everything has been searched within four or five miles around the house." Mr. Wheeler, although a poor man, offered $300 . reward for information that would lead to the discovery of his daughter. As the people became satisfied that the child had been spirited away and would not be found in the vicinity of home, the search was abandoned; but Mr. Wheeler continued to follow the rumors as long as his money held out. George Barker, of Lester, followed the trail of the team driven by a man who had been seen with the child, to the Mississippi River at Dubuque, and visited every ferry and crossing from that point to the mouth of Yellow River, but was compelled to return home without discovering any trace of the object of his search. On Saturday morning, November 3d, Mr. Siple, a neighbor of the Wheelers, was engaged in trapping near his house, when his attention was attracted to a little clump of hazel bushes surrounded by some tall grass, by the singular con-duct of his dog. Here, upon examination, he found the bones of a child ; the· clothing, however, was in a good state of preservation and enabled him to• identify the remains as those of the little child who had so mysteriously disap-peared more than three months before. The spot was about one-fourth of a mile from Mr. Siple's house, and only about a mile and a quarter from Mr. Wheeler's; and it is among the mysteries that are difficult to solve to under-stand how tho spot could have escaped discovery during the minute and extended search made in July and August. January 11, 1867, the county authorities authorized the Comity Treasurer to pay a bounty of 10 cents for each pocket-gopher scalp presented. These little pests had become so numerous and so injurious to the agricultural interests of the county, that for several years about $1,000 annually was paid out for bounties on these little animals. June 10, 1875, the Board of Supervisors authorized the payment of a bounty of 10 cents for each gray and 5 cents for each striped gopher presented during a term of sixty days. , The first bridge across the Cedar in this county was built by subscription by G. W. Couch, contractor. It was constructed on wooden piers, and was opened to the public in September, 1859. In 1864 or '65, two spans of this bridge fell and were replaced; but in the freshet soon afterward, the entire structure was swept away. June 6, 1866, the County Board appropriated $5,000 to build a new bridge across the river at this point, which was completed in 1867 at a cost of $9,269.75. Four years afterward, in 1871, it was found necessary to provide for a better and more permanent structure, and August 16, 1871, the County Supervisors Ordered, That the sum of $8,000, or so much thereof as may be necessary, be appropriated out of the bridge fund to build necessary abutments, and not more than four piers, for a new bridge on the site of the present bridge across the Cedar River, in the city of Waterloo; and that the Board of Supervirnrs act in Committee of the Whole to receive proposals, and let the contract in whole or in part for furnishing material and for building said abutments and piers. September 6, 1871, in the matter of the Waterloo bridge, the Board not having authority to appropriate more than $12,000 for any one bridge, and / 356 HISTORY OF BLACK HAWK COUNTY. having already appropriated $8,000 for building the abutments and piers, submitted the question of appropriating $18,000 for the superstructure to a vote of the people, at the general election on the second Tuesday in October, 1871. September 9, 1871, on petition of the citizens of Waterloo, it was ordered that the east end of the new bridge be at the center of the county road, and that the west end be at the center of Bridge stree~, as near as practicable. December 4, 1871, a canvass of the election showed that there were 892 votes for the appropriation for K aterloo bridge, and 912 against said appropria-tion. Appropriation lost. · January 3, 1872, the Board appropriated $4,700 (the limit allowed by law) for Waterloo bridge. Feb. 17, 1872, an appropriation of $14,000 was made for the construction ,of the Waterloo bridge, and A. T. Weatherwax, H.B. Allen, and L.A. Cobb, were authorized to receive proposals for the building of the same. This Com-mittee was instructed to report the proposals to the County Bridge Commis-sion, who were authorized to award the same. The contract was awarded to the Ohio Bridge Company, and April 11, 1872, a further appropriation of $1,900 was made. Work was commenced on the bridge and completed in the Summer and Fall of 1872, probably in Septem-ber, as on the 4th of that month the Board ordered warrants to be drawn in favor of the Ohio Bridge Company in payment for building the Waterloo bridge. IRON BRIDGE AT CEDAR FALLS. December 17, 1872, $11,000 was appropriated for an iron bridge at Cedar Falls, the County Bridge Commissioners to award the contract, and G. B. Van Saun, A. S. Smith and E. Townsend appointed to superintend the building of the same. June 12, 1868, the Committee on County Buildings and Property reported as follows: * * * We would further recommend to this Board the building of a house or the procuring of one suitable' for the Sheriff to live in, near the jail, that he may be better prepared to take charge of the jail and prevent the escape of prisoners-said house to cost not more than $1.000. * * A. 'l'. WEBSTER, S. A. Conn, D. E, CHAMPLIN, Committee. This report was laid on the table until next session, but on the 10th of Sep-tember was . taken up and adopted. The site for the proposed house was desig-nated as the northeast corner of the Court House lot, by the Board, and Messrs. D. E. Champlin and W. F. Brown were appointed to superintend its erection. Work was commenced at once, and pushed so energetically that the Sheriff's domicile was completed in December, 1868. Three children, sons of Israel Scroggy, of Cedar Township, were drowned Feb. 16, 1869, in a small pond about eighty rods north of the Doxie School House. It was at noon, and the boys of the school were engaged in throwing a ball across the pond, the teacher, George S. Bishop, participating. The teacher threw the ball, which William and Wesley Scroggy ran out upon the pond to catch, when the ice broke, letting thBm into the water, which was six or eight feet deep. Abram ran out to try and save them, but was pulled in by William. An effort was made by another boy, named Johnson, to get them out, but it was a failure. After being in the water three-quarters of an hour, the boys were taken out by Thomas Doxie and Abraham Turner. j/1Jff5£RYM:IIN CEDAR fALLS. HISTORY OF BLACK HA WK COUNTY. 359 The following unique document is found in the early probate records of Benton County, and is given verbatim et literatirn. STATE OF low A, BENTON CouNTY, ss: This is to certify that I hereby commit the guard-ianship of Lidia Ann Willard to Jackson Taylor, until she attains the age of eighteen years of age if he shouhi so long live, if not otherwise ordered by the Judge of Probate of said County and the Jackson Tailor to have full power and authority to sue for demand of and have all powers granted to guardians by law. Given under mJ hand and seal this the 7th day of May, A. D. 1847, James Mitchel Judge of Probate of Benton ~o .. State of Iowa. JAMES MITCHEL, Judge ef Probate. Know all men by these presents that I, Jackson Tailor and Erasmus D. Adams are helde and stands firmly bound to the people of the State of Iowa for the use of Lidia Ann Willard in the sum of fifty dollars The condition of the above obligation is such that if the above bound Jackson Tailor, who has been appointed guardian for Lidiann Willard shal fithfully discharge the office and trust of such guardian according to law and shall render a fair and just ace of his said guardianship to the Court of Probate for the County of Benton from time to time as he shal thereto be required by said Courte and comply with all orders of said Courte lawfully made relative to the good~ chattels and moneys of such minor and render and pay to such .<.tll moneys goods and chattels title, papers and effects which may come to the hands or possession of such guardian belonging to such fuinor when such minor shall thereto be entitled or to any subseq_uent guardian should such Courte so direct this obligation shall be void or otherwise to remain in full force and virtue this the -- day of May 1847. JACKSON TAILOR, [Seal.] ERASMUS D. ADAMS, [Seal.] Approved by the Judge of Probate James Michel this the 28th day of May, 1847. JAMES MITCHEL, Judge of Probate. Filde this the 28th day of May, 1847. I do hereby certify that the foregoing is a true coppy of the papers that came to my pos-. ses;,ion in the office of Probate Court in the Guardianship of Lydia Ann Willard, ward of Jack-son Tailor. Given under my hand this 20th day of Jan. A. D. 1852. JOHN s. FORSYTH, County Judge. POST OFFICES AND POSTMASTERS. Cedar Falls.-Demsey C: Overman, Jan. 3, 1850; Edwin Brown, Nov. 11, 1851; Andrew Mullarky, April 14, 1853; Sylvester H. Packard, Sept. 16, 1856; Robt. P. Speer, Maren 2, 1858; Andrew Mullarky, March 29, 18t8; Geo. M. Harris, March 20, 1861; Henry A. Perkins, March 14, 1865; Wm. H. McClure, Aug. 20, 1866; Fred. Boehmler, March 20, 1867; Wm. M. Morrison, May 13, 1869; Chas. W. Snyder, Jan. 13, 1876. . Waterloo.-Chas. Mullan, Dec. 29, 1851 ; Levi Aldrich, Aug. 12, 1854; Julius C. Hubbard, March 23, 1855; Seneca Cleveland, July 1, 1861; Jere-miah P. Evans, Nov. 2, 1866; Horace Barron, March 20, 1867; Miss Marion Champlin, March 26, 1869; Wm. H. Hartman, March 10, 1873; Wm. H. Hartman (re-appointed), March 16, 1877. Eliza.-D. G. Ellis, May 20, 1852; John G. Forbes, Jan. 12, 1853; N.1-than S. Merrill, Dec. 24, 1855; discontinued Nov. 18, 1856. Enterprise.-Daniel B. Feeter, Sept. 27, 1853; Hutchinson M. Smith, July 23, 1862; Wm. Fike, Nov. 16, 1870; Ha.rriet Smith, Nov. 19, 1872. Elle Run.-Daniel G. Ellis, Oct. 1, 1853; discontinued July 18, 1856. Knox.-Manuel E. Mallo, June 15, 1855. Changed to Gilbertville.-Au-gustus Kammann, June 3, 1858; Benj. Winsett, Aug. 10, 1859; Peter Fel-ton, Sept. 13, 1861 ; Benj. Winsett, Dec. 13, 1865 ; Matthew Miller, Oct. 6, 1873. La Poi·te Oity.-Jesse Wasson, July 18, 1855; Lewis Turner, December 28, 1857; Wm. L. Fox, February 10, 1858; Cyrus C. Charles, May 2, 1861; ,Geo. W. Hayzlett, April 13, 1863; Thomas Bunton, October 16, 1863; Geo. W. Hayzlett, March 12, 1868; John R. Stebbins, January 9, 1874. E • 360 HISTORY OF BLACK HA WK COUNTY. Barclay.-Israel B. Cowan, September 5, 1855; Jacob Wolf, November 27, 1855; James Muncey, October 12, 1858; Adam Giget, July 1, 1863; James Muncey, August 23, 1864; Edward Basse, March 26, 1867. Cedar Valley.-Thomas R. Points, March 28, 1856; Philander T. Mead, July 17, 1856; Cicero Close, July 9, 1857; Jeremiah Gay, December 22, 1867; Cicero C. Close, March 1, 1870. Blakeville.-Barzilar G. Updike, June 18, 1856; James Rodgers, May 11, 1865. Lester.-John Cook, July 24, 1856; Jonathan R. Owen, October 21, 1859; Levi J. Schrack, January 28, 1862; Shirburn D. Presba, October 17, 1867; Chas. A. Harrington, January 21, 1868; Samuel H. Kayler, June 2, 1873. Iludson.-Lyman Pierce, July 30, 1857; Rufus W. Wass, January 28, 1864 ; Philander B. Curtiss, July 13, 187 4. Miller's Creek.-Elizabeth Roberts, March 3, 1870; "Hannah Bateman, March 21, 1871. Mullarky' s Grove.-J oshua A; Hooker, March 15, 1858 ; Zabriskie, May 14, 1849; Levi Washburn, September 9, 1861. Raymond, February 27, 1862. George L. Changed to Raymond.-Harvey T. Hume, December 10, 1863; Geo. Edginton, June 2, 1865; Henry D. Gould, September 27, 1865; Levi B Cook, October 12, 1869; Elva C. Walsh, November 30, 1875. Filkin's Grove.-John T. Mills, June 17, 1858. Discontinued September 20, 1858. Perry Valley,-:--T, W. Boardman, November 13, 1858. Changed to Buchanan County. East Waterloo.-Roswell Baker, November 13, 1858; Samuel P. Brainard, February 4, 1860; James ·A. Fry, July 6, 1,861; discontinued March 27, 1862. Energy.-Aaron L. Burgess, December 30, 1861; discontinued November 13, 1863. Fincliford.-George W. Collins, November 16, 1870; John Ferguson, July 19, 1872; Milton G. Finch, April 21, 1873. Sunny Side.-John B. Masters, November 11, 1873; Mrs. Ellen Walker, December 17, 1873; Geo. Frink, November 16, 1874. Now in Buchanan County. Nantville.-Thomas H. Fitch, September 16, 1861. Late in Bremer County. ECLIPSE OF THE SUN. Cedar Falls be~ng within the line of totality of the great eclipse of August 7, 1869, observers for the Smithsonian Institution were sent hither from Dubuque. From their report the following extract is made : At the store of Wise & Bryant, the average temperature, in the shade, before the eclipse was 74°, which, at the period of totality, fell to 67°. At the Orphans' Home, the first contact was at 3 o'clock 53 minutes and 9½ seconds; last contact, 5 o' c!.ick 53 minutes and 42 seconds; duration, 2 hours 32½ seconds. Total phase lasted 63¾, seconds, with a variation from 71 seconds, at one and a half miles southeast of the Orphans' Home, to 51 seconds in the city. The corona was well defined. The moments of immersion and emersion of the sun were startlingly instantaneous, and were of such thrilling interest to behold as to require no ordinary power of attention to secure accuracy in recording the period of duration. During the time, dew deposited plentifully on the grass. At the southwest., the darkness was of the blackest character, while at the northeast, through a lurid haze, trees could be seen baskiug in the dim sunlight in the vicinity of Janesville, ten or twelve miles distant. HISTORY OF BLACK HA WK COUNTY. 361 The best description was furnished by an amateur observer, Hon. Peter l\Ielendy, who says: We had chosen for our point of observation one of the highest in Black Hawk County, where we could get a full view of Cedar Falls and the surrounding country. From the elevated position selected, we could count four hundred distinct. farm house,si, and could discover objects in five counties, viz., Black Hawk, Grundy, Butler, Bremer and Buchanan. It is claimed, also, that, in favorable and clear weather, the woods near Independence, thirty miles off, can be seen with the miked eye. * * * * * * * * * When the sun was about half hidden by the dark disk of the moon, our attention was called to the appearance of the sky in the north. A gloom was thrown over all the landscape, and the sky was of a deep, dense, black blue-particularly the horizon-as if a terrible storm was approaching. The trees in the distance had lost their lively verdure, the golden wheat fields had a dull, sickly color, and the gradual approach of darkness became impressive. The sunlight in the south and southeast had become much weakened ; it had that unearthly greenish anr\ reddish, gloomy, sickly, faint aspect, making the contrast hetween the sky in the north and in the south very great. It appeared as if the sky was descending to the ground and the horizon contracting. As we could see for miles to the north and east, the sight was grand, beautiful, inspiring awe and wonder. As the eciipse advanced to within a few seconds of the total observation. the scene became intensely interesting, particularly at the north. The big woods and the timber in the valley of the Cedar had lost their beautiful verdure, and looked like outlines of dark pictures in an unfamiliar country. It was a magnificent sight; not quite as dark as night, but it appeared as if the skY. at the north was putting on a deep blue black; the sky to the south, near the horizon, was a brownish yellow. * * * * * * * * We look around us now on the countenances of those of our party. All wear a look of wonder and anxiety, watching for the approach of the moon's shadow. Suddenly, one· of the party shouted. "There it is! the shadow!" The awful shadow of the moon was approaching us at a velocity of a mile a second from the west, as a dark, vast mass or column, or cloud, as the description had been given us. How grand thie sight was, as the mighty shadow swept onward to the east! The approach and recession of the shadow was not uniform, but dark stripes appeared flut-tering across the landscape and the edges appeared tremulous; and one of our party, who was looking at the eclipse just as the last visible ray disappeared, says it is like a flicker of a candle going out. It seemed but a second before we were immersed in the shadow, and, as near as we could calculate, the shadow was thirty to forty seconds passing over, from the time when first seen until it had passed away. Now comes the grand sight! In an instant the panorama is changed. The dotrk clouds that were at the north changed positions to the south, which was as black as the darkness of night . To the north and northeast, covering one-third of the visible horizon, we could see objects plainly beyond the disk on the distant landscape. All above is of a deep blue, or black; to the south and southwest, a deep jet black, while at the north, a mellow, faint yellowish or brimstone color, and beautiful, the wheat fields waving with the golden grain, the varied hues of green, with the white farm houses dotted here and there, appeared. Above us, now, were the twinkling stars, glittering in all their glory, in the broad, dark zone-night-with the stars above us to south and west of us; and to the north and east of us, ten or twelve miles. old Sol shining on the land-scape, and the dark, deep shadow sleeping on the southwest in all its blackness. What a variety of views we can take in with one scanning of the eye ! Around and over us, we cannot describe it. At this moment we have to the southeast, south and west, the blackness of a terrible storm ; to the north, the distant objects have a fine yellow hue, and to the east, a fine purple color, and the deep blue overhead, with stars peeping out, with the sun entirely hid, with the beautiful faint crown of light apparently surrounding the moon, with the faint streaks, like jets of flame, are seen protruding from the edge. The coolness was great, as the temperature hatl fallen some twenty degrees. The sight was certainly much finer from our point of observation than farther to the center; for we had the effect uf the totality a sufficient length of time to get the full benefit of it, with the addition of seeing the sunlight on the distant parts of the landscape beyond the northern boundary; and as the restoration began, the landscape became more beautiful, the striking con-trast of the glorious and sublime spectacle of the light on the distant landscape as it began to play among the golden fields and the distant hills and forests, it were as if a flood of grateful and cheering brightness had fallen into the Cedar Valley with a sweet, mellow tinge and power beyond description. It was a sudden and amazing change from the dark and gloomy appearance of a few moments before. THE CIRCUIT COURT. By an act of the General Assembly of Iowa, entitled " An act to establish Circuit and General Term Courts, and to define the powers and duties thereof,. , 362 HISTORY OF BLACK HAWK COUNTY. approved April 3, 1868, each Judicial District in the State was divided into two circuits, and the office of Circuit Judge was created to be elected at the general election in November, 1868, for a term of four years. Circuit Courts were endowed with exclusive jurisdiction of all probate matter, and of all actions and proceedings in which County Judges have previously had j urisdiction, and also in all appeals and writs of error from Justices' Courts, Mayors' Courts, and all other inferior tribunals, either in civil or criminal cases, and concurrent jurisdic-tion "·ith the District Court in foreclosures, etc. The counties of Buchanan, Black Hawk and Grundy were constituted the second circuit of the Ninth Judi-cial District ; and terms were established in Black Hawk on the first Monday in February, fourth Monday in June, first Monday in October and fifth Mon-day in November for the year 1869. The first term of the Circuit Court in Black Hawk County was held at the Court House, February 1, 1869; present, Sylvester Bagg, Judge presiding; W. F. Brown, Sheriff, and G. A. Eberhart, Clerk. The office of County Judge was abolished; but that officer became ex officio County Auditor. COUNTY AUDITOR. By an act entitled "An act to provide for the election of County Auditors, and define their poweri- and duties, and making County Judges ex officio County Auditors," approved April 7, 1868. it was provided that at the general election preceding the expiration of the term of office of County Judges then in office, a County Auditor should be elected, whose term of office should commence on the 1st of January thereafter and continue two years. After January 1, 1869, the County Judge was made ex officio County Auditor until the election and qualification of such office. The County Auditor was made Clerk of the Board of Supervisors, etc. Under this act, Daniel W. Foote, County Judge, became ex officio County Auditor of Black Hawk January 1, 1869, and was elected his own successor. COUNTY SUPERVISOR. By " An act to amend Article 2 of Chapter 22 of the revision of 1860," etc., approved April 14, 1870, the cumbrous Board of Township Supervisors was abolished and a Board of three County Supervisors established instead, to be elected at the general election in 1870, and assumed the control of county affairs on the first Monday in January, 1871. Under the act in October, 1870, Cicero Close, George B. Van Saun and A. T. Weatherwax were elected, who assembled in January, 1871, and organized by the election of Cicero Close, Chairman. At the November election, 1872, the people voted that the num-ber of Supervisors of Black Haw'k County should be increased to seven. The additional members thus added were elected in October, 1873, and took their seats in January, 1874. CRIMINAL CASES. One of the most noted criminal cases in the annals of Black Hawk Countv was the· attempted murder of Byron Wright at Cedar City, by Almir'a Stickley, January 6, 1873. Mr. Wright was teaching the public school at that village, and was, up to that date, boarding with Mrs. Stickley, at the solicita-tion of her daughter. Finding the place unpleasant, he had decided to remove to Mr. Kingsley's, and had notified the Stickleys of the proposed change on the morning noted above, just before starting to his school. He had slept late that morning and did not wait for breakfast. At recess, he returned to Mrs. Stick-HISTORY OF BLACK HA WK COUNTY. 363 ley 's for something to eat, and while eating his lunch, Almira Stickley approached from behind and fired a revolver at his head, the bullet penetrating his brain. Wright rose from the table, fell to the floor, regained his feet and attempted to leave the room, but was prevented by Richard George, a lover of Almira's. He then went to the window for air, and while standing there, was shot in the left side of the head by George. Almira and George then drove hurriedly to Ceqar Falls, and the girl excitedly related to James Taggart what they had done. The pair were arrested a few minutes afterward. Wright was able -to stagger to the school house and tell what had befallen him. He was taken to Mr. Davidson's house, and the next day was removed to Waterloo. The subsequent statement of the Stickleys was that Almira was in love with Wright, and was determined to marry or kill him, in which she was abetted by the mother. George had been anxious to secure the girl for some time, and his motive for becoming an accomplice in the attempted murder is apparent. The bullet in Wright's head was not extracted till the following August. Mrs. Stickley was convicted at Vinton in March, 1873, for complicity in the attempt to murder Wright, and sentenced to the penitentiary for nine years. Almira was sentenced to the Reform School for one year. Wright afterward removed to Johnson County and married. He obtained · a situation in the Iowa City public school, but soon after became insane. He was harmless in his insanity, and was allowed to remain at Waterloo, whith~r his friends took him. As predicted at the time he was shot, he died from the effects of the wound July 26, 187 5. The Stickleys appealed from the judgment of Judge Shane, and were for som·e time at large on bail, pending the decision of the appeal, which was adverse to them. Their bail then surrendered them to undergo the sentence pronounced. George had previously forfeited his bail and had fled the State. On the morning of April 5, 1873, the body of an infant w::.s found in Cedar River, below Cedar Falls. April 29th, William Riley and Ursula Spangler were indicted for the murder of the child. Miss Spangler took change of venue to Bremer County. Riley was tried in Black Hawk, and on the 3d day of October, 1873, Judge D. S. Wilson rendered judgment that the said William Riley be imprisoned at hard labor in the penitentiary of the State of Iowa, at Fort Madison, for the term of his lifetime, or life, and that he pay the costs of the prosecution, taxed at $227. INCIDE.NTS AND CASUALTIES. The farmers of Washington Township in the Spring of 1860 manufactured about $1,500 worth of maple sugar and syrup. The same community sowed over a thousand acres of wheat the t.ame season. Christopher Close, of Cedar Township, lost a new house, almost completed, by fire August 15, 1860, caused by the tinners who were putting on the eaves-troughs, allowing a soldering iron to ignite some shavings. The building had cost about $1,500. The residence of George Tuttle, of Mount Vernon, was destroyed by fire Jan. 13, 1865, the loss being about $500. Sept. 19, 1869, John Geyer, of Mount Vernon Township, was killed by a blow from a stick of wood in the hands of Henry Burke, at the house of Con-rad Paul, where a party had assembled. Both had been drinking. 