PPC specifically induces TNFα and IL-1β secretion and expression in adipocytes, but not in non-adipocytes.

3T3-L1 adipocytes, C2C12 myocytes, HUVEC, and fibroblast cells were treated with different concentrations (0–10 mg/mL) of PPC for 24 h. Culture media were used to measure TNFα (A) and IL-1β (B) secretion. TNFα and IL-1β mRNA expression was determined by quantitative real-time PCR analysis (C). Cell extracts were analyzed by Western blotting to determine TNFα and IL-1β expression (D). Culture media were used to measure IFNγ (E) secretion. Means ± SEM were calculated from three independent experiments. *** P P P < 0.05 compared to culture control.