Increased proliferation, DNA damage and apoptosis in HCC lacking RAP1 in females.

(A-F) Representative images and quantification of Ki67 (A, B) γH2AX (C-D) and AC3-positive cells (E-F) in Rap1+/+ and Rap1-/- tumor sections of female mice at 50–55 weeks post-DEN treatment. Tumors from 6 Rap1+/+ and 6 Rap1-/- females were analyzed. Three females from each cohort were at 50- and three at 55- weeks post-DEN. Mice of 50 and 55 weeks post-DEN were grouped since no significant differences were observed between these two ages. The size of the analyzed tumors ranged from 5 to 20 mm2. Values and error bars represent the mean and SE, respectively. N, number of tumors. Statistical significance was determined by Student’s t test. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.