364 HISTORY OF BLACK HA WK COUNTY. April 21, 1872, Michael Ulrich, of Washington Township, committed sui-cide by shooting himself in the breast with a gun. He was 25 years old, and left a wife and one child. William Graves, who lived with his mother about four miles north of Cedar Falls, while out hunting on Sunday, Aug. 11, 1872, was accidentally killed by his own gun. He had been lying down, and on arising the contents of the gun were lodged in his breast. Jan. 31, 1873, the dwelling of L. B. Corwin, seven miles northwest of Cedar Falls, was destroyed by fire, the loss being $600, partially covered by insurance. • James Anderson, of Washington Township, Oct. 6, 1875, lost his dwell-ing, worth about $4,000, by fire. Jan. 28, 1876, John Carroll, of Washington Township, was thrown from a loaded wagon and killed by one of the forward wheels crushing his skull before he could extricate himself. George Emmert, a young man living near La Porte, was fatal1y stabbed by Samuel Pray Feb. 7, 1876. All were attending church. Pray and his com-panions had been pulling Emmert's hair, and on his objecting they dared him out to fight. In the scuffle which followed, Emmert was stabbed in the lungs, dying in eight minutes. Otto Kutter, of German, committed suicide in the cemetery at Waterloo by shooting himself in the breast with a pistol, Oct. 1, 1876. In May, 1868, Mr. Jacob Hoffman discovered a deposit of peat six miles northwest of Waterloo. COUNTY OFFICERS. County Jiidges.-Jonathan R. Pratt, 1853, died June 1855; John Randall, 1855-7; Julius C. Hubbard, 1857-9; George W. Couch, 1860-61 (confined to Probate duties after 1861); S. D. Shaw, 1862-7; Daniel W. Foote, 1868-9 (office abolished January 1, 1870). Treasurers and Recorders.-Aaron Dow, 1853-5; O. E. Hardy, 1855, January, 1856; Francis B. Davidson, 1856-7; A. C. Bunnell, 1857-65. Treasurers.-John Elwell, 1866-7; R. A. Whitaker, 1868-75; David B. Washburn, 1876. Recorders.-James W. McClure, 1865-72 ; C. B. Stillson, 1873. Clerks of District Courts.-John II. Brooks, 1853, resigned April 4, 1854; Luther L. Peas, 1854; Martin Bailey, 1854-5; Morrison Bailey, 1855-6; J. B. Severance, 1856-60; Dempster J. Coleman, 1861-6; A. G. Eberhart, 1867-72; J. C. Gates, 1873. Sherijfs.-John Virden, 1853-5; Benjamin F. Thomas, 1855-7; John Elwell, 1857-9-60 and '61; W. F. Brown, 1862-73; George W. Hayzlett, 1874. Prosecuting Attorneys.-William L. Christie, 1853; R. P. Spear, 1854; A. F. Brown, 1854; John Randall, 1804-5; William Haddock, 1855-6; Wm. H. McClure, 1856; S. W. Rawson, 1857 (superseded by District Attorney). School Fund Commissioners.-II. II. Fowler, 1853-4; Stephen A. Bishop, 1854 ( office abolished in 1855). County Surveyors.-Charles Mullan, 1853-5 ; George W. Miller, 1855-(); M. L. Tracey, 1860-62; Geo. W. Miller, 1863-5; J. Ball, 1866-7; E. A. Snyder, 1868-73; E. Rodenberger, 1874. Drainage Comrnissioners.-Norman L. Jackson, 18.53-5; Thomas R. Points, 1855-7; J. W. Holmes, 1857-9; Jacob Wolf, 1860; A. G. Ban-HISTORY OF BLACK HAWK COUNTY. 365 nister, 1861-2; S. R. Crittenden, 1863-5; J. A. Loatwell, 1866. (Office abolished. Superintendents of Schools.-Truman Steed, 1859-61; M. H. Moore, 1862-3; George Ordway, 1864-5; J. C. Gates, 1866-7; Seymour Gookins, 1868-9; E. G. Miller, 1870; A. H. Nye, 1870-71; W. H. Brinkerhoff, 1872-3; A. F. Townsend, 1874-5; James S. George, 1876. County Auditor.-Daniel W. Foote, 1870. Deputies.-J. C. Gates, 1870-72; W. A. Cottrell, 1873. SUPERVISORS-(TOWNSHIP SYSTEM). For 1861.-M. Bailey, Chairman; C. F. Jaquith, M. H. Moore, Jesse Wassen, J. B. Orr, Levi Washburn, S. P. Babcock, F. S. Tewksbury, D. W. Jordan, H. P. Homer, Oscar Dunton, D. E. Champlin, James Hempseed, John Hackett, Gardiner, J. H. Mead, J. Jaquith. 1862.-M. H. Moore, Chairman; F. B. Carpenter, 0. 0. St. John, J. Wasson, J.B. Orr, L. Washburn, L.B. Sheppard, F. S. Tewksbury, D. W. Jordan, W.W. Hutton, Oscar Dunton, D. E. Champlin, James Hempseed, John Hackett, Gardiner, J. H. Mead, Charles Pierce, Horace Beckwith. 1863.-M. H. Moore, Chairman; L. B. Sheppard, W. W. Hutton, D. E. Champlin, G. Gardner, IL Beckwith, J. Hackett, D. W. Jordan, O. 0. St. John, Jacob Wolf, I. T. Corwin, Byron Sargent, Simeon Clark, J. H. Potts, 0. M. Hayden, Geo. Bishop, D. W. Jordan. John Hachett died in February, and I. D. Gilkey was appointed. 1864.-M. H. Moore, Chairman; C. May, G. Bishop, I. T. Corwin, D. W. Jordan, B. Sargent, B. G. Updike, J. Wolf, D. E. Champlin, J. H. Potts, I. D. Gilkey, 0. M. Hayden, H. M. Bailey, A. Vittam, L. B. Sheppard, John McManus, William Rolph, S. Clark. 1865.-M. H. Moore, Chairman; C. May, William Gilchrist, Wm. Rolph, Josiah Jackson, I. T. Corwin. L. B. Sheppard, 0. Hughes, H. W. Abbey, B. G. Updike, James Sandiland, D. E. Champlin, P. S. Canfield, I. D. Gilkey, John Bird, Nelson Hitchcock, H. M. Bailey, Albert Vittam. 1866.-D. E. Champlin, Chairman; James S. George, C. May, Wm. Gil-christ, Wm. Rolph, Josiah Jackson, I. T. Corwin, C. P. Nichols, A. A. Alline, H. W. Abbey, W. H. Hutton, James Sandiland, P. S. Canfield, L. Goings, Damon Mott, N. Hitchcock, H. M. Bailey, A. Vittam. 1867.-A. A. Alline, Uhairman; J. S. George, C. May, Wm. Gilchrist, T. H. Elwell, Josiah Jackson, I. T. Corwin, C. P. Nichols, L. P. Holt, W. W. Hutton, James Sandiland, R. S. Wooster, J. M. Northrup, I. D. Gilkey, D. Mott, N. Hitchcock, A. T. Webster, A. Vittam. 1868.-Byron Culver, Chairman; N. S. Boyles, D. E. Champlin, L. A. Cobb, N. Hitchcock, L. P. Holt, J. Jackson, S. H. Rownd, J. Sandiland, G. F. Ward, I. T. Corwin, James Hempseed, H.P. Homer, G. W. Humphrey, H.J. McCord, D. Mott, C. P. Nichols, A. T. Webster, H. J. McCord. 1869.-Cicero Close, Chairman; J. D. Abbott, N. S. Boyles, D. E. Champ-lin, L.A. Cobb, I. T. Corwin, G. W. Humphrey, H. P. Homer, I. D. Gilkey, Josiah Jackson, H. J. McCord, Damon Mott, Alonzo Norris, Charles Robin-son, Samuel H. Rownd, Byron Sargent, L. B. Sheppard, Jesse Wasson, A. T. Webster. 1870.-C. Close, Chairman; J. D. Abbott, Urias Caskel, D. E. Champlin, L. A. Cobb, I. T. Corwin, J. L. Finch, Daniel Fish, G. W. Hayzlett, E. C. Humphrey, Josiah Jackson, Jefferson Jaquith, Caleb May, H. J. McCord. C. B. Miller, Alonzo Norris, Charles Robinson, S. H. Rownd, Byron Sargent. 366 HISTORY OF BLACK HAWK COUNTY. COUNTY SYSTEM. 1871.-Cicero Close, Chairman ; George B. Van Saun, A. T. Weatherwax. 1872.-A. T. Weatherwax, Chairman; C. Close and G. B. Van Saun. 1873.-Cicero Close, Chairman; A. T. Weatherwax, A. T. Webster. (Increased to seven by vote of the people October, 1872.) 1874.-A. T. Weatherwax, Chairman; A. T."Webster, N. Hitchcock, D. B. Washburn, H.J. McCord, H. W. Jenney, Caleb May, 1875,-Caleb May, Chairman; J. C. Burnham, H. W. Jenney, H. J. Mc-Cord, D. B. Wr1shburn, A. T. Weatherwax, A. T. Webster. 1876.-H. J. McCord, Chairman; H. W. Jenney, Jefferson Jaquith, J. C. Burnham, H.B. Eighmey, A. T. Weatherwax, C. May. 1877.-H. J. McCord, Chairman; C. May, John McQuilken, H. W. Jen-ney, A. T. Weatherwax, B. J. Rodemer, Jefferson Jaquith. 1878.-H. W. Jenney, Chairman; I. T. Corwin, J. Jaquith, C. May, John McQuilken, Samuel Owens, B. J. Rodemer. MEMBERS OF THE LEGISLATURE. 8enate.-A. F. Brown, 1860-1-2-3; Coker F. Clarkson, 1864-5; James B. Powers, 1866-7-8-9; George W. Couch, 1870-71; John H. Leavitt, 1872-3; Edward G. Miller, 1876-7; H. C. Hemenway, 1878-t-J. House of Assembly.-Morrison Bailey, 1856-7; Zimri Streeter, 1858-9-'60-61; Warner H. Curtis, 1862-3; Cicero Close, 1864-5-6-7; George Ord-way, 1868-9; T. B. Carpenter, 1870-71; Cicero Close, 1872-3; Charles B. Campbell, 1874-5; Harlan P. Homer, 1876-7; H. C. Hemenway, 1876-7; Lore Alford, 1878; Jeremiah L. Gay, 1878. EDUCATIONAL. The first schools taught in Black Hawk County were private or subscription schools. Their accommodations, as may be readily supposed, were not good. Sometimes they were taught in small log houses enicted for the purpose. Stoves and such heating apparatus as are in use now were unknown. A mud and stick chimney in one end of the building, with earthen hearth, with a fire-place .wide enough and deep enough to take in a four-foot back log, and smaller wood to match, served for warming purposes in Winter and a kind of conservatory in Summer. For windows, part of a log was cut out in either side, and maybe a few panes of eight by ten glass set in; or, just as likely as not, the aperture would be covered over with greased paper. Writing benches were made of wide planks, or, maybe, puncheons resting on pi11s or arms driven into two-inch auger holes bored into the logs beneath the windows. Seats were made out of thick planks or puncheons ; flooring was made of the same kind of stuff. Everything was rude and plain, but many of America's greatest men have gone out from just such school houses to grapple with the world and make a name for themselves, and names that come to be an honor to their country. In other cases, private rooms and parts of private houses were utilized as school houses, but the furni • ture was just as plain. But all these things are changed now. A log school house in Iowa is a rarity. Their places are filled with handsome frame or brick structures. The rude furniture has also given way, and the old school books, the "Populai; Reader," the "English Reader" (the finest literary compilation ever known in American schools), and " Webster's Elementary Spelling Book," are superseded by others of greater pretensions. The old spelling classes and spelling matches HISTORY OF BLACK HA WK COUllTY. 367 have followed the old school houses, until they are remembered only in name. Of her school system, Iowa can justly boast. It has sent out a large number of representative men whose names are as familiar to the nation as they are in the historie,- of the counties and neigh1'orhoods in which they once lived. While the State has extended such fostering care to the interests of education, the several counties have been no less zealous , and watchful in the management of this vital interest. And Black Hawk County forms no exception to the rule. The school houses and their furnishings are in full keeping with the spirit of the law that provides for their maintenance and support. The teachers rank high among the other thousands ofteachersin the State; and the several County Super-intendents, since the office of Superintendent was made a part of the school sys-tem, have been chosen with especial reference to their fitness for the position. It is impossible to find any reports of educational matters in this county prior to 1858, when the Seventh General Assembly passed "An act for the Public Instruction of the State of Iowa," and organized the present school sys-tem. By this act, which went into force March 20, 1858, each civil township was made a school district, and the number of districts and district officers was thus greatly reduce l. By the same act, the office of County Superintendent of Schools was created, and appropriations made in aid of Teachers' Institutes. The first Teachers' Institute held in the county, of which any recollection remains, was at Cedar Falls, October 8-13, 1860, conducted by J. L. Enos, of Cedar Rapids. Those in attendance were: T. Steed, L. J. Hammond, W. 0. Porter, R. 0. Hall, J. S. Livingston, E. B. Lamb, W. H. Merwin, Peter Liv-ingston, T. H. Leslie, Dr. John Kerr, E. H. Wilcox, Wilbur F. Poor, Jennie Gardner, Anna Gardner, E. A. Leslie, Alice Doolittle, Sar;i,h A. Dougherty, Lois A. Dunham, Anna E. Jaynes, N. Collins, E. A. McStay, Anna Bullock, Mary E. Pratt, Mary A. Barnard, M. J. Collier, Mrs. D. 0. Overman, Mrs. Joseph Chase, Phebe Tondro, Susan McNalley, Emma Hall, W. Garrison, L. F. Barnard, W. W. Engle, M. J. Engle, M. W. Collins, Eliza Dixon, M. J. McStay. The officers chosen for the ensuing year were: J. M. White, President; E. B. Lamb, Vice President; L. F. Barnard, Secretary; T. Steed, Treasurer; Mrs. D. 0. Overman, L. J. Hammond, E. H. Wilcox, Executive Committee. Between October 5, 1860, and October 4, 1861, there were 70 public schools in Black Hawk County; number of pupils attending school, 2,347 ; number of teachers-males, 44; females, 64; average weekly compensation to males, $5.21; to females, $3.16; amount paid teachers duri1•g year, $6,353.60. 'l'he total population of the county in 1860 was 8,244. The following abstracts from the Superintendent's reports for 1860, 1867 and 1877 will show the progress of the educational interests of the county, since the period when records are accessible: 1860. 1867. 1877. Township Districts ................................... 17 22 11 Independent Districts .............................. 56 Sub-Districts .................. •·· ............ ........ 7l 114 81 Ungraded schools .................................... 136 Graded schools ....................................... 5 Number of schools ..... ............................. 78 108 141 Average duration-months ........................ . .. 7.58 Number of male teachers ........................... 6 54 84 Number of female teachers ........................ 12 139 197 Average compensation-males, per week ...... $6 46 $7 50 month$35 34 Average compensation-females, per week ... 3 08 6 2,5 29 83 Number of persons between ages of 5 and 21 years-males ................................ 1,461 3,307 4,380 Number of persons between ages of 5 and 21 years-females .............................. 1,371 3,225 4,183 368 HISTORY OF BLACK HA WK COUNTY. Pupils enrolled ..................................... . Average attendance ................................ . Cost of tuition per pupil-Summer, per week Winter " School houses-frame .............. .' .............. . brick ............................ .. 2,103 1;275 .22 .38 25 stone.............................. 3 logs ................................ 7 Value of school houses ............................. $8,G95 25 Value of apparatus................................... 49 50 Number of volumes in libraries.................. 32 Total expense for paid teachers .................. 4,132 74 Following is the Financial Statement for 1877 : SCHOOL HOUSE FUND. 6,080 3,403 .21} .27 72 4 5 9 $84,088 2.139 20 32 18,978 78 6,172 4,281 month, $1 32 127 10 10 $170,150 3,249 61 47,030 86 Total receipts during the year ...................................................... $47,511 23 Paid for school houses and sites ........................ ........................... 5,425 42 Paid on bonds and interest ........................................................ 35,134 31 On hand................................................................................. 6,951 50 CONTINGENT FUND. Total receipts ........................................................................... $25,696 67 Paid rent for school houses ......... ....... ........ ................ .. ............... l 60 Paid repairs for school houses...................................................... 3,197 90 Paid for fuel............................................................................. 4,837 87 Paid Secretaries........................................................................ 642 66 Paid Treasurers . . . . .. . ... . . ... . .. ... . .. . .. . . . . .. ... . ... .. . . . . .. ... . ....... . .. . . . . . .. .. 527 15 Paid records and apparatus......................................................... 913 56 Paid various purposes...... .........•................................................ 6,932 44 On hand ...•.. ............... ........................ .................................... 8,743 49 TEACHERS' FUND. Total receipts ........................................................................... $79,655 94 Paid teachers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47,030 86 On hand ...... ....... . ................................................................. 32,625 08 Number of teachers receiving certificates of first grade....................... 54 Number of teachers receiving certificates of second grade.................. 129 Number of teachers receiving certificates of third grade.................... 98 Total number of certificates granted . .. ......... ...... ............... ...... ...... 281 Number of applicants rejected...................................................... 118 Number of applicants examined................................................... 399 Average of applicants, male...................................... .................. .25 Average of applicants, female...................................................... .23 No experience in teaching, males ........................... ......... ............. 7 No experience in teaching, females............................................... 35 Taught less than oae year, males................................................... 39 Taught less than one year, females.... . .... .. ......... ... ............... .... .. . 49 Number of schools visited by County Superintendent........................ 142 Number of' visits...................................... . ................................ 187 Educational meetings held................................................. ......... 3 Appeals decided............................................... . ........................ 1 Compensation of Supt. from October 1, 1876 to Oct. 1, 1877 ............ ... $1,232 Number of' private schools........................................................... 4 Number of private school teachers................................... . ............ 19 Number of pupils in private schools................ . ........... . .................. 370 A Teachers' Normal Institute was held at Waterloo, commencing March 26, 1877, continuing two weeks. E. Baker, Conductor; J. K. Sweeney, M. F. Avery, T. R. Hamlin and Miss M. McCowen, Assistant Instructors; C. W. Van Coelln and J. C. Gilchrist, Lecturers. Total number of teachers in attend-ance, 205-41 gentlemen and 164 ladies. Graded Schools of 1877 .-Cedar Falls: Male teachers, 3; female teachers, 12; J. McNaughton, Principal, salary $1,200. East Waterloo: Female teach-,ers, 10; J. K. Sweeney, Principal, salary $1,200. La Porte City: Female HISTORY OF BLACK HA WK COUNTY. 369 teachers, 4; E. M. Sharon, Principal, salary $680. Waterloo: Female teach-ers, 9; Prof. W. II. Robertson, Principal, salary $1,390. The private schools are: Prairie Home Female Seminary-Miss A. Fields, Principal; 4 teachers employed; 65 pupils. Conservatory of Music-E. W. Burnham, Principal; teachers, 3. Our Lady of Victory (Catholic)-Lady Crescentia, Principal; teachers, 5; pupils, 145. The present efficient Superintendent of Schools is James S. George, Esq., and the present condition of the schools in the county is thus summarized in his last annual report: The raising of the grades of certificates has produced a very beneficial effect upon teachers and schools. It has incited our teachers to more application and study, and I can plainly see that they are giving much closer attention to their school work. I find the people generally in favor of elevating the standard of their teachers and schools ; and I also meet, in my efforts to accom-plish this much-to-be-desired end, not a little opposition from teachers. I have been sorely tried in a few instances by teachers and their relatives asking, and even demanding, particular favors . I have been forced t.o the conclusion that nepotism is, perhaps, as common here as in many other parts of the State ; but, by the strict observance of law and official instructions, I have it in a great. measure under subjection. We held our Normal Institute this year l•st Spring, having an attendance of 205 members, and it proved in all respects a success. 'rhe attendance would have been much greater had it not been for prevailing sickness at the time, and that a number of schools were in session. The State Normal School is in a very prosperous condition, but is much in need of more room. An appropriation should be made by the State this Winter for its enlargement. The State can well feel proud of this institution, and should give liberally toward its en-couragement and support. In the compiling of my report, I have labored, as usual, under great embarrassments in pro-curing prompt and correct reports from school Secretaries and Treasurers . The difficulty will continue to occur until the Legislature afford to the Superintendent some relief. The law as it now is, renders him completely powerless ; and if he is refused reports by these officers, he has no efficient way provided to rnforce compliance with the law. I often won-der why our law makers are so dilatory and lax concerning these importantr .· gulations. lt is to be hoped that our Legislature will act wisely and promptly in this matter. STATE NORMAL SCHOOL. On page 201 of this work will be found a brief account of the inception of this institution, which promises to be such an important adjunct to the common school system of Iowa. It is needless to say that the people of Black Hawk County fully appreciate the establishment of the Normal School in their midst. The first Commencement Exercises were held on Wednesday, June 27, 1877. There were six applicants for graduation, but two of the number were denied diplomas on account of their youth, though they were allowed to participate in the exercises. The suhjects discussed by the class were as follows: l\Iaude Gilchrist, Cedar Falls, "Progression the Law of the Human Race;" R. 0. Benton, Mason City, "Superstitions;" Mary Flagler, Cedar Falls, "Public Sentiment;" Ada Coates, Green Mountain, ·' The Triumph of Peace;" Eva M. Donohue, Mason City, "The Value of Character;" David K. Bond, Hopkinton, "Penn and Lycurgus." 'fhe average attendance by terms during the Normal year was ninety. At the Commencement of 1878 (July 11), the orations were: "Civiliza-ti,m," Loren E. Churchill, Finchford; "Vicissitudes of a Poet's Life," Maude Gilchrist; "Safety Lies in a Medium," David K. Bond, Hopkinton; "Misan-thropy," Rome 0. Benton, Mason City. The number of students in attendance during the past year was 237, of whom 153 were ladies. There are two literary societies-the Philomathean anrl the Alpha-both of which are heartily sustained by the students. 370 HISTORY OF BLACK HA WK COUNTY. The officers chosen by the Trustees for the coming two years are : S. G. Smith, President; J. J. Tolerton, Vice President; E. Townsend, Treasurer; W. C. Bryant, Secretary. The faculty for 1878-9 is as follows: J. C. Gilchrist, A. M., Principal, and Professor of Mental Philosophy, Moral Philosophy and Didactics; M. W. Bartlett, A. M., Professor of Ancient Languages and Natural Science; D. S. Wright, A. M., Professor of Mathematics and Ancient Literature; Miss S. Laura Ensign, Teacher of Geography, History, Botany, et al.; ·Miss Mary E. Bradley, Teacher of Drawing, Penmanship and Bookkeeping; William Pat-tee, Steward, and Mrs. Parsons, Matron. Students seeking admission to this school are required to be, if males, at least 17, and, if females, at least lo years of age; to produce a certificate of good moral character, signed by some responsible person; to sign a statement of their intention in good faith to follow the business of teaching in the public schools of the State; to produce a certificate showing that the applicant has passed the examination required to obtain a teacher's certificate of the lowest grade, and that he has been appointed to the school. Such examination and appointment must be made, and such certificate is signed by the Superintendent of Schools for the county in which the :i,pplicant resides. . Students need not hesitate to correspond with the institution before this appointment, or even if failing to get it. Each county is entitled to one student for every four thousand inhabitants, or part thereof; but admission will not be refused to any applicant who can be admitted without prejudice to the rights of others under the apportionment. Practically, the school is open to all. Students not intending to become teachers can enter the school, provided there are accommodations untaken by student teachers; but such students must pay tuition at the rate of two dollars ($2.00) per month. THE PRESS. Cedar Falls Banner.-In 1854, it became necessary that Cedar Falls and Black Hawk County should have a newspaper. Accordingly, Wm. H. McClure and Dr. Meredith purchased at Tipton a six-column hand press and the neces-sary outfit of material, both having seen hard service, but capable of more, and on the 11th of July, the first number of the Cedar Falls Banner was issued. A. F. Brown was the editor; Samuel C. Dunn and Joseph Farley, printers. The sheet was a six-column folio, "independent in all things." In October · following, Dr. Meredith sold his share to S. H. Packard, Esq., who assumed the editorial duties. McClure & Packard afterward sold the concern to Hill & Ball, who were succeeded by Wm. H. Bartman, in 1857 or 1858, who soon after removed the concern to Waterloo and began the publication of the vYpter-loo Courier. The Banner had a circulation of about six hundred, copies being sent to every State in the Union, and one or two to China. It was a most useful little paper, and was of material help in calling attention to the natural advan-tages of Iowa as a home for immigrants and attracting settlers hither. · A file of the Banner was kept, and was introduced in evidence in a case being tried at Waterloo some years ago. Its owner, who prized it highly, not finding it convenient to take the bulky package home with him, left it in the Clerk's office for a more convenient occnsion. The Clerk conscientiously used up the entire file for kindling fires, very much to the regret of all the early' settlers. HISTORY OF BLACK HA WK COUNTY. 