Pareto fronts for both general and simplified optimisation studies.

Yellow dots represent all shading variants simulated in the general optimisation study, while green dots represent all shading variants simulated in the simplified optimisation study. Minimum heating demand is for the base case of the model without shading, and ΔH represents the relative increase of the maximum heating demand among obtained Pareto solutions with respect to the base case. Similarly, maximum cooling demand is for the base case of the model without shading, and ΔC represents the relative decrease of the minimum cooling demand among obtained Pareto solutions with respect to the base case. Graph at the bottom of each diagram represents Euclidean distance from each Pareto solution in one Pareto front to the closest Pareto solution in the other Pareto front. As the upper bound set on figure resolution may prevent distinguishing details of these diagrams, their enlarged versions are added in S1 File for easier viewing.