Design and Challenges of Banking and Foreign Exchange Regulation in India

In the post-British Raj Era, two hallmarks characterize Indian banking law: financial inclusion and financial liberalization. Indian banking law and policy has emphasized incorporation of the unbanked and under-banked as part of an overall development strategy to alleviate poverty. This emphasis has been consistent since 1947. Also since Partition, that law and policy has regulated foreign exchange (FX). But, on this topic India reversed course. In the 1990s, India shifted from Nehruvian Socialist- style controls to FX liberalization. To some degree, underlying both the consistent emphasis on financial inclusion, and the new turn toward financial liberalization, are long-held suspicions in India about unbridled western-style financial markets. The suspicions may work to India’s long-term advantage. Unchecked financial liberalization may undermine financial inclusion, so a cautionary approach may avoid exacerbating marginalization. Simply put, the principal challenge for Indian banking law and policy is to continue liberalization while furthering inclusion. Can India achieve inclusive liberalization