371 The Cedar Falls Gazette was given to the expectant citizens of that town for the first time on Friday, March 16, 1860, by H. A. and G. D. Perkins, publishers and editors. In the " Salutatory" the editors say, "We co1i.:e with a strong dete,mination to work with a will for your jnterests, to leave no honor-able means untried to enhance your prosperity, promote your interests, and give publicity to the many natural and artificial advantages with which this point is favored." The politics of the new paper was defined to be in accord with the Republican platform of 1856. The paper was a folio sheet; seven columns to the page. Four years afterward, it was enlarged one column to the page. During the war, George D., the younger brother, enlisted in the volunteer serv-ice, but was discharged for disability, after a year's service. In 1865, Henry A. Perkins was appointed Postmaster of Cedar Falls. July 13, 1866, the brothers sold the paper and material to Rev. S. B. Goodenow, who had just withdrawn from the Independence Guardian. This gentleman retained con-trol till March 22, 1867, when he disposed of the property to Mr. C. W. Sny-der, of Clinton, and A. C. Holt, of Cedar Falls. Mr. Holt remained in the paper till the Summer of 1868, when he disposed of his interest to E. A. Snyder. Early in 1869, the Snyder Brothers sold to George K. Shaw and L. D. Tracy. In two short weeks the partners quarreled, and the firm was dissolved, C. W. Snyder buying out Shaw, who took possession of the Grundy County Atlas. For two or three weeks the Atlas and the Gazette were fairly sulphureous with epithets, the doughty Shaw, among other things, challenging Rev. Mr. Tracy to fight a duel with him. The latter gentleman retired April 15, 1869, when E. A. Snyder again stepped into his old place. The Snyder Brothers continued its ownership till 1877, when Mr. Merchant purchased of them a one-third interest, and the firm still remains the same. The Gazette has always been regarded as one of the very best newspapers in Iowa, being always courteous and fair in political matters, and most painstaking and indus-trious in its local department. The Northwest Democrat was established by a stock company at Cedar Falls, and the first number issued in June, 1862. Its first editor was a decided partisan, and his management drew down on the sheet the ire of the Repub-lican portion of the community to the extent of threatening to suppress the paper. Early in 1863, the owners of the paper decided to conclude its brief life till the kindly touches of time should allay the bitter feeling then existing. The Cedar Falls Recorder was begun in Octoberi 1872, by S. G. Sher-burne. It was a good sized quarto sheet, Democratic in politics. Mr. Sher-burne remained as proprietor till February, 187 4, when he sold out to H. C. Shaver, who had been foreman of the office. In November, 1875, Mr. Shaver sold to L. Hawkins, who converted it into a semi-religious paper ; but finding the experiment a hazardous one, he disposed of the property, six weeks after-ward, to J. B. Abbott & Co., who made it a Republican paper. It soon passed back to H. C. Shaver, who changed its politics to its ori~inal position. In May, 1877, I. Van Metre purchased a half interest, and assumed editorial control. The Recorder is now an eight-column folio sheet, all printed at home, and has a large circulation among the Democracy of Black Hawk County. The office is on the first floor of No. 1 Main street. \ The proprietors are now arranging to have the presses run by water power from the mill race, which can be sup-plied very cheaply. Two other journals have been published at Cedar Falls-the Record, by A. C. Holt, in 1866, and the Real Estate Journal, by T. L. French & Co., two or three years after. Both were advertising papers. 372 HISTORY OF BLACK HAWK COUNTY. The Iowa State Register and Waterloo Herald made its appearance on Saturday, December 15, 1855, Wm. Haddock, edi.tor and proprietor. It was an eight-column folio, and, for the time, a very handsorp.e and creditable sheet. In his salutation to his readers, the editor says: "In politics, our paper will be independent, and not merely neutral ; " and further on, that he is a firm believer in "the doctrine of State rights, and that the South ought to be per-mitted to hold slaves unmolested so long as there is no help for it under the Constitution." But he was opposed to extending slavery into the territ :,ries, and in the struggle growing out of the Kansas-Nebraska bill, the paper took Republican grounds, and then, like most independent journals, was everything by turns and nothing long. • In the latter part of its life, the paper missed frequent issues, the business of the office was neglected, and dissatisfaction was manifested by the patrons in various ways, in hopes of spurring up the publisher to better things; but all without avail. After repeated threats of encouraging the starting of another paper, the citizens did finally extend material aid to Hartman & Ingersoll, which resulted in establishing the Courier, which soon proved a formidable com-petitor. In October, 1859, the Register was discontinued, and the material was sold to parties in Waverly, who were about to start a Democratic paper there. The Waterloo Courier.-In August, 1858, W. H. Hartman, then a young man "chock-full of days' works," and ambitious of winning fame and wealth as a newspaper publisher, resurrected the defunct Banner, at Cedar Falls, and in November following, Geo. D. Ingersoll became associated with him. They made a desperate struggle to keep it waving ; but times were tight, money scarce, and the publishers, finding it hard to live on faith and corn meal alone, suspended the paper again, and on Christmas Day, 1858, moved the material to Waterloo, where, on January 18, 1859, the Courier was born. It was first issued as a seven-column folio. Patronage was light, and it was only by the most rigid economy that both ends were made to meet. On the 1st of January, 1860, the paper was enlarged to an eight-column sheet, the death of the Register making such enlargement possible and necessary. In September of the same year, Hartman bought out Ingersoll, and the Courier continued with him as sole proprietor until November 14, 1864, when J. W. Logan became half owner. In 1865, the paper was again enlarged by adding an extra column to the page, and other improvements were made. In April, 1871, Hartman & Logan sold out the entire establishment to Aldrich & Woodruff, but in October of the same year, Mr. Hartman again became part owner by purchasing Mr. Aldrich's interest. On February 5, 187 4, Mr. Woodruff sold out to A. J. Felt, and the firm name was changed to Felt & Hartman. On the 16th of April following, the paper was again enlarged and changed to a seven-column quarto. August 16, 187 5, Mr. Hartman purchased Mr. Felt's in~erest, and since that date, has been sole editor and proprietor. The early years of the Courier were full of troubles and struggles for exist-ence; but now it is considered one of the best newspaper properties in the in-terior of the State, and it is blessed with a patronage which insures its publisher a good, liberal income. The Iowa State Reporter, next in order, was started May 13, 1868, by II. Q. Nicholson, and was then almost the only paper in the State issued in quarto form. It was started as a Democratic paper, although Black Hawk was one of the strong Republican counties of the Stat_e, giving only 841 Democratic votes out of 3,421 cast at the election of that year. But the paper was neatly printed, ably edited, and its publisher soon worked up a list of about 1,000 subscribers, HISTORY OF BLACK HAWK COUNTY. 373 and a handsome advertising patronage. In November, 1868, Mr. Nicholson was called East by the serious illness of his father, and during his absence the paper was continue:1 by the boys in the office so long as there were any coal piles in the neighborhood and the paper dealers had faith enough to send on white paper. When these two supplies were cut off, the paper had to stop, but the boys were full of grit to the end, and in their last number let themselves down with the following explanation : " Owing to the rapidly increasing business which an appreciating commu-nity is bestowing upon us, we find it necessary to remove our material and ma-chinery to more capacious quarters. Therefore, we shall be compelled, however reluctantly, to suspend the publication of the Reporter for a few weeks, as our machinery is so heavy and extensive that the change cannot be effected without incurring the above suspension." But the suspension was a permanent one, so far as Mr. Nicholson was con-cerned. His father died December 20, 1868, which made it impossible for him to return and resume its publication On February 11, 1869, the material and subscription list were purchased by Smart & Parrott. At that time the office was in the building on Fourth street, now occupied by Seaman & Son, and was too small and inconvenient for printing office purposes. The new proprietors secured a lease of the rear rooms in the second story of Union Hall Block, but did not commence the publication of the Reporter again until the office was moved to the new location, which was in April, and on the 14th of that month the Reporter again appeared, but as a Republican paper. On the 31st of May, 1871, the paper was enlarged to a six-column quarto, and other improvements made, and at that time it was the largest newspaper in the county. The next era in the life of the Reporter was October 16, 1872, when the establishment was moved from Union ~lock into the building specially erected for its occupancy, on Sycamore street. On June 18, 1873, a change was made in the firm, James L. Girton becom-ing a ,partner, and the firm name was changed to Smart, Parrott & Co. On March 17, 1875, J. J. Smart sold out his interest to J.P. Sherman, and the firm name was-changed to Parrott, Girton & Sherman, who are the present publishers. JJer Deutsch Amerikaner.-The first number of this paper was issued August 29, 1872, one side English and the other German. It was published by a company and edited by A. Schill. On the 1st of January, 1873, Mr. Martin Blim became proprietor and editor, and on the 21st of February follow-ing, discontinued the English part of his paper, making it exclusively German. It is enjoying a fair degree of prosperity, and its subscription list is constantly increasing. The La Porte Progress was established November 30, 1870, by Dr. Jesse Wasson. It was a seven-column folio, Independent in politics, and edited with ability. In February, 1872, the Progress was enlarged to eight columns. It is now edited by its original editor, Dr. Wasson, and in politics is Democratic. The La Porte City Republican first appeared in July, 1852, W. H. Brink-erhoff, editor and publisher. After struggling against fate for eleven long, weary months, the Republican succumbed to the inevitable, and suspended for want of adequate support. Burroughs' Journal was first started in Streator, Ill., by Rev. J. W. Bur-roughs, but was removed to Raymond, Black Hawk County, Iowa, in July, 187 4. It is a six-column quarto paper, devoted to the discussion of religious topics, mainly. It is published weekly, and is printed at Raymond. 374 HISTORY OF BLACK HA WK COUNTY. RAILROADS. Dubuque f.J' Pacific Railroad.-The necessity for railroads was felt by the early settlers of Iowa to be a vital one, and whenever a project was pre-sented to any settlement, it was sure to meet hearty welcome. In 1854, a preliminary survey was made for a line westward, by the Dubuque & Pacific Company, then just organized, and the people of Black Hawk County felt that the hour of their prosperity was near at hand; while the residents of Waterloo and Cedar Falls saw in the future the thriving cities that have sprung up. But the company, having limited capital, and the people east of Black Hawk being able to do but little, the road progressed very slowly. To insure the building of the Dubuque & Pacific Road to Uedar Falls, the inhabitants contributed freely by donations of cash and lands, and also by taking stock; the principal contributors being the Overmans, Brown, Dr. Meredith, Mullarky and others; the amount in all being about $100,000. The county of Black Hawk was asked to aid the enterprise by subscribing to the capital stock of the company to the amount of $200,000, and the people voted to do so. The bonds were prepared and are still preserved in the county archives as a memento of railroad excitement and the sanguine hopes of the people. It is said that the County Judge at that time (1856) refused to sign these bonds, and consequently they were never issued. The reasons for this refusal are not clearly apparent; but it is said that the city of Waterloo became largely identified with the Burlington, Cedar Rapids & Minnesota Railroad, which was probably thought to be of more importance to that city than the Dubuque & Pa'.)ific. In consequence of their refusal to comply with the terms of the agreement, it is alleged that the line of the road, after being partially graded and designed to cross the Cedar in the city of Waterloo, was changed to its present route, and the depots established north of the city. The track of the Dubuque & Pacific, or Sioux City, Railroad reached the water-tank, within eighty rods of the depot, at Cedar Falls, March 29, 1861, and the first regular train arrived on the following Monday. To celebrate the auspicious event that enabled Cedar Falls to shake hands with the outside world, the people of the town made extensive preparations. The Committee of Reception contained 128 citizens. The celebration was had on Thursday, April 11th, the guests from Dubuque and other towns being met at the depot by a long procession of citizens, who, giving three hearty cheera, bound a chaplet of evergreens filled with mottoes over the locomotive, and assembled with the guests in the depot building, where an address of welcome was made by Hon. A. F. Brown, in behalf of the city, and felicitously responded to by Herman Gelpke, President of the road. Other speeches followed from Col. Sessions, of Cedar Falls, Platt Smith, of Dubuque, and Hon. ,J.B. Grinnell, of Poweshiek County. The invited guests, sixty-three in number, were then conducted to the Ameri-can House, then presided over by J. L. Wilcox, where a bountiful supper was provided. This disposed of, the following toasts were responded to as indicated: The President and Directors of the Dubuque & Sioux City Railroad-Herman Gelpke. The Four Great Cities of the Northern Confedemcy-Cedar Falls, Dubuque, Chicago and New York-Platt Smith. Our Guests-For the first time we greet you; welcome collectively to our festive board; may it, not be the last-Hon. A. F. Brown. The Flag of Our Union-C. T. Smeed, of Waverly. The Press, the Intellectual Elevator of the World-D. A. Mahoney. Iowa, Her P,ist and Her Future-Hon. J. B. Grinnell. The Cedar Falls & Minnesota Railroad-Edwin Brown. The Communication between Dubuque and Cedar Falls-Its Change from the Coach to the Locomotive-Hon. Zinni Srreet,·r. The Pioneers of Iow,i-Hon. Wm. P. Harmon , of Waverly. HISTORY OF BLACK HA WK COUNTY. 375 A grand ball followed the banquet, the Germania Band, of Dubuque, furnishing the music. The extension of the Dubuque & Sioux City Road from Cedar Falls west-ward, began late in the season of 1864. Uedar Falls \f' Minnesota Railroad.-May 7, 1860, the stockholders of the Cedar Falls & Minnesota Railway Company chose the following as Directors for the ensuing year: R. B. Mason, J. F. English, E. Brown, E. Edgerton, J. M. Overman, S. A. Bishop, A. S. Smith, William Ward, Chester Butterfield, J. Barrick, D. Wiltse, J. D. Jenkins, A. Mullarky. R. B. Mason was made President the same day. The work of grading began in the Fall of 1860, and about forty miles were made ready for the ties the following year. The following were the Directors of the company, as elected in May, 1861: R. B. Mason, Chicago; E. Brown, J. M. Overman, S. A. Bishop, A. S. Smith, E. Edgerton, Cedar Falls; W. P. Harmon, Bremer County; S. Harwood, R. M. Matthews, M. G. Cook, Floyd County; J. F. English, A . Hitchcock, S. Clawson, Mitchell County. The Articles of Incorporation were amended early in 1864, and by the change the company was enabled to remove its place of business to Dubuque. Track-laying was begun on this line in 186-!, the road reaching Waverly the same season; but so insufficient was the grade and so hastily was the work done, that the running of trains was abandoned for a time the following Spring. The people of Cedar Falls were much disappointed in losing this road, which they had counted on so much. The company had been formed originally as an appendage of the Dubuque & Pacific Company, and to buy its iron it had to lense the line to the Dubuque Company. Hence, when the Dubuque Company decreed that the Ce--lar Falls road should begin nearly two miles east of that town, there was nothing to do but to submit. Iowa Central Railroad.-Many miles of grading were done on the "Iowa Central Railroad " during the Autumn of 1865, beginning at Cedar Falls and working southward. The company was organized on the 5th of January pre-vious. Ground was broken September 19th, with elaborate ceremonies, and speeches by Hon. David Morgan, who threw the first shovelful; Hon. B. F. Gue, of Fort Dodge; Wm. E. McMaster, of New York; C. C. Carpenter, of Fort Dodge; Alfred Phillips, of Tama County; Capt. Babcock, of Chickasaw County; Judge Palmer, of Butler County; Mr. Chase, of Mitchell County. Letters were also read from W. R. Marshall, of St. Paul, and Hon. J. B. Grin-nell, of Poweshiek County. But the discovery of coal and fire clay in Hardin County induced capitalists to foster the "plug" started from Ackley about the same time, which was also called then the "Iowa Central," and the people of Cedar Falls were unable to obtain funds for completing their line, which still remains unfinished. Burlington, Cedar Rapids f Minnesota Railroad.-In August, 1870, the people of Cedar Falls voted a tax of five per cent. to aid in the construction of the Burlington, Cedar Rapids & Minnesota Railroad, conditional on the track btiing laid to the city by January 1, 1871. Other towns along the line voted similar aid, and Waterloo gave material assistance in subscriptions, etc. The construction train of the Burlington, Cedar Rapids & Minnesota road reached Cedar Falls on Wednesday, November 30, 1870, and the first passen-ger train next day, just a month in advance of the time agreerl upon by the officers of that company. F 376 HISTORY OF BLACK HA WK COUNTY. THE BLACK HA WK COUNTY AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. The first meeting for the organization of an agricultural society in this county was held at the Clerk's office in Waterloo August 30, 18.56. G. A. Knowles was Chairman of the meeting, and S. W. Rawson, Secretary. At this meeting, a Constitution was adopted and the following officers elected: President, George Ordway; Vice Presidents, G. A. Knowles, Z. Streeter, B. Winset; Corresponding Secretary, S. W. Rawson; Recording Secretary, J. 0. Williams; Treasurer, 0. E. Hardy. Executive Committee-L. Kennicutt, S. R. Crittenden, James Barclay, C. K. White, James Dunkerton, S. Webster, Benjamin Knapp, M. S. Oxley, M. W. Chapman, William Kent and Byron Sargent. The Executive Committee was authorized to make arrangements for a fair, but the first exhibition was not held until October 1, 1857, when it took place at the Court House. The records do not show the premiums awarded, but the Treasurer's first annual report gives the receipts from all sources as amounting· to $100. The attendance was quite large for the time, and the exhibition a meritorious one. One of the principal attractions was an imm<>nse squash vine, bearing 1,100 pounds of "fruit," exhibited by T. B. and B. S. Doxey. During the fair, the organization was perfected, and the officers same as above continued for another year, except that James Evans was elected Treas-urer, and J. IL Sherrill, L. C. Sanborn and J. H. Mead were added to the Ex-ecutive Committee. The second fair was on the West Side, the following year. The vegetables, fine arts, pickles, needle work, preserves, etc., were in the basement of the Con-gregational church, and the stock and cumbersome articles were on the bluff, somewhere near Fowler's greenhouse. The grounds of the Society were purchased in 1865, but had been occupied for several years before the purchase for the exhibition of stock, etc., and the Court House was used for an exhibition hall. The grounds cost $2,175. Cost of fitting up, fences and improvements, about $1,600. Fairs have been held every year and have generally been successful. The following are the Presidents of the Society from its organization to 1878, viz.: George Ordway, 1856-8; J. H. Sherrill, 1859; -- ----, 1860 ; 0. 0. St. John, 1861-4; Cicero Close, 1865; John Elwell, 1866; C. A. Farwell, 1867; P. Mcisaac, 1868-70; A. Cottrell, 1871; Byron Sargent, 1872; A. Cottrell, 1873-4; Albert Whitney, 1875; IL B. Allen, 1876-8. Officers, 1878-H. B. Allen, President; W. H. Palmer, J. Gay, Vice Pres-idents; R. A. Whitaker, Secretary; U C. Close, Treasurer. Directors-W. A. Wilson, Bennington; A. C. Bratnober, Barclay; Philip Bonesteel, Lester; John Struble, Black Hawk; Samuel Gilson, Lincoln; John Osbor'n, Big Creek; William Winters, Mt. Vernon; William M. Fields, Cedar Falls; Ethan Allen, Orange; W. H. Leavitt, Cedar; John Engle, Poyner; N. B. Choate, East Waterloo; George Clark, Spring Creek; J. C. Gunn, Eagle; George Newell, Union; W. H. Young, Fox; John Tennyson, Washington, and J. A. Fowler, Waterloo. THE OEDAR VALLEY DISTRICT JOINT S'l.'OCK AGRICULTURAL ASSOCIATION was organized in 1856, through the influence and labors of Hon. Peter Melendy, who was chosen the first President, which office he filled for more than ten years. This society held annual exhibitions on their grounds at Cedar Falls and accom-plished much to advance the agricultural interests of the county. HCSTORY OF BLACK HA WK COUNTY. 377 The records of the Association were burned several years since, but a few items respecting it are gleaned from various sources. When the first number of the Cedar Falls Gazette was issued. March 16, 1860, this Association had subscribed $1,300 for the purpose of purchasing and fitting up grounds. Something over 200 premiums were awarded at the fourth annual fair at Cedar Falls, which was held September 18-20, 1860. The officers of the Cedar Valley Association for 1861 were: Peter Melendy, President; A. S. Smith, Vice President; J. B. Powers, Secretary ; S. A. Bishop, Treasurer; H. C. Overman, Benj. Knapp, A. Mullarky, Directors. In May, 1872, a basis of agreement was reached between the officers of the Black Hawk County Agricultural Soeiety on one hand and the Cedar Val-ley District Association on the other, for a practical union of the two societies. The agreement was that a horse fair should be held in each alternate year at Waterloo and Cedar Falls, and an agricultural fair in the city not having the horse fair. PATRONS OF HUSBANDRY. In 1872-3, when the organization known as the Patrons of Ifo~~amlry swept like a tidal wave over the entire W.est, Black Hawk County did not escape. Granges were organized in every township, and many honest farmers indulged in the most sanguine dreams of the benefit to accrue from the institution. '' The original and leading idea of the Grange," says Mr. Stevens, of Delaware County, himself a prominent and influential member of the Order, "was to secure social advantages; but in 1873, the leading idea among our farmers was business, or pecuniary benefit. Hence, Granges were crowd!ld with anxious farmers, cherishing the illusory ideas of immediately bettering their circumstances, of the sooner clearing their farms from mortgages or securing a competency for the accomplishment of other cherished purposes through some mysterious influence of the organization. They did not realize that all changes or reforms proceed slowly.·' Under this delusive faith that the organization was destined to work an immediate and wonderful revolution in their financial condition, the husband-men of Black Hawk, in common with those of the whole State, rushed into the Granges until the institution became a power which, had it been wisely and judiciously directed, might have accomplished something in the desired direction. In this county, not only were subordinate Granges established in every town-ship, but a county council was organized to centralize and utilize the power evoked. A Grange store was established at Waterloo and a Grange elevator was started on the east side of the river. But the new broom, although it swept clean at first, did not bring about the miraculous reforms anticipated. Its managers did not realize the tremendous power they had invoked, and it controlled them, and crumbled because it was not controlled and directed. Those who had anticipated such immediate and tremendous results, soon became disgusted ; were not satisfied with the slow reforms the organization might legitimately be expected to produce, and aban-doned the institution nearly as rapidly as they bad entered it, forgetting the lesson they every day receive-that plants of the most rapid growth are gen-erally tht first to decay. In 1878, only a few Granges maintain a feeble existence in the county. The county council, it is said, maintains its organization, but is dormant. Thr Grange store at Waterloo is being closed up, and the Grangers no longer ha v( an elevator. 