Synthesis and Analysis of Spinel Cathode Materials for High Voltage Solid-State Lithium Batteries

One of the most challenging issues in our modern society is the problem of energystorage. Energy storage systems are needed for the storage of energy produced bywind or solar energies especially, which are essential to reduce the environmental impact from the utilization of fossil fuels, such as air pollution and global warming. Furthermore, the flourishing development of portable systems including smartphones, computers and powered tools demand small and compact energy storage systems to prolong their working hours and to minimize the overall device volume. Similarly, the demand for electric vehicles, for the reduction of petroleum consumption, requires efficient and compact storage systems with high energy densities. Among the energy storage systems, lithium-ion batteries offer the highest energy density and the highest coulombic efficiency. Lithium-ion batteries have been the most popular energy storage system for portable, computing and communication technologies since their commercialization in 1991 ..