378 HISTORY OF BLACK HA WK COUNTY. BLACK HAWK COUNTY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. This is, comparatively, a young society, having been organized but two years-August 4, 1876. The charter members are as follows: J. M. Ball, graduate W. R. College, Cleveland, Ohio, 1846; S. W. Pierce, graduate Ver-mont Medical College, 1856; D. W. Crouse, graduate Chicago Medical College, 1864; $. Vandervaart, graduate Holland College, Netherhnds, 1842; D: B. Colcord, graduate Bellevue Hospital Medical College, 1875; William Robinson, graduatP. Berkshire Medical College, 1844; 0. S. Knox, graduate Albany Med-ical College, 18-; J. M. Lanning, graduate Rush Medical College, 1862 ; J. J. Wasson, graduate La Porte City Medical College, 1847; H. W. Brown, graduate Geneva Medical College, 1866; D. W. Crouse, gr;tduate Long Island Medical College, 1869; W. Eddy, graduate Michigan University Medical Col-lege, 186:3; G. J. Mack, graduate Bellevue Medical College, 1872. The first officers were: J. M. Ball, President; S. N. Pierce, Vice Presi-dent; J. M. Lanning, Secretary and Treasurer; Drs. Ball, Pierce and Crouse, Board of Censors. Their present officers: S. N. Pierce, President; J. M. Lanning, Vice President; A. D. Bedford, Secretary and Treasurer; Drs. Crouse, Eddy and Bedford, Board of Censors. · The association meets on the first Friday in each alternate month. THE FARMERS' MU.TUAL FIRE INSURANCE CO.MPANY was organized in 1873, by Wm. Strayer, S. H. Miller, Jos. S. Strickler, J. W. Leeper, J. M. Bandfield, J. H. Jeffers, S. B. Vinton, J. W. Miller, Thos. Reitter, Cornelius Miller, J. H. Mead, Matthew Simons, Chas. Lichty, J. M. Savlor, A. L. Eyestone, D. A. Miller, Sam'l J. Metz, H. C. Glasgow, S. B. Be~kly, L.B. Berkley, A. A. Miller, M. V. B. Turner, Chas. Heller, C. M. Mishler, Chas. A. Hesse, 0. Virden, John Palmer, L. R. Peifer, Samuel Cain, S. G. Leversee, Michael Beachley, John M. Lichty, Chas. Asquith, Jonas Flickinger, Wesley S. Stukes, Levi Strayer, August Boldt, John Asquith, James Holmes, G. W. Strayer and Gilson Gardner. The method of doing business is very simple and practical. When any member of the association shall sustain a loss or damage by fire, he shall, within ten days after such loss, deliver to the Secretary a particular statement in writing of such loss or damage, signed by him, and verified by his oath or affirmation, and also, if required, by proper vouchers, and stating also the whole cash value of the property lost or damaged, how the building was occupied, and by whom, at the time of the loss, how the fire originated, as far as he knows or believes, and that the fire occurred by misfortune, and without fraud or evil practice; also, declare whether any insurance existed thereon in any other com-pany, and if so, what amount; and if required, submit to a full examina-tion. The Secretary shall, within ten days after receiving a statement of a loss by fire or lightning, call a meeting of the Board of Directors, giving notice to persons interested, of the time and place of meeting. The Board, after examining into the cause and amount of said loss, and being satisfied that the claim is just, shall levy a pro rata tax on the amount of protection afforded each member of this Company, and no assessment shall be made unless a loss occurred. HISTORY OF BLACK HAWK COUNTY. 379 WATERLOO. 'l'his city, the largest in the State we~t of Dubuque and north of the line of the Chicago & N orth-W estt;rn ~ail way, is located on the east side of Town-ship 89, Range 13, nearly in the geographical center of Black Hawk County, of which it is the county seat; · is beautifully situated on both banks of the Cedar River, at a point where the timber handsomely opens out into a fine rolling prairie, forming a site as perfectly adapted for the location of a large and healthful city as if it had been specially planned by the Creator for that purpose. The business and residence portion of the town are about equally divided by the river, and are situated on ground which, in the lowest portion, is just above the ordinary high water, and, gradually rising as it recedes, affords some quite elevaterl and commanding building sites a few blocks back from the business streets, which run parallel with the river on the west siue, and at right angles with it on the east, which have only a sufficient grade to afford good drainage. 'l'he town is regularly laid out, with most of the streets run-ning parallel and at right angles with the river, which here runs in nearly a southeast direction, although some portion of the east side is laid out north and south. The general appearance and character of the improvements are good, fully equal with those of Eastern towns that possess no larger population. Some really handsome business blocks adorn the principal streets on either side, while the generality of the residences are neat and tasty in their appear-ance, with a few that are truly palatial in design, external finish and arrange-ments, surrounded by grounds that cannot fail to attract the attention and secure the approval of the most unobserving. The river, which is here some nine hundred feet in width, has good banks and a solid lime rock bottom, over which the water, clear as crystal, flows in sufficient quantities to ·afford motive power sufficient to drive almost any amount of machinery. This 'power, which is among the best, has, though but partially improved, already done much to advance the business prosperity of the town, and is destined at no very distant day to be of still greater value in encouraging manufactures and other material interests, without which no Western town can secure or hold a large business. FIRST SETTLERS. In June, 1846, James Virden, then a young man, a Kentuckian by birth, selected a claim on the east side of the river at Prairie Rapids, on Section 23, Township 89, Range 13, just above the original plat of the town of Waterloo. He did some breaking in that season, but did not build a cabin until the next year. About a month later, Charles Mullan and family arrived, and located on the west side of the northwest quarter of Section 26, northwest of the original town plat. Mr. Mullan was from Illinois, and became the first Post-master at Waterloo, and the first County Surveyor of Black Hawk. He died in August, 187 4, at the age of 63 years. July 26, 1847, George W. Hanna entered Lots Nos. 1, 2 and 3, of Section 26, being that part of the east half of the northeast quarter of Section :26 not covered by the river, and was the first entry of lands on which Waterloo was afterward laid out. In the Spring of 1852, Mr. Hanna built a cabin on the west bank of the river, which was the first house built on the original town plat. It stood about one hundred and fifty feet west of the race bridge on Bridge street, on the site of a building that, in 1878, is called "Nauman's Office," and was occupied in the following Winter by Adam Shipley. The 380 HISTORY OF BLACK HA WK COUNTY. stJcond building on the first town plat was a rude shanty built by Samuel Aldrich, on the east bank of the river, at the corner of Third and Water streets, in the Fall of 1852; and the third by Adam Shipley. Prior to December, 1851, the place was called Prairie Rapids, or Prairie Rapids Crossing ; but at that time the post office was established, and the name selected for it, by Mr. Mullan, was Waterloo. The first platting of the present town site was done in the Fall of 1853, by Charles Mullan, G. W. Hanna and John H. Brooks, and was the westerly portion of the original plat on the West Side. As originally surveyed in 1853, the town was laid out with due regard to the Government survey, and the streets were laid parallel with the Section lines. In the Spring of 1854, Lewis Hallock, who owned the balance of the land now in the original plat on that side, joined with Mullan & Hanna, and J. R. Pratt, B. M. Cooley and James Virden, who were the owners of the land on the East Side, had a plat made early in 1854, and then all the parties joined, and the united plat was recorded June 24, 1854. , The Mullan pa1-t of the plat of Lots 1, 2 and 3 of Section 26, 89, 13, being the fractional east half of the northeast quarter of Section 26, was pre-empted in 1846, but was not entered until the 3d of May, 1852. Hallock's part of the original plat, on the West Side, was entered by himself February 25, 1853, Lots 5 and' 6, Section 25, being on southwest of northwest quarter of that section. Brooks' part was entered by W. J. Barney June 24, 1853, and conveyed to Brooks August 11th, of the same year. J. R. Pratt's part of the original plat, on the East Side, was entered by Isaac Carr on the 3d of May, 1852, and conveyed to Pratt June 4, 1853. Cooley's part was entered by George Plaisted June 25, 1852, and purchased by Cooley June 7, 1854. Part of Virden's property was entered by himself January 10, 1853, and the remainder, by W. J. Barney May 18, 1853, and conveyed to Virden April 7, 1854. Since the original plat was made in 1854, a large number of additions have been made, and the primitive town comprises but a small portion of the present thriving city of Waterloo. THE FIRST HOTEL. In 1853, Adam Shigley had built a story and a half log cabin, about 16x2-± feet, on the west bank of the river, near the ferry landing, near the corner of Second street and Cedar avenue. This was opened as a boarding house and sort of a tavern by Seth Lake, in the Fall of 1853; but it was a primitive affair, and the accommodations exceedingly meager. Very soon after the first survey of the town plat was made, in the Fall of 1853, Jared and -- Emerson, brothers, lumbermen, from Wisconsin, put·-chased Lot 3, Block 8, on the west side of Commercial street, and commencecl laying up the walls of a log cabin. But before it was completed they sold out to Solomon Ayers, who completed the building and lived in it during the Win-ter of 1853-4, keeping some boarders, as boarders were plenty and boarding houses few and far between at that time. The next Spring, in April, 1854, Ayers sold to Henry Sherman, who opened the cabin as a tavern, and called it the " Sherman House," which was practically the first hotel in Water-loo. In the Fall of 185-!, he built an imposing two-story frame addition, on the southeast of the original structure. In this bmlding was "the School Section," which those who stopped at the Sherman House in those days may perhaps remember. The "School Section" was one large room in the lo,t, in which a HISTORY OF BLACK HA WK COUNTY. 381 dozen or fifteen beds were placed. These beds were numbered from one to fif-teen, under Groat's management. It is said that when strangers came, the landlord would very consequentially direct the boy to show the gentleman up to No. 10, for instance. "Is that a single room?" the guest would query. "Certainly, sir! certainly sir!" The guest would vanish under the guidance of the factotum, with a tallow candle, but dismayed at finding fifteen beds in "his single room," each one, perhaps, except the one assigned to him, with two occupants, he would rush down stairs and salute the landlord with, "I thought you said, sir, that my room was a single one," only to return with a crest-fallen air to his dormitory when the landlord blandly returned for answer, "Well, is there more than one room up there ? " Besides '' the School Section," there was another dormitory with five or six beds in it that was called " the Prairie," the entrance to which was only about three feet high, and which guests entered on their hands and knees. Sherman was genial, and kept a very fair house for those pioneer times. The old settlers tell numerous humorous stories, however, about the Sherman House and its jolly landlord. Perhaps some of the old settlers may remem-ber Charley McCloud, the tailor, who used to wait on the table for his board. The markets in 1854-5 were not very liberally supplied, but when there were strangers at the table, Charley would politely accost them with " Beef steak, mutton chop, or salt pork, sir'?" "I'll take a bit of steak, well done, sir." "All right, sir; in one minute." And away the enterprising waiter would hurry for a plate of fried pork, for he knew that was iill the larder afforded ; and it was amusing to witness his gravity when he returned with a plate of greasy pork, and handed it to the disappointed guest with "I'm very sorry, sir, but the steak's all out." In 1856, the house was leased by M. T. Williams, familiarly known in this region as "Dad" Williams, and a partner named Eichelberger, who changed its name to Tremont House. Mr. Williams' brother, Henry D., came soon after, and became the popular Clerk of the Tremont. Eichelberger sold his interest to -- Dtty, and Day to Fuller, and at the expiration of their lease Sherman again became landlord, and the house was again known as the "Sher-man." Soon afterward, he leased to B. F. Thomas, under whose administration it was the "Franklin House." Thomas was followed successively by --Groat, Joseph Henry and -- Cormick, when Sherman resumed possession and again changed the name to the Sherman House. Sherman was followed ':>y C. Brubacker. In April, 1864, Robert W. Chapman and Henry D. Williams purchased the premises and changed the name to the" Central House." In May, 1865, Chapman & Williams removed the "School Section" to the rear, converted it into a kitchen, and erected a three story addition in its former place. In the Spring of 1869, Williams purchased his partner's interest and became sole proprietor, but in 1872, leased to J. J. Sanford, and in 1873, sold to his brother, John H. Williams. Should any patron of the old "Sherman," "Tremont " or ''Franklin" desire to revive old memories by a glimpse of the "School Section" or the "Prairie," Mr. Williams, of the "Central" will take pleasure in gratifying their wish. The first tavern on the east side was of logs, built by Samuel L. May, on the comer of Fourth and Sycamore street, on which, in 1878, stands Burnham's Block, and was kept by that gentleman until his death in the Winter 1855-6, when it was closed for a short time. It was afterward reopened by Job Engle, succeeded in a short time by his son, John C. Engle, and still later by Asa Shinn. 382 HISTORY OF BLACK HAWK COUNTY. The second hotel was built by Myron Smith, in 1855-6. It was a small frame structure, on Water street, corner of Fifth, where the Key City House now stands. STORES. The first store in Waterloo was opened by Nelson Fancher, in 1853, in a log cabin on Third street, Lot 10, Block 2. He afterward sold out to Geo. W. Hanna, who removed to a log building, near where the square brick house is, on Lot 1, Block 1. Henry Kent had a store, in 1854, near the present resi-dence of John Elwell. The ferry landing was in the vicinity of these first stores. In May, 1854, B. J. Capwell & Co. opened a store in a log building fourteen feet square, on the corner of Block 8, below the Sherman House. Mr. Capwell states that he paid $250 for his corner, which probably included Lots 1 and 2. He found seventeen buildings on the site of W at_erloo when he arrived in 1854. Geo. B. Pratt and James Virden built and opened the first store on the East Side in 1853, at the corner of Fourth and Water streets. In 1854, Samuel Aldrich opened a grocery on Sycamore st.met, which was known as "Uncle Sam's Grocery." The public was attracted by a sign, which, although not very artistic, was certainly novel, and read as follows: "Uncle Sam's Grocery; Rough and Reddy. Walk In. Don't be Alarmed!'' . Whitney & Martin opened a store in the same year, and in 1855, S. P. Brainard opened a general stock. MILLS. 'l'he first mill was a saw-mill, run by horse power, which was located near where the City Mill now stands, on the West Side, and was put in operation in 1854. The first movement made toward improving the water-power was made by James Eggers, who, having received permission from the County Court June 20, 1854, immediately commenced constructing a log and brush darn, a little above the present one, and in three weeks after obtaining thti permit he had a darn sufficiently high to raise the water two feet. In 1855, Eggers built and operated a saw-mill. The building is still stand-ing, and is occupied as a furniture factory. The first flouring-mill was erected. in 1856 by G. W. Couch & Uo., who commenced grinding early the following Spring. C. A . Farwell hauled the water-wheel for this mill from Rock Island, Ill., and the buhrs from Iowa City. The mill was started with only one run of stones, but another was put in shortly afterward for grinding corn and feed. Previous to the erection of this mill, the settlers were obliged to go to Cedar Falls to mill ; and before the mill there was built, Cedar Rapids was the nearest point. This first mill is still standing on the West Side, and is known as the " Waterloo Mill." The first mill on the East Side was a one-story building, erected by W. & E. Mears in 1855-6. In 1857, a second story was added, and the machinery for a grist-mill was put i~. This mill is still standing, above the " Cedar Mill." A ferry was established by Samuel L. Way in the Fall of 1853. (See " Ferries" in County History, page 326.) PROFESSIONAL, E'l'C. The first lawyer to locate in Waterloo was John Randall, who afterward, when County Judge, located the Court House; for which act he has been and will continue to be held in remembrance by the people of the town and county. HISTORY OF BLACK HAWK COUN'rY. 383 The first physician in Waterloo was Dr. -- McKinley, who located here in 1853. He was considered skillful in his profession, and is remembered as an excellent violin playeL He did not remain here permanently, removing to Texas in 1854 or '55. The first celebration of the nation's birthday was in 1853. About 200 people gathered on that occasion. An arbor was built of brush on the river bank, just above Mill Square, under which tables were spread and a picnic dinner provided. Among the speakers were John Virden and John H. Brooks. 'l'he next year, 1854, preparations were made for a big time. Various committees were appointed, and a free dinner promised; but before the time appointed there was a "split," and the result was two celebrations-one at the Sherman House, where Edmund Miller read the Declaration of Independence· and George Ordway stirred up the American eagle ; and the other at or near the Public Square, where G. W. Miller and Rev. S. W. Ingham performed like services for their country. It is said that Mr. Sherman had a flag, the only one in town ; but the others, not to be outdone, manufactured one out of unbleached sheeting and red cambric, forty feet long, which floated triumph-antly on the appointed day. In 1855, another grand celebration was held in Virden's Grove, a barbecue in the form of an ox roasted whole being the principal attraction. There was also a" horse company," which went through with all sorts of tactics and performed many maneuvers not recognized in military works, to the great edification of the assembled multitude. The barbecue was not a success, the ox being burnt on the outside and much too "rare done" on the inside-an illustration of the· old adage that "too many cooks spoil the broth." S. W. Rawson, Esq., deliv-ered the oration on this occasion, and the instrumental music was furnished by Mason Hale and Elijah Balcom. The first dance in the town was in Dr. McKinley's log house, 12x14 feet, on the evening of July 4, 1854. It is said that the beauty and fashion of the city were out in full force on that occasion. The ball-room stood opposite the present residence of Judge Bagg. The first bank was opened by A. P. Hosford and Edmund Miller, in 1854. Their banking house was a one-story frame building, about 16x24 feet, on the southwest side of Commercial street, above the Sherman House, about where Forry's drug store stands in 1878. April 9, 1855, there was a surplus of $1,200 in the county treasury, which, by order of the County Court, the Treasurer was authorized to deposit with Hosford & Miller "on their giving ample security by notes and bonds." J. H. Leavitt, who came to Waterloo in 1854, opened his bank on the opposite side of the street in 1856. William Hammond and R. Russell were also engaged in banking in Waterloo at an early day. On the East Side, the first bank was opened in 1867, by C. A. Farwell, on the corner of Sycamore and Bridge streets, on the ground now occupied by the First National Bank. This bank was established in February, 1865, on the· West Side, with M. H. Moore, President, and G. W. Couch, Cashier. It was removed to its present location in February, 1874. . The Iowa State Register and Waterloo Herald, was the first paper pub-lished in Waterloo. 'rhe first number bears date of December 8, 1845. A copy, the first sheet printed, was secured by F. S. Washburn, and is preserved by his win.ow. Some extracts from this first paper are entitled to a place in the history of Waterloo. Following the salutatory, in which the editor returns thanks for favors received, is an article headed "Bridge at Waterloo," which 384 HISTORY OF BLACK HAWK COUNTY. he says "is one of the greatest wants of the present time," and concerning which there was considerable discussion, it being a question whether it should be built by subscription or by the county. The supscription plari was evidently the most feasible, as the paper announced that '' some $4,000 had already been subscribed," and argued in favor of the construction of a '' durable and eapacious bridge, with side walks on each side, and room enough between for two teams to pass with ease." Followin6 this is a description of a steam saw-mill then being built F. S. Washburn. The editor, having attended the raising, pronounced it a jolly affair. The building was fifty feet long by thirty-six feet wide, two stories high, and was to contain a muley, rotary and lath saw and shingle machine, the whole to be operated by a thirty-horse-power engine. The building was about thirty rods above the old railroad crossing, and in 1863 was taken down and the material used in the construction of elevator "B," at the Central Depot. The machinery was used in a mill at Elk Run, and afterward taken to Minnesota. Then comes an article on the " Stage Facilities of Waterloo," starting out with the assertion that "perhaps no place in the West is better favored with conveniences of going everywhere, than Waterloo." The stages left the Sher-man House at 6 o'clock every morning for the south ; 9 o'clock for the east; and at 2 o'clock in the afternoon for the north and west; and the editor con-gratulates "our citizens'' in having such superior tra.veling accommodations. The heading of the next article is quite metropolitan; it reads: "Waterloo-Its Population, Business Position and Prospects." It states that the popula-tion, taken the week previous, was 903 souls; of which number, 657 were on the West Side, and 246 on the East Side. The article goes on to illustrate the growth of the town, by saying that the year before the population was but 300, and that in the last of June in that year, the census showed 714 inhabitants, and saying that in one year Waterloo had trebled its population. It then pro-ceeded to state, '' one year ago there were but three stor2s here; now there are seventeen, among which are dry goods, hardware, stove and tinware, groceries, clothing, bakery, druggists, cabinet, etc., etc. There are 20 carpenter, 3 black-smith shops, 1 harness shop, 2 shoemaker shops, 1 wagon shop, 2 livery stables and 1 millinery shop ; there are also 6 brick makers, 6 attorneys and 4 min-isters. We have three school houses, two of which are District schools, and OI\e, a Seminary ; " and, after discussing various other topics, the article con-cludes: "Nature has done everything for Waterloo, and her future residents will doubtless do the rest. We now want industry, shrewd management and capital, which will make it one of the largest cities in the interior of the State. As to the two first requisites, we have a large share of those, and we have some of the latter; but there is a chance for the investment of any amount of capital to good advantage." A sale of East Waterloo lots, belonging to the estate of the late Judge Pratt, took place on the 3d, 4th and 5th of December, which was largely attended. Bidders were present from New Hampshire, Massachusetts, New York, Wisconsin and other States. One hundred and nineteen lots were sold amounting to $ L5,527. The largest price for a single lot was $200, and one-third of the mill property was sold for $4,067. A literary society was in existence at that early day, a meeting of which was announced for Friday evening, at which the question for discussion was to be: "Do the signs of the times indicate the speedy dissolution of the Union?" A notice of the " first ball of the season " also appears. This ball was at Capwell's new brick hall, then just completed, below the Sherman House, on HISTORY OF BLACK HA WK COUNTY. 385 the corner of Commercial and Fifth streets. The paper remarks that "all the dancers appeared to be in fine spirits, and no doubt felt highly delighted to feel that the enterprise of Capwell & Co. had supplied a suitable place for their amusement. For balls and concerts the hall is well adapted, and we have no doubt it will be well patronized." ' November 29, 1855, a Democratic County Convention was held, the pro-ceedings of which were reported in the Register. George Ordway was Presi-dent; S. P . Brainard, Vice President; W. H. McClure, Benjamin Winset and S. D. McDowell participated in the proceedings. The resolutions were short and explicit, but read queerly. Among them were the following: R esolved, That in the m:iin we approve of the administration of Franklin Pierce. R esolved, 'L'hat the repeal of the Missouri Compromise is just and democratic in its spirit. R esolved, That we adhere firmly to the principles of Jefferson and his illustrious compatriots. Resolved, 'fhat we maintain the doctrines of Free Trade and State Rights . R e.,olved, That we ignore the organization of secret societies in party politics in general, and the party called Know-Nothings in particular. The third term of the Waterloo Seminary was announced to commence in January, 1856. The building was located on the corner of Ninth and Bluff streets; J. B. Hewett was proprietor; Otis Daggett, Principal; and Chloe Severance (since Mrs. W. Miller), Assistant. George Ordway started a nursery, a mile or two west of the town, in 1855, and his advertisement appeared in the first paper. Hosford & Miller (A. P. Hosford and Edmund Miller) advertised lands for sale, insurance business, etc.; Randall & Miller (J. Randall and G. W. Miller), land surveyors and agents. Samuel Dearer was stone and brick mason ; Williams & Worcester, house, sign and carriage painters·; T. H. & J. Elwell, hardware and groceries; B. J. Cap-well & Co., general merchandise; S. P. Brainard advertised his store on the East Side. The highest water ever known in the Cedar River, at Waterloo, was on the 1st of August, 1858. During the whole season the river was very high, over-flowing its banks and stopping the mills . The town was simply a group of islands, and boats sailed about in the streets. The supply of flour in town be-came exhausted, and for several days the people dieted on hulled corn. George Ordway went to La Porte City after something to eat, and after two days' hard work, by boat and wagon, he succeeded in reaching the submerged city of his home with eight hundred pounds of :flour. During that wet season, twenty years ago, most of the business men of Waterloo went bare-footed, and generally with their trousers legs rolled up 11bove their knees. In this way they went to church on Sunday, pushing the skiff~, in which the women were, before them through the sloughs. Boots and shoes and stockings were at a discount in 1858. During the season of high water, the current in the river was very rapid, but near the west shore was a large eddy extending for some distance down stream up to the mill. In this eddy, or circular current, the townspeople amused them-selves in boating. Paddling into the stream at the mill, boats were swept swiftly down the turbulent stream, when, drifting into the eddy, they were car-rie6, but was not finished until the following year, and was dedicated in the Fall. When the society began planning for the edifice the country was in a flourishing condition ; settlers were coming in rapidly; money was compar-atively plenty, and no one expected a sudden change, such as followed. The society planned for the future, and built accordingly; but when the :financial crash of 1857 came, could net fulfill their engagements. Aid that had been promised in the East failed to come, owing to a bank failure ; property began to depreciate and members to scatter. With all these discouraging surround-ings, it was thought best to sell the property, which was accordingly done. After the sale of the church, the society was for a long time without a Pastor, and its usual services were suspended. During the years 1860 and 1861, occasional services were held, and a small part of the time regularly once in two weeks, conducted by Rev. James M. Phillips, of Cedar Falls, and Rev. David Blakely. who then resided near Wa-terloo, on a farm, and by occasional supplies. Late in the year 186-!, Rev. Stephen Phelps, now a resident of Vinton, commenced his labors with this Church in Russell Hall, and continued to labor with great acceptability till his health failed, in the Spring of 186!), when he resigned his pastorate. The present pleasant and commodious brick church on the corner of Fourth and Jefferson streets, was erected during the Summer of 1867, and dedicated free of debt in November of that year. The building was not completed without a struggle, and only with the assistance of contributions from abroad, and a donation from the Church Exection Committee of the Pres-byterian Church. Prominent among the contributors was Myron Phelps, Esq., of Lewistown, Ill., father of Pastor Phelps, a most exemplary and Christian man, who gave over $1,000. · In the Summer of 186fl, Rev. A. R. Olney, just graduated at Union Theolog-ical Seminary, New York, commenced his labors as Pastor of this church, and continued with them one year. He was succeeded by Rev. W. W. Thorp in the Fall of 1870. During the year 1871, funds were raised for the purchase of a pipe organ, and an addition was built in the rear for an " organ loft " and Pastor's study, with session room, etc. The advent of the organ was celebrated with a concert at the church on the evening of November 22, 1871, at which the superior merits of the instrument were fully demonstrated. Early in 1873, Mr. Thorp tendered his resignation, to take effect the first Sunday in March. After his departure, there were only occasional services until in August, 1873, when Rev .. I. E. Carey commenced his labors. Since that time the pulpit of the Church has been filled by Rev. Mr. Carey, Rev. A. K. Baird, Rev. Geo. R. Carroll and Rev. Rockwood McQuesten, the present Pastor. The present Elders are: W. C. Morris, A. W. Morrill, E. A. Ray-mond, W. H. Curtis, R. F. Sulzer and George Ordway; W. C. Morris, Clerk. 'rhe members on the church record now number:;: about 107. The Sunday school, Prof. W. I-I. Robertson, Superintendent, averages about 100 pupils, and the library contains about 300 volumes ; E. A. Raymond, Librarian. The Catholic Ghurch.-The first Catholics are believed to have located in Waterloo in the year 1852 or 1853. For a year or two, they were visited occa-sionally by Rev. Fathers Slattery and Baumgartner, the latter of whom then 400 HlSTORY OF BLACK HAWK COUNTY. resided at Gilbertville. About this time, Waterloo and the surrounding mis-sions were given in charge of Rev. John Sheil, who fixed his residence in Waverly, Bremer County, and for some years attended to the spiritual wants of the few Catholics scattered through the surrounding counties. In 1856, through the exertions of Mr. B. Kelly, two lots were purchased, and the first chur_ch edifice erected on the corner of Mulberry and Third streets, East Side. In the Spring of 1867, Rev. Mr. Shiel was succeeded in the mission by Rev. M. Flavin, who remained only one year, and in the Spring of1868, was succeeded in turn by Rev. P. J. R. Murphy, who, like his predecessors, resided in Waverly. Ile continued in charge of the missions until the time of his death, which occnrred in August, 186\:1. During the Summer of 1868, Father Murphy caused the church to be enlarged to its present size. · On the 23d of October, 1860, Rev . . N. F. Scallan, the present Pastor, arrived in the city, and became the first res-ident Pastor of the church. In the Spring of 1870, the pastoral residence, a neat frame structure, was erected near the church. In September, 1871, one-fourth of a block was purchased on the corner of Mulberry and Second streets, and the foundations laid for a Catholic school building, which was completed in August of the follo1ving year. This building, known as the School of Our Lady of Victory, is 50x50 feet, two stories high. It affords a residence to the Sisters of Charity, B. V. M., who have charge of the school, and ample accommodations for 250 pupils. The Sisters opened school August 26, 1872, and the attendance has generally averaged 200 pupils. The number of teachers constantly employed is five, which may t e increased at any time the number of pupils may demand it. The branches taught include all those usually comprised in an academic course. Pupils of any denomination may be admitted, but are always required to conform to the external usages of the institution. The congregation of St. Joseph's Church numbers, at present, somewhat over one hundred families, who are already taking steps toward the erection of a new and more commodious church. Evangelical Association-In the year 1857, the Cedar Valley country was taken up as a mission field by the Illinois Conference of the Evangelical Ass.o-ciation, and that year Jacob Schoofiie and J. Mohr were sent by said Confer-ence to seek the German settlers in these regiom, and preach the Gospel of Christ among them ; and as far as we can learn, Schoofiie was the first German missionary who passed through Waterloo. Finding no opening in this place, he ?assed on to Cedar Falls, where he found an open door. In the following year, H. Kleinsorge, as successor to Schoofiie, took up Waterloo as an appointment; but his mission field being too large, extending from La Porte City north into Bremer County, west into Hardin County, and to Fort Dodge, and the Germans then but fow in Waterloo, he did not preach here very often. In 1861, H. Hinze was sent to this mission, but he only preached occa-sionallv in Waterloo. C. Pfile, also from the same Conference, visited Waterloo at inte~vals. Then followed Jacob Kieper, from the same Conference, who preached several times in Waterloo, during the year 1863. In 1864, C. Berner was sent to this fieln. of labor. A Conference had been organized in Iowa, and, as the mission territory was more divided, he could pay more attention to Waterloo, and preached more regularly. The services were held in a hall owned by J. D. Weaver, formerly Day's Hall; but up to this time no church had been organized. HISTORY OF BLACK HA WK COUNTY. 401 In the month of May, 1865, Joseph Harlacher emigrated from Wisconsin and joined the Iowa Conference, and was by the same appointed to Cedar Falls and adjoining appointments. He commenced to preach regularly in Waterloo in that year, in the above mentioned hall. About this time, several families, mem hers of the Evangelical Association, had moved to Waterloo from Illinois, and the same Fall the first Church of this order in Waterloo, consisting of about ten members, was organized by Mr. Harlacher. Preaching was continued in Weaver's Hall for some time, but later in the same year it was changed to Champlin's Hall. In this location, the religious meetings were held for several years, during which period the church was strengthened by several revivals. a goodly number being converted and added to the Church. · In the year 1870, while C. H. Egge had charge of the society, a house of worship was erected, in which the society still worship, with a membership of about fifty. For the present, the society conduct their worship altogether in the German language. A Sabbath school is also held every Sabbath morning, at 9½ o'clock, in the German language. The Superintendent at present is Peter Jacobe. The present Pastor of the Church is Rev. N. Shook. German Lutheran Ohurch.-The first services of this society were held in the basement of the Congregational Church, commencing in 1866. Rev. Mr. Durchner was the minister, and divided his time between Cedar Falls and Waterloo, preaching alternate Sundays at each place. Some time in 1877, Beck & Nauman's Hall was leased as a place of worship, Rev. Mr. Foelch succeeding Durchner, and preaching on alternate Sundays for several years . . Articles of Incorporation were adopted July 1, 1869, under the name of "The Lutheran Church of Waterloo," the object being, as stated therein, "To secure the worship of God, and promote religion and morality among the Ger-man population in the vicinity of Waterloo." The incorporators named were John Nauman, D. Kruse, Henry Vogel, Charles F. Sury, Godfried Hartman and Conrad Boehringer. The first Trustees were Charles F. Sury, Godfried and Conrad Boehringer. Rev . .Joseph Westenberger was the first regular Pastor of the society, com-mencing his labors in 1872. Under his administration, the present Dhurch edifice was commenced and finished. It is a brick structure, 30x56 feet on the ground, and is located on Jefferson street, between 'l'hird and Main. Work was commenced in July, 1872, nnd the building was occupied in October follow-ing. It has a seating capacity of about two hundred, and cost $2,500. To the credit of the society, which is one of the smallest in the city, is to be mentioned the fact that all the building expenses have been paid and the property is free from debt. Rev. William Burhreng was called in January, 1874, and left in July of the same year. Rev. Mr. Foelch, from Cedar Falls, filled the office until November, 1875, when Rev. Chris Mordorf, the present Pastor, came. He is assisted by Henry Schurz. May 26, 1878, these gentlemen established a school at the parsonage, teach-ing both American and German languages. They have fifty-two scholars. A Sunday school was organized about the time services commenced, the Pastor acting as Superintendent. Free- Will Baptist Church.-On the 22d day of January, 1867, the follow-ing-named persons were organized into a Free-Will Baptist Church in this city: Rev. D. E. Champlin, Mrs. L. Champlin, Mr. and Mrs. S. V. R. Slade, Mr. L. Ellis, Mr. and Mrs. J. H. Bowers, Mr. and Mrs. P. McStay, Mrs. A. Heis-rodt, Miss J. Hubbard and Miss M. J. Heisrodt. 402 HISTORY OF BLACK HA WK COUNTY. The first meetings of the above organization were held in Champlin Hall; but in the following year, the present church edifice was erected, situated on the corner of La Fayette and Main streets, and dedicated on the 29th day of November, 1868, Rev. 0. E. Baker, of Wilton College, prei;tching the dedica-tory sermon. The Church has not enjoyed the privilege of constant pastoral care, although able and earnest men, including the Revs. D. E. Champlin, C. B. l\'Iesser and 0. E. Baker have rendered it efficient service. In January, 1874, a call was extended to its present Pastor, the Rev. J. J. Hall, late of C. H. Spurgeon's College, London, England, who, having accept-•ed the invitation, commenced his labors with the Church the following March.· Under his labors the Church enjoyed considerable progress, the membership having increased from thirty-five to seventy persons. Rev. 0. E. Baker, who had previously preached for the Church as a tempo-rary supply, became Pastor August 1, 1876. Considerable additions have been made to the Church membership of late. The Church maintains a flourishing Sabbath school, conducted for several years by S. V. R. Slade, and for the past year by E. Cleveland. A valuable library and other Sabbath school helps are liberally furnished the school. · The Free Baptist Church announce as their distinguishing principles-one Lord, one faith, one baptism, free will, free salvation, free communion, free -church government, free pews, free speech, free men. Pastor, Rev. 0 1 E. Baker. Universalist Society.-Universalist services were first held in 1868, at which time Rev. R. G. Hamilton preached regularly in Lincoln Hall. He removed tc,, Clinton the following year, and then for several years there were no regular services. In 1873, Rev. J. J. Austin, who formerly had charge of a large church in Indiana; but his health failing him, he came to Waterloo, partly to regain his lost health and partly on business for himself and others. Shortly after his arrival here, he commenced preaching occasionally in Union Hall. About this time, the society re-organized and held regular services and a Sunday school, and in the Spring of 187 5, it was incorporated and purchased a fine lot on the East Side. Not long after this, the Society ceased to hold regular services, and have not, as yet, commenced active work. They are, however, looking hopefully to the future. Free Methodist Olturch.-This Church was organized in 1874, with a mem-bership of thirty-two, and first held services in a building on the bank of the river, on the East Side. Rev. J. W. Dake was the Pastor in charge. In 1875, the society built a church edifice on the East Side. The Church has been presided over by the following Pastors, in the order named, succeeding Mr. Dake: Revs. Crawford, Buss, Scott and Rev. C. E. Herroun, the present minister. The membership is now about fifteen. The Church of the Brethren.-The Church of the Brethren was organized in 1855, by John Speicher, Eld.er. The first meetings were in private houses. The points of belief are faith, repentance, conversion, holy communion, wash-ing of feet, kiss of charity, anointing the sick with oil in the name of the Lord, etc. The original members were from Germany, and the first church in this country was established in Germantown, Penn., about one hundred years ago. The society at Waterloo was first supplied by Elders E. K. and Benjamin Beuchlay, who continued until early in 1878, when Rev. John Wise came, who is still presiding. The society now meets in a hall formerly known as Cap-well's Hall, which is nicely furnished for church purposes. HISTORY OF BLACK HA WK COUNTY. 403 The Church of Ghrist was first organized in this city, with a small mem-bPrship, in the year 1855. It was re-organized in 1872, and met regularly in the Free Baptist Church every Sunday afternoon, for a short time. There has never been any settled Pastor, and the society is not meeting at all at present. MASONIC. Waterloo Lodge, No. 105.-This Lodge was organized under a dispensation issued by Grand Master Sanford to Timothy Rowell, Ephraim Mears, S. P. Brainard, Wm. McCall, P. W. Ingham, V. V. Locey, John Mcilmoil and H. E. Hurlburt, authorizing them to open a Lodge of Masons in this city. The charter was granted in June, 1857. The first officers elected were: Timothy Rowell, W. M.; Ephraim Mears, S. W.; S. P. Brainard, J. W.; V. V. Locey, Secretary; H. E. Hurlburt, Treasurer; John Mcilmoil, S. D.; Wm. NcCall, J. D.; S. W. Ingham, Tiler. The first hall occupied by the Lodge was the upper story of J. C. Hubbard's store, just below Wood's Block. In 1862, the Lodge was rem9ved to the Althouse Building on Bridge street, and in November, 1868, another move was made to the third story of Pardee's Building, which is still occupied. The first "jewels " were made of tin. The first candidate initiated was J. C. Hubbard, and the second, J. W. Hankinson. The Masters of the Lodge, after Rowell, were: S. P. Brainard, who served five years in that capacity; G. W. Couch, R. A. Whitaker, 'I'. A. Covert, A. D. Griffin and Frank Neely. The present officers are as follows: H. H. Saunders, W. M.; H. L. Shutts, S. W.; H. C. Roberts, J. W.; Henry Nauman, Treasurer; G. A. Eberhart, Secretary; Charles Shirland, S. D.; Jos. Bennett, Jr., J. D.; G. R. Critten-den, S. S.; John V. Smith, J. S.; John Jackson, Tiler. Victory Lodge, No. 296.-0n the 3d of October, 1870, Grand Master Scott issued a dispensation to about thirty members demitting from Waterloo Lodge to organize a new Lodge, which was accordingly organized and named as above. The charter was issued in June, 1871. 'rhe officers named in the dispensation, and who were continued through the first year, were R. A. Whitaker, W. M., and who has occupied the position till 1878; J. W. McClure, S. W.; Matt Parrott, J. W.; Lewis Lichty, Sec-retary; D. B. Stanton, Treasurer, which position he still holds; E. Ellis, S. D.; D. M. Crouse, J. D.; H. J. Main, Tiler. The first room occupied by Victory Lodge was the second story of the build-ing nnw occupied by Rider & Bailey, and in 1873, arrangements were made with M. L. Burnham for the third story of his block, which he added that year. The new room was furnished throughout in the most elegant manner. The first meeting in the new room was held January 2, 187 4. The present (1878) officers are as follows: Matt Parrott, W. M.; J. Mosher, 8. W.; 0. Ragan, J. W.; A. W. Morrill, Treasurer; A. I. Breckinridge, Sec-retary; D. Robey, S. D.; F. S. Morrill, J. D.; J. C. Elwell, S. S.; I. E. Chapman, J. S.; I-I. Lampe, Tiler. Tabernacle Chapter, No. 52, R. A. M.-Chartcred October 17, 1870, with Frank Neely as High Priest. The Chapter holds its meetings in the hall of Waterloo Lodge. The present officers are: R. A. Whitaker, H. P.; Chancy Maynard, K.: H. L. Shutts, Scribe; James Ellis, Treasurer; D. R. Weaver, Secretary. Ascalon Gommandery, No. ,25, K. T.-Instituted December 5, 187 5, by 0. P. Waters. from Burlington. And the following first officers were elected: Frank Neely, E. C.; D. B. Stanton, G.; J. P. Sherman, C. G.; Matt Parrott, P.; L. 40--! HISTORY OF BLACK HAWK COUNTY. H. Cobb, Treasurer; H. W. Jenny, Recorder. Its present officers are: Frank Neely, E. O.; L. Sharpless, G.; I. A. Shipman, 0. G.; Matt Parrott, P.; H. L. Shutts, Treasurer ; R. A. Whitaker, Recorder. The Oommandery num-bers, at this date, thirty-one members. It meets the first Thursday in each month. An Eastern Star Lodge was instituted in 1873, but survived only a few years. ODD 'FELLOWS. Blaclc Hawlc Lodge, No. 72.--This Lodge was instituted at Waterloo, Iowa, in the second story of J. 0. Hubbard's store, since known as the American· House, on the 5th day of June, 1855. The ceremonies of institution were per-formed by Special D. D. G. M. Benjamin Rupert, of Dubuque. The charter members were J. C. Hubbard, Oren E. Hardy, W. K. Worcester, John McD. Benight and Henry Sherman. The Lodge started with a fair membership, hav-ing received several additions on the night of institution, and continued to flour-ish until the memorable hard times of 1857-8, when, it being impossible for most of the members to spare money to pay their dues, it was determined, though very reluctantly, to surrender their charter until better times, which was accord-ingly done. 'l'hey, however, paid their G L. dues, and paid their rent with their carpet, stove, chairs, etc., so that they went down honorably. It was no doubt a source of much sorrow to the small band of brothers to be thus com-pelled, by circumstances beyond their control, to give up the ship of F., L. :rnd T. ; but it was the best they could do. This first attempt, however, though rather short lived, was not to be the end of Odd Fellowship in Waterloo; for in a few years we find a change had come over the finances of the country, indicative of better times. Other men who were members of the triple-linked fraternity began to appear upon the scene, and they, after some consultation with others who had taken part in the first attempt, determined to begin again and to make it successful. Accordingly, in the year 1867, the Lodge was re-instituted in the upper story of the building then used as a saloon by G. Althouse, with A. 0. Bunnell, 0. E. Hardy, J. C. Hubbard, T. Wiley and B. J. Capwell as petitioners. They received their same old seal and the same charter, which, we omitted to state, was granted October 11, 1855, by Martin Heisey, Grand Master; William Garrett, of Burlington, Grand Secretary. W. Russell was the originator of the revival, and to him is the Lodge largely indebted for its present prosperity. The re-organization occurred June 2, 1867. The ceremonies were again conducted by Benjamin Rupert, who was at that time Grand Master of the State. In the Fall of that same year the Lodge was moved from Althouse's build-ing to the hall formerly occupied, over J. 0. Hubbard's store. When the building of Pardee & Bro. was finished they removed into the third story ; from there to the second story of M. H. Barker's building, East Side; from there to the third story on the opposite corner, owned by M. L. Burnham. They now occupy a hall over Shutt & Barber's drug store, which is elegantly and taste-fully fitted up. Their present officers are: S. F. Walker, N. G. ; George Pur-die, V. G.; R. Lester, Secretary; Harvey, P. S.; J. D. Weaver, Treasurer. The Lodge meets every Wednesday evening. Waterloo Encampment, ]•lo. 51, was instituted at Waterloo on the 8th day of February, 1871, with W! Russell, L. F. Walker, A. Ohler, D. M. Crouse, S. Wells, R. Robinson and R. McDonald as charter members. The charter HISTORY OF BLACK HA WK COUNTY. 405 was granted the 10th day of January, 1871, by E. W. Hartman, Grand Patri-arch, and William Garrett. Grand Scribe. 'l'he ceremonies of institution were conducted by Benjamin Rupert, of Dubuque, Special Grand Patriarch. The Camp started favorably, and has flourished and prospered in the practice of Faith, Hope and Charity. It has had one off-shoot, to wit: Parkersburg Camp, No. 62, the charter members of which were members of Waterloo, No. 51. This is the most beautiful branch of the Order, and, like the subordinate Lodge, al-ways keeps its "latch-string" hanging outside to visiting brothers, and hos-pitality is never refused to those who adhe1e to the Golden Rule. The present officers are: J. D. Weaver, Chief; R. Lester, H.P. ; J. Davis, S. W.; D. B. Smith, J. W.; Harvey Smith, Scribe; L. F. Walker, F. S.; G. Hartman, Treasurer. The Lodge meets the first and third Tuesday of each month. A. 0. OF U. W. Waterloo Lodge, No. 26, was organized by D. D. G. M. W. H. W. Holman, from Dubuque, May 11, 1875, with the following charter members: R. A. Whit-aker, A. J. Edwards, I. W. Ghrist, Lewis Lichty, J. H. Kuhns, E. Swank, D. R. Weaver, A. B. Vanbolkenburg, M. Partridge, D. B. Stanton, G. W. Hazlitt, H. W. Brown, 0. B. Stilson, H. Lampe, H. Lindley, H. Hirst. The Lodge was first officered as follows: L. Lichty, P. M. W.; R. A. Whitaker, M. W.; A. J. Edwards, F.; J. H . . Kuhns, O.; D. R. Weaver, G.; C. B. Stilson, Rec.; E. Swank, Financier; M. Partridge, Receiver; H. Lampe, 0. W.; A. J. Edwards, Lewis Lichty and C. B. Stilson, Trustees. The present (1878) officers are: S. J. Hoot, P. M. W.; H. T. Roberts, M. W.; J. T. Burkett, F.; H. Lampe, O.; C. C. Bigsbey, G.; C. B. Stilson, Rec.; R. A. Whitaker, Financier; H. Hirst, Receiver; J. A. Smith, I. W.; H. H. Lewelyn, 0. W.; G. H. Robinson, G. F. Roberts and A. J. Edwards, Trustees ; G. H. Roberts and B. Banton, Medical Examiners. The present membership all told is 7 5. The Lodge meets every Tuesday evening, in Victory Hall. Goethe Lodge, No. 95, was the next Lodge of this order organized in Water-loo. It was instituted Jan. 26, 1877, by D. D. G. M. W. H. W. Holman, now of Independence; is made up principally of German citizens, of whom the following were charter members: Prof. Frederick Barth, Godfred Hartman, H. H. Bezold, Henry Eifert, Tobias Wiley, Kasper Weis, Antony Dusman, John Christian, Martin Grady, Matthias Tittman, Constantine Stein, Charles Adler, Benhart Kinstler, Marcus Kahler, Frank Beck, Edward Fisher. The following were its first officers : Henry H. Bezold, P. 1\1. W.; Frederick Barth, M. W.; Tobias Wiley, F.; Godfred Hartman, O.; Henry Eifert, G.; Charles Adler, Rec.; Marcus Kahler, Financier; Kasper Weis, Receiver; Edward Fisher, I. W.; Frank Beck, 0. W.; Martin Grady, Antony Dusmann, M. Titt-man, Trustees. At present it is under the management of the following corps of officers: H. H. Bezold, P. M. W.; G. Hartman, M. W.; G. A. Hermann, F.; Mathias Tittman, O.; H. Eifert, Rec.; Frank Beck, G.; F. Kramer, Financier; Kasper Weis, Receiver; M. Grady, I. W.; Fred. Ischer, Jr., 0. W.; R. Lester, H. H. Bezold and E. Fisher, Trustees. The Lodge meets every Thursday evening in Odd Fellows' Hall, numbers 36 members and is prosperous. . Courier Lodge, No. 145.-This Lodge was organized Jan. 16, 1868, by H. H. Bezold, D. D. G. M. W., of Waterloo, with the following charter mem-bers: M. V. Adams, W. H. H. Becker, M. C. Brown, S. Coburn, J. · H. Crip-pen, G. R. •Crittenden, P. S. Dorlan, G. A. Eberhart, J. A. Fowler, C. P. 400 HISTORY OF BLACK HA WK COUNTY. Hunt, W. H. Hartman, S. B. Hitt, S. M. Hoff, C. P. Jones, Lewis Libby, W. C. Munger, H. L. Shutts, S. E. RiJer, J. Q. A. Rider, H. D. Smith, A. B. Thomas. First officers-P. M. W., A. B. Thomas; M. W, H. L. Shutts; F., S. E. Rider; 0., S. P. Hitt; Recorder, G. A. Eberhart; Receiver, J. Q. A. Rider; Financier, J. A. Fowler; Guide, M. V. Adams; I. W., P. S. Dorland; 0. W., W. C. Munger; Trustees, W. H. Hartman, C. P. Jones, H. D. Smith. Present officers are-P. M. W., H. L. Shutts; M. W., J. W. Richards; F., S. E. Rider ; 0., S. lVI. Huff; Guide, M. V. Adams; Recorder, G. A. Eber-hart; Financier, M. C. Brown; Receiver, J. Q. A. Rider; I. W., J.C. Munson; 0., W. P. Dorlan; Trustees-same as last term. Lodge meets every Wednes-· day evening in Masonic Hall. Lodge now numbers 57 members, and is in good condition. I. O. OF G. T. Waterloo Lodge, No 3,9.-This Lodge was organized August 25, 1875, with the following charter members: William Galloway, Lee Peppers, Mrs. R. Lester, J. B. Emerson, Frank Steinor, George Lichty, Mrs. J. C. Powell, W. G. McLaughlin, Charles Fancher, Mrs. Peppers, J.C. Gates, Charles Brindell, Mary Averill, Thomas Gwynne, Henry Griffin, Mrs. F. Kinney, J. J. Hall, Lillie Garbrandt, Albert Lane, J. P. Reed, W. Thrower. Mrs. McGlaughlin, W. 0. Richards, Jenny Colby, Mary Balke, J. Moshier, Fred. Pendleton, Frank Crippen, David Geddes, Mrs. J. R. Hammond, Wm. Kinney, 0. P. Carrott, Cora Spencer, A. J. Breckenridge, Emma McKroy, E. R. Travis, R. Lester, Julia Lacy, T. A. Rose, Mrs. J. Richards, Elizabeth McClure, E. F. Merwin, Mrs. E. F. Merwin. Its first officers were as follows: W. 0. Richards, W. C. T.; Mrs. Mary Peppers, W. V. T.; J. J. Hall, W. C.; J. V. Reed, W. S.: Ralph Hurd, W. A. S.; Wm. Galloway, W. F. S.; Mrs. Mary Averall, W. T.; A. I. Breckenridge, W. M.; Lillian Garbrant, W. D. M.; Jennie Colby, W. I. G.; J. B. Emerson, W. 0. G.; David Geddes, W. R. H. S.; Julia Richards, W. L. H. S.; Thomas Gwynne, P. W. C. T. The officers at this writing are: A. D. Bedford, W. C. T.; Jennie Moyer, W. L. H. S.; Hattie Hankinson, W.R. H. S.; Wm. Johnson, W. S.; Emma McCormack, W. A. S.; W. A. Van Ordan, W. F. S.; Carrie Thomas, W. T.; Ruth Hurd, W. C.; T. Gwynne, P. W. C. T.; 0. P. Carroll, W. lVI.; Emma Wright, W. D. M.; Emma Dull, W. V. T.; Alice Demick, W. I. G.; J. L. Newhard, W. 0. G.; Linda Ragan, Organist. The Lodge meets every Friday evening. FIRE DEPARTMENT. The first fire company in Waterloo was the Waterloo Hook and Ladder Company, No. 1, organized April 2, 1861. Its first officers wer:., as follows: R. W. Chapman, Foreman; M. Maverick, First Assistant; H. D. Williams, Sec-ond Assistant; Horace Barron, Secretary. It numbered about forty active members, among whom were: R. W. Chapman, T. Wiley, George R. Crit-tenden, C. K. White, James Gifford, George P. Peck, W. Russell, T. A. Co-vert, John Elwell, H. Hallock, Fred. Chapman, M. H. Barker, 0. Alexander, B. H. Hoover, L. F. Walker, J. Garbrant, John Hilferty, S. M. Hoff, D. C. Cook, H. M. Goodhue, R. H. Morrow, John Hubbard, Ed. Webster and J. H. Leavitt. This company used a hook and ladder truck made under the di-rection of their Foreman, R. W. Chapman, at a cost of $60. In 1867, they turned their apparatus over to tho German Hook and Ladder Company, which was organized in August of that year, with officers0 as follows: HISTORY OF BLACK HAWK COUNTY. 407 T. Wiley, Foreman; D. Kruse, First Assistant; John Nauman, Second As-sistant; John Bressler, Secretary; John Redenbach, Treasurer. The first fire was in the old warehouse on Mill Square, in 1869, where they held the fire in check until the arrival of the engine. Mr. Wiley says, at this fire he acted as Foreman, Assistant and company, himself and Mr. Fuller doing most of the work. In 1878, they sold their old cart to the city of Iowa Falls for $100, and had a new one built by Hitt & Chapman at a cost of $250, which they run at the present time. They have a full set of extension ladders made at the same time. In times of fire theirs is the post of danger and of honor. They must climb to the roof, enter the burning building and clear away the wreck so that the en-gines can do efficient service; and they have always shown themselves equal ttlities, with the view ofreceivingand realizing for the beni,. fit of the Association, as large ,in amount in donations or subscriptions as possible; and that after making such examinations, receiving such propositions and making such contracts, they be authorized and empowered to make the location, with full power to conclude all contracts and agreements, subject, however, to the approval and satisfaction of the Board of Trustees, or a ma-jority of those present at any meeting called for that purpose. IV e recommend that this committee shall proceed to act as promptly and as speeuily as possible, so as to secure at an early day the advantages of another Home. The recommendation was adopted, and Hon. Ralph P. Lowe, Hon. John A. Parvin, Hon. John A. Elliott, Mrs. M. W. Porter and Mrs. H. E. J. Board-man were appointed a committee to carry out the resolution. ::\Ieantime, the people of Cedar Falls were actively laboring to secure its location here; and, shortly after being advised of the above action by the Associ-ation, a committee was appointed, consisting of Dr. S. N. Pierce, A. Morrison and S. A. Bishop, to solicit funds for the purpose of erecting a sui.table build-ing for the new Home. The committee visited Cedar Falls late in July, and, finding the community all alive for the project, resolved to recommend that the 4113 HISTORY OF BLACK HA WK COUNTY. new Orphans' Home be located here. In their report, the committee say, among other things : We found here a building that had been used for a hotel, situated in the onter lines of the town, sufficiently capacious to accommodate the officers of the Home and some eighty-five orph:ms, beside the kitchen and dining room and one other room sufficiently large, perhaps, to afford instruction to fifty pupils. In addition to this, there are, on an adjoining lot, a frame building, which would answer for a wash house, and a brick tenement of twelve rooms, which would accommodate, comfortably. forty orphans, both of which, it is understood, could be mnde available for the use of the Home. To obtain immediate possession and use of the hotel build-ing specified, some four or five hundred dollars would have to be advanced to a party or parties in possession claiming some interest in the same. The amount the citizens of the town propose to pay. Bef<>re it could be occupied as a Home, considerable repair would have to be made and some changes in the removal and enlargement of the stable, and some other improvements,. amounting to, say, $500, more or less. This amount the lessor, who is a non-resident, would allow to be deducted from the first rents, which would be $300 the first year and $450 per annum thereafter This expenditure for repairs the citizens of the place will advance in the first instance, until they can be reimbursed out of the rents paid. In connection with this Home, forty or eighty acres of cultivated land may be had, from half to one mile distant, at the customary rent, for the use thereof. Should more school-room be required than can be furnished by the building in question, it is understood that the basement of the Presbyterian Church, which is close by, can be had for that purpose. Commissary sup• plies and provender for stock may be had in abundance, and as cheaply, perhaps, as in any other portion of the State. In other respects, the location is an eligible one, accessible, perhaps, as any other one point can be for the orphans in the northern portion of the State, situated in the midst of a kind peo-ple and surrounded by good moral and religious opportunities stnd stdvantages. It is proper to state that the rent of the brick and frame buildings spoken of on the adjoining lot will be from $225 to $250, and that it was supposed that the rent of the land would be stbont $2 per acre, making the rent of forty acres and all the buildings spoken of about $675 to $700 per annum. The Association accepted the proffer of the people of Cedar Falls, and, by resolution, proceeded to fit up the building for use early in September, which was •duly accomplished. The first officers and employes of the Orphans' Home were: Arthur Mor-rison, Superintendent; Mrs. E. G. Platt, Matron; Dr. S. N. Pierce, Surgeon; Mrs. E. L. Yokoner, Nurse; John H. Rownd, Steward; Mrs. Sarah H. Wells, Miss H. J. Blodgett, Teachers; Miss M. Cates, Miss Nellie Mead, Mrs. Rachel Jairdine, Seamstress; Mrs. John H. Rownd, Chief Cook. Lizzie Ward, aged 6 years, was the first inmate to die at the Home, May 23, 1866. Frank Case, an insurance agent, settled in Cedar Falls in 1864, and during the following Summer married an estimable young lady of the place. In July, 1865, it was ascertained that Case was an unprincipled scoundrel, the you~g lady he had just married being his tenth wife. Case was accordingly arrested on the complaint of the young woman's father, and was committed for the crime of bigamy on the 10th of August. The same night he put an end to his worse than worthless life by hanging himself. In November, 1865, work was resumed on the unfinished school building. The Board had been fearful that if they voted the tax necessary to complete it in proper shape; they would thereby become personally liable in case any tax-payer saw fit to contest the matter. To obviate this contingency an indemnify-ing bond was signed by fifty citizens in the sum of $3,000. Nov. 30, 1865, a package of $1,250 was stolen from the office of the Dubuque & Sioux City Railroad at Cedar Falls, which had been got ready to send on the train going east. Dr. H. H. Meredith, who settled at Dec. 28, 1865, at the age of 48 years. the following day. Cedar Falls in 1850. died of cancer He was buried with,Masonic honors HISTORY OF BLACK HA WK COUNTY. 417 The school house was dedicated to the work of education Jan. 5, 1866, with addresses by Prof. A. S. Kissell, of Chicago, Revs. L. B. Fifield, Eber-hart, True and Kinney. The building, completed and furnished, cost not far from $23,000. The corps ·of instructors installed in the building were: G. A. Graves, Principal; ;\fiss J. H. Harris, Assistant; Miss S. V. Harlacher, First Primary; Miss E. A. Moulton, Second Primary; Miss K. ·c. Goodenow, First Intermediate; Miss S. E. Miller, Second Intermediate. The Cedar Falls Starch Manufactory was incorporated about April 1, 1866, with Jacob Cole as President; J. M. Overman, Vice President; J. M. Benja-min, Treasurer; H. 0. Hunt, Secretary; A. G. Thompson, E. Townsend, Geo. A. Baker, W. S. Garrison, Jesse Cooper, Directors. A determined effort was made by the people of Cedar Falls to suppre'ls the traffic in intoxicating liquors in March, 1866. Soon afterward, three barns, belonging to Messrs. Barnum, May and Wilson respectively, were set on fire and destroyed1 and the prevalent opinion was that they had been fired by some one among the prosecuted saloon keepers. The building of a woolen factory at Cedar Falls was first projected in 1863. A Mr. Blasburg visited the town and made arrangements with J. M. Overman & Co. to erect the building, and he would put in the machinery and lease the building. The scheme fell through at that time; but in 1865, M. Collins & Co. began the erection of the Cedar Falls Woolen Mill, and had it completed in June, 1866. The high water in August, 1866, washed out the supports of the old bridge· and one of the spans fell with its own weight into the water below. A re-union of the veteran soldiers of Cedar Falls and vicinity was held Dec. 21, 1866, under the auspic~s of Post No. 38, Grand Army of the Republic. The an.dress was given by Gen. M. M. Trumbull, of W aterioo. A little boy, son of Dr. S. N. Pierce, of Cedar Falls, was drowned in the Cedar Feb. 5, 1867, by falling through a hole in the ice. His body was found near the woolen mill next day. John Callen, who resided six miles south of Cedar Falls, started for home in the storm of March 12, 1867, leaving Cedar Falls in the evening. He was found three days afterward about half a mile from home, having per-ished with the cold. He had fastened the driving lines so tightly to the sled stakes that the horses were unable to move, one of them having its feet badly frozen . . July 16, ·1867, a destructive fire occurred at Cedar Falls, caused, it was believed, by the explosion of a lamp in T. Hazlett's store. Several buildings were destroyed. Immediately aner the fire, a call was made for a public meet-ing for the vurpose of organizing a fire company. 'l'he meeting was held on the 23d, at which time eighty-five citizens enrolled themselves into a company, and the meeting by resolution requested the City Council to pass an ordinance governing the newly created organization. The death of Mrs. Peter Melendy occurred Aug. 6, 1867. This lady was a most excellent wife and mother, beloved by a large circle of friends, among whom she had lived so many years. Asa Southwell, who had resided in Cedar Falls about four months, was arrested by officers from Detroit, Mich., February 27, 1868, for complicity in manufacturing counterfeit money. A considerable sum in two and ten dollar bills, all counterfeit, was found with his wife. Another fire occurred March 19, 1868, the total loss being $3,500. The organization of the fire company, several months before, had proved abortive. 418 HISTORY OF BLACK HA WK COUNTY. A Normal Musical Institute was held at Cedar Falls, beginning on Monday, ,October 19, 1868, and continuing three weeks. The Instructors were: J. W. Suffern, of Chicago, I. H. Bunn, of Cedar Falls, and Miss Pitkin, of Cleve-land, Ohio. The exercises closed with a concert, at the M. E. Church, on the ,evening of November 6th. The organization of the Musical Association of Cedar Falls was effected during the Institute, with S. C. Cotton as President; A. L. Nichols, Vice President; H. C. Hunt, Treasurer; H. F. Adams, Secretary; I. H. Bunn, Conductor; A. G. Chapin, Assistant Conductor. About fifty persons enrolled themselves as members. The Musical Convention in November, 1869, was attended by over two hun-,dred and fifty persons, guests being present from several neighboring counties. Prof. George F. Root, of Chicago, officiated as Conductor, assisted by Prof. Matthews. The receipts, after paying expenses, were over $300. A son of Mrs. Stephen Kellogg, living at Cedar Falls Junction, was killed at Janesville, November 1, 1870. In company with two other boys, he had left home, and was riding north on the train. At Janesville, the boys had got off, and when the train started, young Kellogg attempted to jump upon the tend-er, but fell, and one arm and leg were severed by the wheels. Cedar Falls Grange, Patrons of Husbandry, was formed in November, 1870. The first officers were: Peter Melendy, Master; R. P. Spear, Lect-urer; E. Murdock, Overseer; Josiah Thompson, Steward; J. Bradley, Assist-.ant Steward; C. W. Snyder, Secretary; L. 0. Howland, Treasurer; F. N. Chase, Gate Keeper. Afte1· several futile movements in the direction of fire protection, a chemical steam fire engine was tested in Cedai· Falls, February 15, 1870, and was soon after, by the Council, ordered to be shipped to the factory as not having suffi-.cient capacity. A Farmers' Institute was held at Cedar Falls, December 19th to the 25th, 1870, with President Welch, Prof. Geo. W. Jones, Prof. James Matthews, of the Iowa Agricultural College, in attendance as Instructors. Others from abroad were: Dr. Sprague, Des Moines; R. A. Richardson, Fayette; J. H. Bacon, Washington; E. R. Shankland, Jacob Rich, Dubuque; Rev. Z. Cook, Minnesota; J. C. Abbott. Clarksville; M. Bryant, Bremer County; G. E. Fitch, New Hartford; Mr. Collar, Butler County. The Institute was well attended by the farmers of Black Hawk County, and adjournment was made to meet in January, 1871. • At the adjourned meeting, John Grinnell, of Clayton County, discussed fruit growing; essays were read by R. P. Spear and William Winters. :March 9, 1871, Cedar Falls, still without organized means of fire protec-tion, was again visited by the fiend of conflagration. The loss consisted of the Overman Block and two adjoining buildings. The loss was estimated to be about $75,000, distributed among Wilson Brothers, Miller, Wilson & Co., G. L. Mills, Thompson & Co., J. H. Stanley, Warren Pierce, Cabinet Makers' Union, Hunt & Howland, George Sampter, Wise & Bryant, Charles Loose and L. B. Crosby. The Public Library was destroyed, and the Odd Fellows lost their newly purchased furniture, etc. A dispatch was sent to Waterloo for help, which was responded to by the arrival of the fire engine "'Yater ·witch, No. 2," on a special train, within three-qarters of an hour after the beginning of the fire . By the exertions of the men accompanying the Water Witch the fire was prevented from doing more ,destruction. HISTORY OF BLACK HAWK COUNTY. 419 Considerable damage was done by a violent gale of wind April 8, 1871, which fanned sparks into flame, whereby John Egmire, six miles south of Cedar Falls, lost $1,500 worth of barn and shed buildings Frederick Numan, of Mount Vernon Township, lost his stables, fences and hay. A farmer near Blakeville, in Bennington, George Boulton, near Willoughby, and Henry Bluhn, five miles south of Cedar Falls, all experienced similar losses. S. S. Knapp had a lot of wood burned north of Cedar Falls. The City Council, at its meeting \lay 3, 1871, contracted with Mr. King, agent of the Silsby Company, to purchase an engine of their manufacture, at a cost of $6,000. The engine was received May 25th; but, after a thorough trial on the two following days, it was decided by the Council to purchase a larger sized machine from the same company, at an added cost of $1,000. The school fund of Black Hawk County was increased $315.69 June 17, 1871, by the finding of the body of a Norwegian, lying dead under a shed in Lamb, Byng & Co.'s lumber yard at Cedar Falls. No clue to his name or abiding place was found upon his body. Another c01,siderable fire broke out in Cedar Falls on Sunday, October 8, 1871, causing a loss of about $40,000, distributed among S. Wilson, G. B. Van Saun, Woolen Mills Company and Cabinet Makers' Union. Wilson & Van Saun's flouring-mill and the woolen-mill were burned to the foundations, as well as several other buildings, the latter of small value. Phronix Hall was completed in the Fall of 1871. This room is 44x80 feet in size, 20 feet high. The stage is 16x44, and has a drop curtain 26xl 7 feet. There are two side entrances. John O'Brien was killed February 23, 1872, by a moving train, near Cedar Falls. According to the verdict of the Coroner's jury, he was intoxicated and had lain down on the track. A fire was discovered, in the evening of March 16, 1872, in Mrs. Mullarky's building, which was, with great difficulty, suppressed. The loss to the owner -0f the building and to T. Hazlett, who occupied it for a dry goods store, was several thousand dollars. In the same fire, S. H. Packard lost his law library and the Cornet Band lost their instruments. The next night, another fire started in the Severin Block, under the store of Pilcher & Pennock, in which L. H. Severin, Pilcher & Pennock, B. Thorpe, Jr., Stearns & Odell, Joseph Sartori, Thompson & Co. and Price Brothers lost about $20,000, largely insured. The residence of T. L. French was destroyed by fire July 14, 1872. It had cost ab:>Ut $24,000, and was insured for only $4,000. :\Irs. D. H. Kingsley, of Cedar Falls, was drowned July 24, 1872. She was with a picnic party, near the Cedar, and, after dinner, with other ladies, went into the river for a bath, and lost her life in trying to rescue her sister, who had got into deep water. · A notice having appeared in the Gazette that there would be services in the Episcopal Church on Sunday, October 20, 1872, a congregation respectable in numbers were in attendance at the usual hour. A youthful face appeared in the pulpit, and the boyish frame was draped in the qanonical vestments. Part of the congregation, recognizing the features of young Burlingame, indignantly left the church; but others, supposing him to be a young divinity student, remained. A choir of young misses rendered the music. The prayer was decorously said, and the text announced, "Let your light so shine," etc. The pseudo-divine then exhorted the congregation on the necessity of employing a Pastor, and on the shame of allowing the church to remain unoccupied. The next morning, the companions of th,e 17-year-old lad asked him for a reason for 420 HlSTORY OF BLACK HAWK COUNTY. his nrank, and were told bv him that "it was too d-n bad that such a rnce littli church should be with◊-ut a Pastor." The iron bridge now spanning the river at Cedar Falls was put in place in the Winter of 1872-3, and cost, besides the piers, $13,075, of which amount Cedar Falls contributed $2,500. Its length is 347 feet. The builders were the Wrought Iron Bridge Co., Canton, Ohio. John E. Stearns departed from life February 2, 1873, at the age of 63 years. He settled in Cedar Falls in 1856, where he resided continuously till his death. Hans Christenson and Christen Olsen, both Danes, were drowned in the Cedar, at the dam, May 2-!, 1873. They had got into a boat, which was just launched. It floated into the current, and, reaching the dam, the men jumped out and were swept into the boiling eddy below, beyond the reach of helping hands. Emma Case, a young lady of Cedar Falls, died June 9, 1874, from the effects of a dose of corrosive sublimate, taken in a state of derangement caused by typhoid fever. The First National Bank of Cedar Falls was established in the Summer of 1874, with a capital of $100,000. Conductor A. W. Putnam, of the Burlington Road, was run over by the tender of his own train, October 20, 187 4, at the Cedar Falls d~pot. His foot caught in the frog of the track as he was getting off the tender, which backed over him before he could extricate himself. James Newell, a resident of Black Hawk County since 1846, died at Cedar Falls, at the age of 66, about June 1, 1875. He was born and reared in Bel-mont County, Ohio, but had resided in Iowa for about forty years. He was a giant in size, having weighed 350 pounds ; but for several years prior to his death had weighed a hundred pounds less. lIUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT. February 19, 1857, on petition of E. A. Arnold and seventy-six others, the County Court ordered an election to be held at Cedar Falls, to decide whether said town should or should not be incorporated. The election was held, accord-ing to order, on Wednesday, February 25, 1807, at the office of D. J. Coleman, and resulted affirmatively. A second election was then ordered to be held at the same place, on March 17th, to choose three persons to draft a charter or Articles of Incorporation. At this election, R. P. Speer, Wm. H. McClure and D. J. Coleman were chosen as such committee, and their labors were indorsed by a unanimous vote of the election of the village, June 18, 1857. The officers chosen under the charter were: J. M. Overman, Mayor; Geo. 0. Dean, Recorder; J. M. Benjamin, Treasurer; J. M. S. Hodgsdon, Marshal. The prime object of the organization was not so much for police control as to provide ways and means for building a bridge across the Cedar. The great tidal wave of immigration was bearing an immense number of settlers to Black Hawk County, and to Cedar Falls as well. The ferry-boat started by John R. Cameron was too slow for Cedar Falls, was a disadvantage to its business, and a hridge must take its place. Accordingly, the town officers contracted for the erection of a bridge, and issued bonds for payment. The bridge, as originally erected, was 340 feet in length, with a transverse width of 16 feet. A toll-keeper was appointed, and an office erected for him. The citizens soon afterward became dissatisfied with paying tolls, and one night a crowd collected, tore down the office and threw it int0 the rivfr. ·when hard times began to press, the scrip commenced depreciating, and some eight HISTORY OF BLACK HA WK COUNTY. 421 or ten thousand dollars of the notes pa9sed into the hands of Andrew Mullarky, who traded goods for them at fifty cents on the dollar. Other scrip depreciated still more. To avoid settlement and to postpone payment of the debt became the settled policy of the town. For several years, the town officers were elected with this object in view, and a masterly inactivity was preserved regarding the bridge debt. Mullarky at last sought relief in the courts and obtained judgment, after which bonds were issued in lieu of the former due bills. The Mayors succeeding J. M. Overman, under the v'llage organization, were Edwin Brown, William H. Philpot, C. F. Jaquith and M. W. Chap-man. In March, 1865, Cedar Falls having under the State law become a city of the second class, officers were elected as follows: T. B. Carpenter, Mayor; J. T. Knapp, Treasurer; J. B. Powers, Solicitor; F. Sessions, Marshal. The Trustees were: First Ward-John H. Brown, S. A. Bishop; Second Ward-James V. Bird, James Williams; Third Ward-Caleb May, M. W. Chapman; Fourth Ward-Byron Culver, Josiah Thompson. 'fhe Mayors since that time have been: Albert Allen, 1866; F. A. Bryant, 1867-8-9; E. Townsend, 1870-71; A. S. Smith, 1872-3; F. F. Butler, 187-!-5; B. Culver, 1876-7. The city officers for 1878 are: A. S. Smith, Mayor; C. C. Knapp, Treas-urer; S. H. Packard, Clerk; A. D. Polk, Solicitor; Lanfear Knapp, Assessor; H. M. Adams, J. F. Zeising, S. Hubbard, P. D. Mornin, W. H. Stickney, L. H. Barnes, W. T. Williams, G. H. Boemhler, Aldermen; Jefferson Sager, Marshal. EDUCATIONAL. Reference has been made in the preceding pages to the first matters pertain-ing to the schools of Cedar Falls. There are now two large and commodious buildings owned by the district and occupied for school purposes, besides two smaller structures-one on the North Side-the cost of all being between $40,000 and $50,000. For the school year ending in June last, the schools have been supervised by Prof. J. McNaughton, a well-known and able teacher. The teachers, with the positions occupied, are given herewith : High School, S. Laura Ensign, Principal; Rev. F. Humphreys, Assistant; B. F. Landis, First Grammar; ' Dora Tucker, Second Grammar ; Emma Smith, Third Grammar ; Jennie Read, Fourth Grammar; Alice Carpenter, Mary Reihl, First Primary; Eva Barber, Josie Lawrence, Second Primary; Lucinda Hall, Ella Fox, Third Primary; Mary Flagler, Alice Miller, Fourth Primary. C. W. Rownd had charge of the Mixed school on the North Side. The School Board for 1878 is as follows: F. F. Butler, President; S. Wil-son, E. Townsend, I. D. Gilkey, P. J. Kaynor, D. T. Choat, Directors; A. D. Polk, Secretary; R. A. Davison, Treasurer. The district is now free from debt. RELIGIOUS. Methodist.-The evangelists of this belief are pretty sure to be a little in advance of the ministers of other denominations in carrying the Word into the wilderness; and it is a tradition that Rev. Mr. Reed organized a class on the Upper Cedar soon after its settlement; nor would it be strange if Rev. Simeon Clark, a well-known character in the eastern counties, had preached along the Cedar while hunting bee trees. 422 HISTORY OF BLArK HA WK COUNTY. The origin of the churches at Cedar Falls and Waterloo was the organiza-tion of a soriety east of the former place in 1851, hy Rev. Asbury Collins. Cedar Falls Circuit was established by Conference in the Fall of 1853, and Rev. Messrs. Ingham and Smith were appointed to the charge. About the same time a class was organized at Cedar Falls. Revs. Burley and Kendall rode the circuit in 1854-5, and were succeeded by Rev. P. E. Brown. Rev. S. Alger was appointed in 1856, but resigned. Rev. Edwin Lamb succeeded him, but died soon ~Jter, and the year was filled out by Rev. Hiram Hood. Cedar Falls was made a station in 1857, Rev. Rufus Ricker taking charge. Rev. W. F. Paxton came in 1859. Although he was a fine preacher and an energetic preacher, he is best remembered for the dashing style in which he got his wife. Miss Dimheart was teaching in the public school, and Rev. Mr. Pax-ton had become decidedly smitten. A gentleman arrived from Wisconsin, ex-pecting to marry her. Rev. Frank heard that he had come, and on what errand. He drove over to the school house, got her into his buggy, proceeded to Water-loo, and married her off-hand. Rev. David Poor followed in 1861, during whose stay a church was built, succeeded by Rev. Landon Taylor and Rev. L. D. Tracy. Rev. John Bowman came in the Fall of 1862, and remained two years. During his pastorate, the society having outgrown the old church, another was built of brick. The new building was dedicated Sunday, Dec. 4, 1864, the sermon being preached by Rev. A. J. Kynett to a large audience. The notables present were Rev. Messrs .. Wm. Brush, Wm. Fawcett, John Van Anda and the Presiding Elder, R. Nor-ton. The remaining indebtedness on the church, about $2,300, was provided for during the day. Rev. R. Norton filled the station from 1864 to 1866, succeeded by Rev. J. G. Dimmett, Rev. R. W. Keeler, Rev. D. Sheffer, Rev. A. B. Kendig, Rev_ R. D. Parsons and Rev. J. H. Rhea, who is now in charge. The Church has a membership of about 350. The Sabbath school was organized in 1857, by withdrawal from the Union Sabbath school, managed under the joint care of the Presbyterian, Baptist and ::\Iethodist Churches. 'l'he Sabbath school is managed by five officers and twenty-five teachers, and has an average attendance of over two hundred pupils. Baptist.-This Church was organized in the Fall of 1854, by Rev. L. Knapp, who held regular services for about two years, when he removed to Joliet, Ill. July 31, the society had a meeting at the school house, at which time the members resolved to place the Church on a sound footing, and to seek recognition from the other Churches, which was aocomplished August 28. Rev. :\Ir. Dean, of New Hartford, preached to the little band till November 21, when Rev. W. K. Walton was invited to become the Pastor, who was ordained Dec. 23, and remained in charge till Nov. 21, 1860. He was succeeded by R~v. H. E. Bailey. Rev. A. G. Eberhart became Pastor Sept. 1, 1862, and re-mained till Nov. 27, 1867. His was a prosperous ministry, for the Church was: largely increased, twenty-six being received into fellowship at one meeting. The society had bought the old school house and converted it into a parson-age in 1854. During Mr. Eberhart's stay the church was built. It was dedi-cated in 1863. Following Elder Eberhart, came Elders D. N. Mason, Star and W. H. Stifler, covering a period of about eight years. Rev. G. W. Wisselius became Pastor June 23, 1876, but resigned Decem-ber 10. A difficulty had arisen between him and the Church, which was the cause of much local and newspaper comment. He was succeeded by Rev. L. HISTORY OF BLACK HA WK COUN'fY. 423 T. Bush, who is still in charge. · He was formally installed March 4, 1877, hav-ing been called from a position in the Cedar Valley Seminary. The Sabbath school was organized in 1859 (May 8). Presbyterian.-ThtJ beginning of this Church dates from March 18, 1855,. when the society was organized under the ministration of Rev. J. M. Phillips, with seven members, all of them now dead. Rev. Mr. Phillips remained till Oct. 17, 1858, services being held usually in Mullarky's Hall during his stay. Rev. William Porterfield was installed Pastor Dec. 31, 1858, and with-drew Oct. 14, 1861, leaving an unpleasant impression behind him. The church was built during his stay, which was dedicated in October of that year, the Synod being in session at Cedar Falls during the time. Rev. Stephen Waterbury became Pastor Dec. 9, 1861, and remained just three years. Rev. Albert True presided from May 21, 1865, to Jan. 6, 1867, followed by Rev. D. Russell from April 7, 1867, to March 28, 1869, during whose stay a considerable revival was experienced. Rev. S. M. Griffith was called to the pulpit July 16, 1869, and ministered till August 31, 1872, leaving a good reputation behind him. . Rev. A. J. Compton remained only a short time-from Oct. Jl, 1872, to May 11, 1873. On the latter date, Rev. A. B. Goodale assumed charge of the Church, and remained a little over four years. Mr. Goodale, who had been a missionary in the East Indies, proved a valuable Pastor, for the membership of the Church was considerably increased during his stay. Rev. John Wood, the present Pastor, took charge Sept. 3, 1877. The present membership is about one hundred and sixty. The Synod has held two ses,ions here, and the Presbytery three. 'l'he Sabbath school is very large, there being about two hundred and fifty pupils, taught by nineteen teachers. St. Patrick's, Oatholic.-This is one of the oldest societies in Cedar Falls. The first mass was celebrated by Rev. Father McGinnis, at the house of An-drew Mullarky, in January, 1855, and in the evening of that day he lectured at the school house. The main occasion for this visit was the recent birth of Elizabeth E. Mullarky (Mrs. A. H. Morrill), Father McGinnis having been summoned to administer the rite of confirmation. In May of that year, Bishop Loras, accompanied by another clergyma.n, visited Cedar Falls and provided for regular services, which were conducted for several months, by Rev. Mr. Brady, succeeded by Rev. Mr. Slattery. In 1856, Father Shields assumed charge, and in 1857, during his pastorate, a church was built on Washington street, just above Seventh. Father Shields died at Waverly, in 1870, and was succeeded by Father McLaughlin, followed by Father Gunn, who remained three years, and added a residence to the church property. His successors were Rev. Messrs. O'Dowd, Flavin and Ryan. Next came Father Smith, under whose energetic management a splendid church was built. The corner stone was laid Aug. 11, 1876. Mass was celebrated by Rev. Mr. Smith, assisted by Rev. Messrs. Scallon, of Waterloo, and Niemers, of Gilbertville. This was followed by a procession to the location of the new church, succeeded by a sermon preached by Rev. Mr. Smith, and the placing of the stone. . _ The edifice, which was erected near the former one, was dedicated Nov. 4, by Rt. Rev. John Hennessy. Mass was said in the forenoon by Rev. Mr. Smith, assisted by several pastors of neighboring churches. The services lasted far into the afternoon, the sermon being preached by Bishop Hennessy, 424 HISTORY OF BLACK HA WK COUNTY. with his accustomed eloquence and power. The music was supplied by the choir from the church at Waterloo. Notwithstanding that a severe snow storm was prevailing, the spacious church was densely crowded, visitors being in attendance from the churches in the vicinity of Cedar Falls. Next morning a large number were confirmed at the church by the Bishop in person. There are about eighty families connected with St. Patrick's. There is a small Sabbath school, under the direction of Father Smith. St. Luke's Episcopal.-This society was organized in the Spring of 1855, by Rev. James Keeler, at the school house. Rev. James Gifford succeeded Mr. Keeler the following year, preaching alternately at Cedar Falls and Wateiloo. Rev. Walter Loyd followed in 1861. Rev. H. C. Kinney assumed charge in 1864. He soon returned to New York, married, and brought his bride to Cedar Falls. By the free use of Mrs. Kinney's money and his own hard work the church was built. Mr. and Mrs. Kinney remained till 186!:J, leaving poorer in purse than when they came, but with a tender remembrance of them by all his parishioners. Rev. Ezra Isaacs uccupied the pulpit for a short time in 1873. Rev. F. Humphreys took pastoral charge in 1873, and remained until the Winter of 1877-78, when he was succeeded by Rev. Dr. Estabrook, of Inde-pendence. A Sabbath school has been maintained since the organization of the Church. German Lutheran.-A society of this Church was o:·ganized in the Sum-mer of 1865, by Rev. B. Durschner. Services were held in the Presbyterian Church for a year; but by the exertions of Mr. Durschner and the substantial help of Mr. Brehrler ( deceased), the society had a church of its own in the Fall of 1866. Rev. L. Lish accepted a call to the Church in the Spring of 1867, and re-mained till July, 1868, followed by the present Pastor, Rev. B. Frelsch, who -came directly hither from Germany. Mr. Fmlsch began by holding morning .and evening services every Sabbath, and heard a Bible class every Wednesday ,evening, besides preaching, for a time, on,alternate Sabbath afternoons at W a-terloo. In the Spring of 1871, the Wo:nan's Missionary Society was organized. The congregation numbers about sixty families. Two hundred children have l:een baptized, and about sixty confirmed, since the organization of the Church. German Evangelical.-The first services of this faith were held at the old school house in 1857, by Rev. Messrs. Shafely and More, who preached three -0r four times. Rev. Mr. Phile visited Cedar Falls every three or four weeks, during 1859, usually preaching in dwelling-houses. Rev. Henry Klinsorge came in 1860 and remained one yea!'. Rev. Henry Rinser came in 1861, re-maining two years, under whose pastorate a revival was held, resulting in fifty addition,1 to the society. A church was also built during his pastorate. His successors were Rev. Jacob Keiber, two years; Rev. Mr. Bernner, une year; Rev. Mr. Harlacher, two years; Rev. Mr. Schultz, tw0 years; Rev. Jacob Nuhn, one year; Rev. Mr. Harlacher, three years; Rev. Mr. Klinsorge, two years; Rev. Mr. Bernner, in 1875, who still remains. During this time the Church grew from a mission to a circuit, and from that to a station. Another church was built in 1876, and the old church was converted into a day school room. The new building is 36x6-! feet, with spire 114 feet high, WATERLOO H[STORY OF BLACK HA WK COUNTY. 427 -and cost $6,500. The dedication ceremonies were held on Sunday, December 24th, the sermon being preached by Bishop Esher, of Chicago. The membership of the society is quite large. A Sabbath school was organized about the year 1869. Danish Lutheran.-This society was organized in 1871, by Rev. A. S. Neilson, who settled in Cedar Falls the same year. The project for a building was entered on in the following year. The edifice was dedicated September 7, 1873, the sermon being preached by the Pastor. The building is 40x60 feet in size, with vestibule and spire, and cost about $4,000. It is located toward the southwestern portion of the city. The membership is about seventy. Miss Neilson, daughter of the Pastor, teaches school which is held in con-nection with the Church, and is under the supervision of the Pastor. Another church of the same faith is situated about eight miles ~outhwest of the city, over which Rev. Mr. Neilson has pastoral charge, also. Congregational Clinrch.-In accordance with letters missive, a Council met at the Congregational Hall in Cedar Falls, July 7, 1860, to consider the ques-tion of organizing a Congregational Church. The ministers attending were: J. R. Nutting, Bradford; J. C. Holbrook, Dubuque; H. N. Gates, Earlville; I. Russell, Buffalo Grove; 0. Emerson, Twelve Mile-Creek; 0. W. Merrill, Waterloo. Revs. J. R. Upton and L. B. Fifield attended, though not as mem-bers. The following day-Sunday-the Church at Cedar Falls was organized, with seventeen members-six males and eleven females. The sermon was preached by Rev. Mr. Holbrook, and the fellowship of the churches extended by Rev. H. N. Gates. Rev. L. B. Fifield, of Manchester, was invited to become Pastor, which he f Section 3, 'rownship 88, Range 12, and is about in the center of Poyner Township. It ,ras surveyed by John Ball, County Surveyor, for Edward E. McStay, proprietor, April 11, 1866; plat filed for record Jan. 14, 1867, at 10 .o'clock A. M. Edmund Miller built a house and an elevator in 1860, the first building in thE> place. Porter M. Chaffee built and opened the first store in 1865. In 1875, it had one elevator, one dry goods and grocery, and one drug store, depot, telegraph and post office, and one blacksmith shop and one hotel. ln 1878, there are one store, one blacksmith shop, one hotel, depot and post office, elevator, two churches, one school house. The school house was built in the Fall of 1866. It is a small frame school house, and it is not remembered who taught the first school in it. The Church of Christ (Advent) was organized December, 1873, by Rev. J. W. Burroughs, editor of Burroughs' Journal, with forty-one members. In-corporated in 187 4, and bought one-half of the Wesleyan Methodist Church. Dr. B. Banton, C. L. Shaw and William Wheeler are the Trustees. Rev. Mr. Burroughs is Pastor. Raymond Circuit M . E. Cliurch.-The region occupied by the Raymond Circuit of the M. E. Church has long enjoyed the preaching of the Methodist itinerant ; but in the year 1869 it was formed into a charge by itself, under the labors of Rev. W. 0. Glassner, then a supernumerary member of Upper Iowa Conference. It was formed from parts of Jessup and Brandon Circuits, taking Raymond · and Pleasant Valley appointments from the former, and Mount Pleasant Church and society in Spring Creek Township from the latter. Indian Creek appoint-ment was afterward added. The whole had a membership of about one hundred. Its name first appears in the minutes of the Upper Iowa Annual Confer-,ence for the year 1870. The following have been appointed its Pastors: 1870-71, W. S. R. Bur-nett; 1872; S. N. Howard; 1873, A. Critchfield; 1874, Joseph Cook; 1875, Geo. W. Rogers; 1876-77, B. D. Alden; 1878, -. Under the energetic labors of Rev. W. S. R. Burnett, a convenient parson-age was built in Raymond in 1871. Under the administration of Rev. S. N. Howard, the neat church edifice oc-.cupied by the society in Raymond was erected and dedicated Aug. 10, 1873. 'rhe present membership of the charge is 133. HUDSON. 'rhis little rural hamlet was surveyed and platted by George W. Miller, June 15, 1857, John L. Alline and Asaph Sergeant, proprietors. It was located on the west half of Section 26, Township 88, Range 14 (Black Hawk), on the south--east side of Black Hawk Creek, eight miles southwest of Waterloo. 'l'hrough it passed the Waterloo and Eldora road, a great wagon thoroughfare, <>ver which mail stages made semi-weekly trips. About the tim3 this line was projected, which was probably before the plat was made or recorded, speculation was rife and everybody wanted all the land thev could see. ·For two years, the little village of Hudson had flattering prospects. During that time, there were erected seven dwellings-one brick, one log and five frame; two hotels, one brick and one frame; one frame store, on the corner of Fifth and Washington streets, Asaph Sergeant, proprietor, and one blacksmith shop. 438 HISTORY OF BLACK HAWK COUNTY. The town has had within its limits two hotels, two shoe shops, general assort-ment store, post office, blacksmith shop, cabinet maker's shop, Methodist parson-age, a shingle machine, and a milliner's shop in every house. There is a sa,w-mill one-quarter of a mile distant, built by Tewksbury Bros., in 1857-8. The mill-dam was made of logs and brush. This was afterward converted into a flouring-mill, which was run successfully. Extra brick were made on the Worthington farm, two miles north. The brick used in the erection of the two building in Hudson, were made on this farm. Some of Black Hawk Township brick are in Waterloo edifices. On the 4th of July, 1857, the first celebration was held in the village of Hudson, "not on Bunker Hill," but on the Public Square, where the good flag of our Union boldly wafted in the gentle breeze and bid defiance to the red men. The city fathers were extremely wise, were never humbugged by a light-ning rod company, street railway company, nor even by a gas company. There never were any bank suspensions in the town. The town has now nearly as many buildings as it had in its palmier days. There are two blacksmith shops and :t machine for making "barbed wire fencing, which is run by horse power. A store is now being built in town by Deacon H. A. Lane, of Waterloo, who expects to open it with a stock of goods required by farmers, in August, 18'/ 8. There are seven families living in the town. About half a mile away is a tavern. "Jockey Town," ' is the name given, by Mr. Bonesteel, to a little cluster of houses about a mile northeast of Hudson, while he was trading horses with the residents. BARCLAY. A small village located on Camp Creek, about twelve miles northeast of Waterloo. It was laid out on the northwest quarter of Section 13, Township 89, Range 11, Barclay Township, August 8, 1854, by James Barclay. In 1865, it contained two stores, a saw-mill, a large tavern and about 100 inhabitants; but with the advent of railroads, which attracted business to other points, this little village, like many another in the West, dwindled away, until now there are only a blacksmith shop and a post office there. The ruins of the old steam saw-mill are yet to be seen. JANESVILLE. This town is mainly in Bremer County, but a town plat was made on the northwest quarter of the northeast quarter of Section 2, Township 90, Range 14, in 1855, by Mary Ann and Hiram Fairbrother. FINCHFORD. In Union Township, a small hamlet containing a good flouring-mill, two or three stores, a hotel, blacksmith shop and school house. It is a mile and a half from Finchford Station, on the Burlington, Cedar Rapids & Northern Railroad, where there is another school house. The town was laid out on Section 7, Township 90, Range 14, by Lewis Go-ings, in 1872. • WAR HISTORY. --- -•~--The people of the Northern States have just reason to be proud of the glo-rious record they made during the dark and !Hoody days when crimson-handed rebellion threatened the life of the nation. When war was forced upon the country by rebels in arms against the Government, the people were quietly pur-suing the even tenor of their way, doing whatever their hands found to do-working the mines, making farms or cultivating those already made, erecting homes, building shops, founding cities and towns, building mills and factories-in short, the country was alive with industry and hopes for the future. The people were just recovering from the depression and losses incident to the finan-cial panic of 1857. The future looked bright and promising, and the indus-trious and patriotic sons and daughters of the Free States were buoyant with hope, looking forward to the perfecting of new plans for the ensurement of comfort and competence in their declining years; they little heeded the mut-terings and threatenings of treason's children, in the Slave States of the South. True sons and descendants of the heroes of the "times that tried men's souls " -the struggle for American independence-they never dreamerl that there was even one so base as to dare attempt the destruction of the Union of their fathers -a government baptized with the best blood the world ever knew. While immediately surrounded with peace and tranquillity, they paid but little atten-tion to the rumored plots and plans of those who lived and grew rich from the sweat and toil, blood and flesh of others-aye, even trafficked in the offspring of their own loins. Nevertheless, the war came, with all its attendant horrors. April 12, 1861, Fort Sumter, at Charleston, South Carolina, Maj. Ander-son, U. S. A., Commandant, was fired upon by rebels in arms. Although basest treason, this first act in the bloody reality that followed was looked upon as the mere bravado of a few hot-heads-the act of a few fire-eaters whose sectional bias and freedom and hatred was crazed by the excessive indulgence in intoxi-cating potations. When, a day later, the news was borne along the telegraph wires that Maj. Anderson had been forced to surrender to what had first been regarded as a drunken mob, the patriotic people of the North were startled from their dreams of the future, from undertakings half completed, and made to real-ize that behind that mob there was a dark, deep and well-organized purpose to destroy the Government, rend the Union in twain, and out of its ruins erect a slave oligarchy, wherein no one would dare question their right to hold in bond-age the sons and daughters of men whose skins were black, or who, perchance, through practices of lustful natures, were half or quarter removed from the color that God, for His own purposes, had given them. But they "reckoned without their host." Their dreams of the future, their plans for the establish-ment of an independent confederacy, were doomed from their inception to sad an.d bitter disappointment. 4-10 HISTORY OF BLACK HAWK COUNTY. Immediately upon the surrender of Fort Sumter, Abraham Lincoln-America's martyr President, who, but a few short weeks before, had taken the oath of office as the nation's Chief Executive, issued a proclamation calling for 75,000 volunteers for three months. The last word had scarcely been taken from the electric wires before the call was filled. Men and money were counted out by hundreds and thousands. 'l'he people who loved their whole Govern-ment could not give enough. Patriotism thrilled and vibrated and pulsated through every heart. The farm, the workshop, the office, the pulpit, the bar, the bench, the college, the sc!tool house, every calling offered its best men, their Jives and fortunes in defense of the Government's honor and unity. Party lines were for the time ignored. Bitter words, spoken in moments of political heat, were forgotten and forgiven, and, joining hands in a common cause, they repeate::l the oath of America's soldier-statesman: " By the great Eternal, 1 th e Union must and shall be preserved!" Seventy-five thousand men were not enough to subdue the rebellion. Nor were ten times that number. The war went on, and call foJlowed call, until it began to look as if there would not be men enough in all the Free States to crush out and subdue the monstrous war traitors had inaugurated. But to every call for either men or money, there was a willing and ready response . .-\nd it is a boast of the people that, had the supply of men fallen short, there-~vere women brave enough, daring enough, patriotic enough, to have offered themselves as sacrifices on their country's altar. Such were the impulses, motives and actions of the patriotic men of the North, among whom the sons of Black Hawk County made a conspicuous and praiseworthy record. Of the-offerings made by these people during the great and final struggle between free-dom and slavery it is the purpose now to write. ~.\..pril 14, A. D. 1861, Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States, issued the following : PROCLA;\IATION. WHEREAS, The Jaws of the United States have been and now are violently opposed in several States, by combinations too powerful to be suppressed in the ordinary way; I therefore call for the militia of the several Stfttes of the Union, to the Figgregate number of 75,000, to-suppress said combinations and execute the laws. I appeal to all loy,il citizens to facilitate and aid in this effort to maintain the laws and the integrity of the perpetuity of the popular govern-ment, and redress wronge long enough endured. The first service assigned to the forces, probably. will be to repossess the torts, places anrl property which have been seized from the Union Let the utmost care be taken, consistent with the ohject, to avoid devastation, destruc-tion, interference with the property of peaceful citizens in any part of the country; and I hereby command persons composing the aforesaid combination to disperse within twenty daye from date. I hereby convene both Houses of Congress for the 4th day of July next, to determine upon measures for public safety which the interest of the subject demansd. ABRAHA)l LINCOLN, W~1. H. SEWARD, Secretary of State. President ~f t•e United Slates. The gauntlet thrown down by the traitors of the South was accepted-not~ however, in the spirit with which insolence meets insolence-but with a firm , determined spirit of patriotism and love of country. The duty of the President was plain, under the Constitution and the laws, and above and beyond all, the people, from whom political power is derived, demanded the suppression of the-rebellion, and stood rea.dy to sustain the authority of their representatives and executive officers. The absence of the files of newspapers in Waterloo, from 1861 to 1864, renders it impossible for the historian to do full justice to the spirit and patriot-ism of this people in the early days of America's gigantic and bloody struggle against rebellion, and their liberal contributions to maintain the integrity of this-HISTORY OF BLACK HA WK COUNTY. HI glorious Union. It is a proud record, for from their midst went out brave sol die.rs, to aid in the grand struggle for the maintenance and perpetuity of Republican institutions. A union of lake~, a union of lands, A union thnt none can sever; A union of hearts, a union of hands-'fhe American Union forever. Never before in the world's history was witnessed such an uprising of the masses, such unanimity of sentiment, such willingness to sacrifice life and money on the altar of patriotism. When the first companies were being raised, measures were inaugurated and carried out to raise money by subscription for the support of the families of the volunteers. But there were so many calls for men, and the number and needs of these families whose providers had gone to defend the life of the nation, that it became an impossibility for private purses, however willing their holders, to supply all the demand, and the county authorities made frequent and liberal appropriations from the public treasury for that purpose. Private liberality still continued. This money was raised in the midst of the excitement of war, when the exigencies of the times demanded it, and the generous people never thought to inquire how much was given. Aside from the sums appropriated by county authority, no account was ever kept. Had there been, the sum would now seem almost fabulous. A volunteer military company was organized at Cedar Falls in February, 1861, with J. B. Smith as Captain; C. D. Billings, First Lieutenant; W. Francis, Second Lieutenant; F . Sessions, C. H. Mullarky, W. Hamel, F. H. Cooper, Sergeants; William McCoy, John Brown, George Leland, J. Rosen-baum, Corporals. The company bore on its roster sixty names. The name adopted was " Pioneer Grays." Late in April, 1861, the Pioneer Grays began to prepare for marching to the front, under the following order : ADJUT ,Nr GENEI. Knowles, Leonard, e. Aug. 8, 1862, wd. at Vicksburg. Kinsey, David, e. Aug. 2, 1862. Ladd, L. W., e. Aug. 14, 1862, died at Memphis. Lusch, Charles, e. Aug. 12, 1862, died at Vicksburg. McCartney, M., e. Jan. 3, 1863. Mills, Jos., e. Aug. 12, 1862. Montgomery, D. C., e. Jan. 4, 1864. Moore, A., e. Aug. 13, 1862, disd. Feb. 15, 1864, disab. Morrison, J. A., e. Aug. 9, 1862. Moulton, Wm., e. Aug. 12, 1862, disd. Sept. I 7, 1863, disab. Mensch, H. S., e. Aug. 14, 18'32, disd. June 2u, '64, disab. Martin, E., e. Feb. 5, 1864. WAR RECORD OF BLACK HAWK COUNTY. -151 Overman, Elias, e. Aug. 6, 1862. Orcutt, D. M., e. Aug. 7, 1862, wd. at Missionary Ridge. Peterson, F. L., e. Jan. 3, 1864. Perry, H. 0., e. Aug. 9, 1862, kld. At Dallas, Ga. Parmenter, John, e. Dec. 23, 1863. Perkins, G. D., e. Aug. 12, 1862, disd. Jan. 12, 1863. Phinney, E. A., e. Dec. 21, 1863. Prouty, W. M., e. Aug. 2, 1862. Porquett, H., e. Jan. 4, 1864. Porter, Elia.s D., e. Dec. 31, 1863, died at Saiannah, Ga. Philpot, Chas. P., e. Aug. 2, 1862, captd., died at Ander-sonville. Pattee, M.A., e. Aug.6.1862, disd. Jan. 12, 1863. Palmer, Wm. H., e. Aug. 13, 1862, wd. at Kenesaw Mt. Quimby, M., e. Aug. 6, 1862, died at Memphis. Rarrick, John, e. Feb. 10, 1864, captd. Rattray, C., e. Aug. 6, 1862. Rockwood, A., e. Jan. 2, 1864. Round, Samuel, e. Aug. 12, 1862, disd. Sept. 17, '63, disab. Reed, L. T., e. Aug. 12, 1862. Rath, John, e. Aug. 7, 1862. Rholeder, H. C., e. Aug. 7, 1861. Rucker, Levi, e. Aug. 10, 1862, died at Nashville. Rath, Geo. J., e. Aug. 10, 1862, kld. in battle of Mission-ary Ridge. Rownd, John H., e. Aug. 12. 1862, wd. Richardson, James R., e. Aug. 14, 1862, wt.l. at Arkansas Post, trans. to Inv. Corps. Smith, Corydon, e. Aug. 6, 1862. Stitoeler, David, e. Aug. 10, 1862. Steinbach, Lewis, e. Aug. 12, 1862, died at Black River Bridge, Miss. Schermerhorn, W. S., e. Jan. 1, 1864. Sellon, Jerome, e. _Aug. 12, 1862, disd. March 17, 1863, disab. Smelser, Ephraim, e. Aug. 12, 1862, kid. on a plantation in South Carolina while foraging. Shucker, A. K., e. Aug. 14, 1862. Smith, E., e. Aug. 12, 1862. Tabor, H. H, e. Dec. 7, 1863, trans. to V. R. C. May 10, 1865. Tracy, M. L., e. Aug. 6, 1862, captd. in South Carolina. Tyrells, John, e. Dec.12, 1863, died at Snake Gap, Ga. Tondro, L. W., e. Aug. 12, 1862, wd. at Vicksburg, disd. Oct. 2, 1863, disab. Vandemark, P. C., e. Aug. 12, 1862. Van Norden, John J., e. Aug. 15, 1862. Watson, Jas., e. Feb. 12, 1864, kid. at Dallas, Ga. Worcester, A., e. Aug. 8, 1862. \Villiams, W. T., e. Dec. 24, 1864. Williams, H. E., e. Aug. 6, 1862. Webster, Wm. W., e. Feb. 6, 1864. Wells, Erastus, e. Aug, 7, 1862, died Jan. 21, 1863, at St. Louis. Webster, C. I., e. Feb. 6, 1864. Yocom, Martin L., e. Aug. 12, 1862, disd. March 12, 1863, disab. Young, Alfred, e. Aug. 14, 1862. Company c . Capt. John Cook, com. Oct. 13, 1862, died at Helena, Ark., l'Jov. 22, 1862. · Capt. Chauncey J. Maynard, com. 1st. lieut. Oct. 13, 1862, prmtd. capt. Nov. 23, 1862, resd. Jan. 30, 1863. Capt. Levi W. Herring, e. as corp. Aug. 9, 1862, prmtd. capt. Dec. 30, 1864. First 'Lieut. Joseph T. Hedinger, com. 2d lieut. Oct. 13, 1862, prmtd. 1st lieut. Nov. 23, 1862, read. July 15, 1863. First Lieut. Thos. C. Bird, e. as 1st scrgt. Aug. 2, 1862, prmtd. 2d lieut. March 31, 1863, prmtd. 1st lieut. July 16, 1863, wd. twice at Missionary Ridge Aug. 14, 1864. Second Lieut. Jonas .P. ,vard, e. as private Aug. 20, 1862, wd. at Kenesaw Mt., prmtd. 2d lieut. July 16, 1863, kid in action at Atlanta Aug. 7, 1864. Sergt. Royal A. Brooks, e. Aug. 5, 1862, died at St. Louis May 24, 1863. Sergt. Jeese Munson, e. Aug. 4, 1862, disd. Aug. 7, 1863, disab. Sergt. William McCrory, e. Aug. 15, 1862, wd. at Look-out Mt. Sergt. Samuel M. Howrey, e. Aug. 12, 1862, wd. and died at Milliken's Bend. Sergt. Purdy I. Wood, e. July 14, 1862, died at Milliken's Bend, La. Corp. F. M. Geren, e. Aug. 7, 1862, disd., disab. C0rp. Joseph B. White, e. Aug. 22, 1862, trans. to Inv. Corps Sept. 3, 1863. Corp. Joseph L. '\\-i- eaver, e. Aug. 15, 1862, wd. Corp. John N. Hale, e. Aug. 8, 1862, wd. at Lookout Mt., died at Chattauooga. Corp. James Burris, Jr., e. Aug. 7, 1862, died at Young's Point, La. Corp. R. C. Tunison, e. Aug. 11, 1862. Corp. H.J. Plantz, e. Aug.7.1862. Corp. Wm., A. "'hitaker, e. Aug. 2, 186:.?, died on steamer City of Memphis. Corp. W. J . Brunson, e. July 8,1862, died at Vicksburg. Wagoner C. K . Hale, e, Aug. 20, 1862, disd. April 28, 1863, disab. Ackerman, James H ., e. Aug. 11, 1862, wd. at Arkansas Post, disd. April 13, 1863, disab. Brown, I. K., e. Aug. 7, 186~, disd. April 15, 1863, disab. Bn,ssler, John, e. Aug. 4, 1862, wd. Jan. 26, 1863. Brown, Joseph, e. Aug. 9, 1862, died Dec. 16, 1862, at St. Louis. Brechner, John, e. Aug. 13, 1862. Brunn, Charles, e. Aug. 29, 1862. Brechner, Aaron, e. Aug. 15, 1862. Baker, George, e. Aug. 16, 1802. Carnes, J. C., e. Aug. 5, 1862, wd. at Kenesaw 1\H, died at Chattanooga. Coger, Samuel E ., e. Aug, 7, 1862. Cram, Brainard, e. Aug. 14, 1862, died at St. Louis. Cumrine, John H., e. Aug. 6, 1862. Carney, S. E., e. Aug. 23, 1862. Df'es. ,John A., e. Aug. 11, 1862, trans. to Inv. Corps. Debare, Joseph, e. Aug. 11, 1862, died at Milliken's Bend .. Debare, Geo. W., e. Aug. 8, 1862. Edwards, Jas. B., e. Aug. 8, 1862. Frundt, John H., e. Aug. 18, 1862. Foye, Chas. A., e. Aug. 11, 1862. Gardner, Joel, e. Aug. 22, 186~, disd. Aug.17, 1863, disab. Hastings, A. G., e. July 14, 1862, trans. to regular army Sept. 3, 1863. Hall, R. S., e. July 26, 1862. . . Hollenbeck, .J. F., e. Aug. 14, 1862, captd., died at Rich-mond, Va., while prisr. Hale, S. W., e. Aug. 7, 1862, died at Young's Point, La. Hayes, Henry, e. Aug. 8, 1862, disd. Oct. 24, 1863, disab. Hollenshead, Levi, e. Aug. 20, 1862, died at Jefferson Ba.r• racks, Mo. f Job, Robt. G., e. Aug. 2, 1862, died at Woodville, Ala. Jackson, Joseph. e. Aug. 14, 1862, died Jan. 14, 1863, at Arkansas Post. Knapp, Geo. R., e. Aug. 20, 1862. Linderman, C., e. Aug. 13, 1862, died at Vicksburg. Lockerby, Jason, e. Aug. 18, 1862, trans. to 33d Co.i 1st Bat. Inv. Corps, Aug. 1, 1863. Jackerby, Geo. W., e. Aug. 18, 1862, trans. to 33d Co., 1st Bat. [nv. Corps, Aug. 1, 1863. Letter, Wm., e. Aug. 18, 1862. Lantz, Jacob, e. Aug. 5, 1862, wd. at Vicksburg and Look-out Mt. McColl, Alexander, e. Aug. 15, 1862. disd. March 20, 1863, disab. Jllillard, L. B., e. July 18, 1862. Mears, Wm., Aug. 2, 1862. Mitchell, Joseph, e. Aug. 4, 1862. Munger, E. 8., e. Aug. 20, 1862, trans. to Inv. Corps AprH 30, 1864. l\Iuchmore, S., e. Aug. 11, 1862, trans. to Inv. Corps Sept. 1, 1863. Madden, Thomas, e. Aug. 20, 1862. Munger, Jas. H., e. Aug. 22 1 1862, trans. to Inv. Corps Sept. 1, 1863. Nocton, D. W., e. July 14, 1862. Owens, E. M., e. July 9, 1862. Pearsant, H., e. Aug. 15, 1862, wd. a.t Arka.neae Post, died at Nashville. Porter, Henry, e. Aug. 11, 1862. Pierce, H. F., e. Aug. 20, 1862. Ritsman, Chas., e. July 16, 1862, trans. to Inv. Corps Sept. 1, 1863. Rice, Horace, e. Aug. 7, 1862, died at Young's Point, La. Rice, S., e. Aug. 7, 1862, died in Black Ha.wk Co. July 18, 1863. Shuler, Geo., e. July 10, 1862. Smith, S. R., e. Aug. 11, 1862, wd. at Kenesaw Mountain, disd. June 13, 1865, disab. Scott, G. S., e. Aug. 11, 1862, wd. at Dallas, Ga,, trans. to V. R. C. Dec. 21, 1864. Stickley, Robert, e. Aug. 22, 1862. Thomas, B. A., e. Aug. 5, 1862, died at Young's Point, La. Tunison, R. C., e. Aug. 7, 1862, trans. to Inv. Corps Sept .. 1, 1863. Turner, G. H., e. Aug. 6, 1862. 452 WAR RECORD OF BLACK HAWK COUNTY. Vaughn, John, e. July 11, 1832, died at Nashville, on hnS pita! boat. Wright, 'thomas, e. July 14, 1862. White, M. E., e. Aug. 14, 1862, died. Wells, Simon, e. Aug. 11, 1862. W:irner, J. A., e. Aug. 20, 1862, disd. Aug. 17, 186a, disab. ,vard, J.P., e. Aug. 20, 1862. Ward, Erick, e. Aug. 20, 1862, wd. at Vicksburg, disd. l\Iay 10, 1864. Company D . Capt. Geo. W. Dearth, com. Oct. 13, 1862, from private 3d battery, res. ~('pt.10, 1864. Capt. Robert J. McQuilkin, e. as corp. Aug. 15, 11'62, prmtd. 2d lieut. Feb. 14, 1863, prmtd. 1st lieut. Feb. 19, 1863, prmtd. capt. Sept. 21, 1864. Firat Lieut. Francis M. Thompson, com. Oct. 13, 1862, from ptivata 3d battery, read. Feb, 18, 1863. :First Lieut. Francis I-I. Lacey, e. as corp. Aug. 15, 1862, prmtd. 2d lieut. Feb. 19, 1863, prmtd. 1st lieut. Sept. 21, 1864. Second Lieut. Henry B. ,vebster, com. Oct. 13, 1862, resd. Dec. 20, 1862. Sergt. 'f. J. Rogers, e. Aug.14, 1862,died Jan. 28, 1863,at Young's Point, La. Sergt. E. F. Smith, e. Au,;-. 7, 1862. Sergt. E. M. Ashley, e. Aug. 7, 1862. Sergt. l\IichaC'l Lanning, e. July 25, 1862. Sergt. William Duncan, e. Aug. 4, 1F62. Corp. R. J. l\IcQuilkin, e. Aug. 15, 1862. Corp. V. Edsil, e. July 28, 186l. Corp. Jos. E. Moore, e. Aug. 9, 1862, trans. to 123d Co., 1st battery Inv. Corps. Corp. Wm. H. H. Hill, e. Aug. 7, 1862, died lllarch 30, '63. Corp. Martin S. Hill, e. Aug. 7, 1862. Corp. H. L. Smelser, e. Aug. 15, 1862, died at St. Louis. Corp. C. M. Turner, e. Aug. 15, 1862, disd. May 7, 1863, disab. Corp. A. M. Talcon, e. Aug. 15, 1802, trans. to 123d Co., 1st Bat. Inv. Corps. Corp. A. Amborn, e. Aug. 9, 1862, wd. at Ringgold, Ga., disd. June 15, 1864, wds. Corp. 1'1. JlJ. 11urner, e. Aug. 15, 1862. Corp. Wm. IL Barnes, e. Aug. 9, 1862, died at Vicksburg. Corp. George Grettenberger, e. Aug. 14, 1862, disd. l\1ay 20, 1863, disab. Musician John W. Sherman, e. Aug. 15, 1862, trans. to Inv. Corps Sopt. l, 1863. Musician John L. Cotton, e. Oct. 20, 1862, disd. June 22, 1863, i, Buker, I. A., e. Dec. 22, 1863. Longaker, D. M., e. Oct. 19, 1864. Smith, Robt., e. Oct. 17, 18f,4. THIRTY-SEVENTH INFANTRY. This regiment was known as the "Gray Beard Regi-ment," from the fact that nearly or quite every member was over forty-five years of age. The regiment was formed during the Summer of 1862. The Thirty-seventh was assigned to guard duty at St. Loma, afterward at Alton, then at Rock Island. From there it went to Memphis, Tenn., and Holly Spring, Ark., where regular duty was performed. It was in numt.rous skirmishes, but no battles. No man from Linn County was killed in an engagement. By doing duty as guards of rebel prisoners, the Thirty-seventh relieved another regi-ment of younger men. It was in the service about three years, but our informant, Mr. Hergeshamer, private in Company A, is unable to give exact dates. Company A. First Lieut. Jno. McCall, e. as serp:t. Sept. 21, 1862, prmtd. 1st lieut. June 27, 1863, resd. Nov. 6, 1863. Second Lieut. Julius C. Hubbard, com. Dec. 15, 1862, rel!ld, May 3, 1863. Corp. Jos. Weaver, e. Sept. 8, 1862. Corp. Sardies Little, e. Oct. 1, 1862, di•d. May 21, 1863. Corp. Lyman Pierce, e. Oct. 8, 1862, disd. Oct. 12, 1864. Wagoner Joo. Hays, e. Sept. 7, 1862. Boston, Wm. H., e. Oct. 22, 1862, disd. Nov. 30, 1864. Baker, Anthony, e. Oct. 5, 1862. Bullis, Gideon, e. Sept. 22, 1862, died March 13, 1864, 11t Rock Islaud, Ill. Byford, Jno. R., e.Nov.15, 1862. Carey, A.,•· Sept. 20, 1862, disd. Nov. 2, 1863. Caignay, M., e. Sept. 16, 1862. Has-.ell, N., e. Oct. 8, 1862, dlsd., May 8, 1863. Harris, .Tos. J., e. Sept. 19, 1862. Harris, Benj., e. Se)lt. 5, 1862, disd. May 21, 1863. Moore, Samuel, e. Oct. 4, 1862, disd. May 24, 1865. McCracken, H., e. Sept. 22, 1862. • Markell, Eli, e. Sept. 8, 1862, disd. May 8, 1863. McCord, T ., e Sept. 3, 18~2. Miller, Wm. H., e. Sept. 20, 1862, disd. Jan. 2, 1865. Nash, Joseph, e. Sept. 6, 1862. Norton, Lyman, e. Sept. 5, 1862, disd. July 31, 1863. Outcault, F., e. Sept. 8, 1862, disd. April 4, 1863. Reed, ,varren, e. Nov. 18fi2, disd. May 30, 1863. Sergeant, A., e. Oct. 2, 1862, disd. Nov. 9, 1864. Sperry, Lewis, e. Sept. 8, 1862, disd. May 14, 1865. Whitbeck, Andrew, e. Sept. 26, 1863, disd. April 2, 1865. Wood, Chauncey, e. Sept. 2, 1862, disd. May 8, 1865. Washburn, H., e. Oct. 1, 1862, disd. Nov. 19, 1863. Company H. C-0Ic, H. A., e. Oct. 1, 1863, died Jan. 12, 1862, at Musca· tine. Company K. Wood, Chauncey. e. Sept. 2, 1863, disd. May 8, 1865. UNKNOWN. Cagney, M., e. Sept. 16, 1862. FORTY-FIRST INFANTRY. Q. M . S. Chester B. Stilson, c. Sept. 23, 1862. Company A. Capt. Francis H. Cooper, com 1st. lieut. Oct. 23, 1861, prmtd. capt. Sept. 1, 1862. Sergt. Jno. !U. S. Hodgdon, e. Sept. 25, 1861. Sergt. Robert Wright, e. Sept. 24, 1861. Corp. E. F . Sawyer, e. Sept. 24, 1861. Corp. Jacob F. Kyler, e. Oct. 1, 1861. Corp. D. A. Babcock, e. Oct. 1, 1861. Corp. Jas. R. Michael, e. Sept 28, 1861. AITord, Chas., e. Sept. 26, 1861. Clark. Wm. M., e. Sept. 26, 1861. Coburn, Wm., e. Sept. 26, 1861. Dexter, R., e. Nov. 5, 1861. Dawson, F., e. Sept, 26, 1861. Grow, Wm., e. Nov. 5, 1861. Henry, A., e. Sept. 30, 1861. Harris, L. M., e. Nov. 12, 1861. Johnson, Theo., e. Sept. 28, 1861. Ryan, D., e. Sept. 28, 1861. Sawyer, E. F., e. Sept. 24, 1861. Trumbo, Geo., e. Oct. 7, 1862. Woodward, Henry, e. Sept. 28, 1861. FORTY-SEVENTH INFANTRY. Company D. First Lieut. Arthur E. McHugh, comd. 2d lieut. June 4, 1864, prmtd. 1st lieut . Aug.17, 1864. Sergt. John F. Clarke, e. Sept. 6, 1861. Corp. James. D. Hill, e. Sept. 7, 1861. Corp. 0. D. Boyles, e. Sept. 11, 1861 died at H•lena, Ark., Aug. 12. 1864. Corp. Geo. S. Jackson, e. Sept. 9, 1861. Boyls, L. W., e. Sept. 17, 1861. Baldwin, John ll., e. Sept. 4, 1861. Cox, Acton, e. Sept. 9, 1861. Cotton, John L., e. Sept. 5, 1861. Cooley, Lewis F., e. Sept. 5, 1861. Dorian, Frank, e. Sept. 14, 1861. Finley, David, e. Sept. 7, 1861. Good, John C., e. Sept. 5, 1861. Helferty, Daniel, e. Sept. 5, 1861. Hallen, David, e. Sept. 16, 1861. Heese, Frank, e. Sept. 10, 1861. McCullough, H., e. Sept. 3, 1861. Mullen, C. W., e. Sept. 21, 1861. Morgan, Thos. e. Sept. 4, 1861. Morgan, Jacob JI., e. Sept. 4, 1861. Mc\Villiams, R., e. Sept. 17, 1861. Payn, E. S., e. Sept. 9, 1861. Trent, Cyrus, e. Sept. 9, 1861. White, F. W., e. ,ept. 5. 1861. Dick, Jas. C., e. Sept. 24, 1861. FIRST CA VALRY. The First Cavalry was recruited during the Summer of 1861. Jts services began during the following "'inter. Its first action was at Silver Creek, Mo., where the rebel camp was attacked and rvuted. In February, -1862, a detachment from the First helped surprise and capture Gen.Price at \Varsaw. Another detachment had a brush with guerrillas near Montevallo in the following April. During the next few months, the regiment had skirmishes with rebels neH1r Clinton, Big Creek, Clear Creek and Newtonia. December 7th, the first and third battalions participated in the battte at Prairie Grove. That month the command asslsted at the capture of Van Buren, where a number of steamboats, several hundred prisoners and u. large amount of steres fell into the hands of our forces. April 26, 1863, the most of the regiment was con-cerned in a night attack upon a portion of Marmaduke's i forces, breaking np the camp and inflicting heavy 1088. WAR RECORD OF BLACK HA WK COUNTY. 455 August 26th and 27th, the regiment did gallant service at White River. From September 10th until the following January, the First was stationod at Little Rock. April 24 1864-, the command repulsed a charge of the enemy at M~no River, and had a share in the battle at Jenkins' Ferry on the 30th. The regiment continued doing scout service until January, 1865, when they were sent to Dar-danelle, and had a brush with Col. Cooper, driving him off the field. They went thence to Pine Bluff~ and to Mem-phis. From this place they made two incursions iuto l\iississippi. After the war closed, much to the disappoint-ment of the men, the regiment was ordered to Texas under Custer. On the routi:,, two or three of the regiment committed some depredations on the inhabitants, contrary to specific orders from Gen. Custer, who was in command. A few of the men were detected and ordered to be flogged. This order created much bitterness of feeling toward Custer, which had hardly disappeared when he met tragic death on the plains. Company B. Carney, Geo. R., e. July 18, 1861. Chase, John M., e. Aug. 16, 1862. Company c . Sergt. Horace Barron, June 13, 1861, disd. June, 1862, disab. Sergt. A. A. Alline, e. June 13, 1861. Sergt. Sam!. M. Hoff, e. July 13, 1861. Corp. J. Q. Hanna, e. June 13, 1861. Corp. S. M. Hoff, e. July 13, 1861. Corp. V. Gilbert, e. June 13, 1861, died at Little Rock, Ark. Ayres, James, e. Dec. 14, 1863. Boston, James C., e. June 13, 1861, disd. Feb. 14, 1863, disab. Labarre, Theo., e. June 13, 1861, died Jan. 26, 1863, For• syth, Mo. Simmons, C. M., disd. Sept. 21, 1861, vet. Jan. 5, 1864. Cobb, D. K., e. Aug. 10, 1861, vet. Jan. 5, 1864, died at St. Joseph, Mo. Clark, W., e. Aug. 10, 1861, disd. July, 15, 1862. Clark, John F., e. Aug. 10, 1861, disd. June 15, 1861. Lelleer, Coe, e. Aug. 10, 1861, vet. Jan. 5, 1864. Simmons, L. N., e. Aug. 10, 1861, deserted June 21, 1863. Pocock, C., e. Aug.11, 1861, vet. Jan. 5, 1864. Terwilliger, David, e. Aug. 15, 1861. Company L. Keyes, S., vet. Jan. 5, 1864. Dodd, J. B. P., e. May 20, 1861, vet. Jan. 5, 1864. Da:vis, Geo. H., vet. Jan. 5, 1864, died July 5, 1864. UNKNOWN. Brownson, L. H., e. Feb. 16, 1864. Babcock, C. J .. e. Jan. 4, 1864. Blood, A. C., e. Jan. 2, 1864. Forte, John B., e. Jan. 2, li64. Holding, Nelson, e. Jan. 2, 1864. Kingsbury, Geo. H. e. Dec. 30, 1864. Pennock, M. J., e. Jan. 2, 1864. Rhoades, L. W., e. Dec. 31, 1863. Watson, Geo. A., e. Dec. 24, 1863. Wilkins, Owen, e. Dec. :n, 1863. FOURTH CAVALRY. Company B. Barnes, Geo. S., e. Dec. 4, 1863. Cutshell, S. L., e. Oct. 1, 1863. Clubine, L., e. Dec. 16, 1863, drowned nr. Napoleon, Ark. Conklin, A. G., e. Dec. 21, 1863, died at St. Louis. Dunton, Wm. A., Sept. 3, 1864, died at Atlanta. Guger, John, e. Dec. 21, 1863. Gates, W. H., e. Oct. 1, 1863. Herner, L., e. Dec. 17, 1863. Luddic, Jacob, e. Dec. 19, 1863, wd. near Memphis. Rnst, F ., Jr., e. Dec. 21, 1863. Shaffer, E., e. Nov. 26, 1863, died at Atlanta. Shuler, Jos., e. Dec. 20, 1863. Schaffer, C., e. Sept. 3, 1864, wd. near Memphis, disd. June 13, 1865, disab. Schaffer, A., e. Dec. 10, 1863, wd. and died at Memphis. Schrack, L. ,J., e. Dec. 19, 1863. Schrack, 'fheo., e. Dec 21, 1863, captd. near Memphis. Dec. 14, 1864. Schrack, S. J., e. Dec. 21, 1863, wd. near Memphis. Tracy, A. A., e. Oct. 1, 1863, captd. at Ripley, liiss., died at Annapolis, Md. Tuff,, Chas. W., e. Nov. 2, 1861. Warner, Jno.A., e. Dec.26, 1863. Young, J.C., e. Dec. 26, 1863. Young, Jacob C., e. Sept. 25, 1861. Company E . Barnes, Geo. S ., e. Dec, 4, 1863. Shroyer, Lewis, e. Dec. 16, 1863. Shimer, A. M., e. Dec. 21, 1~63. Company H . Rowley, L. C., e. Dec. 22, 1863. Thoromani N. B., e. Dec. 22, 1863. SEVENTH CAVALRY. Com pany A. Groom, ,vm. H., e. April 16, 1864. Company B. Alder, Philip, e. March 17, 1863. Alder, Wm., e. l\'Iarch 17, 1863. Dodd, ,vm., e. March 17, 1863. Eaton, Samuel, e. March 16, 1863. Marsh, Wm. H .. e. Feb. 8, 1864. Perkins, L. T ., e. March 17, 1863. Silsby, E

Indian History of Winneshiek County

Abstract

Extracted data

Indian History of Winneshiek County

Abstract

Extracted data

Related items

Related items