Usually considered in the american context, philanthropy is the subject of a growing number of studies in France also. We here examine non-profits that are dedicated to health sciences, at the juncture of two distinct fields: history of medical research and history of charitable foundations. Our first objective is to list and describe these organizations: their actions, functioning and economic models. The second one is to interpret their expansion since the end of the 20th century – the number of French foundations all types combined doubled in 15 years, as did their assets and expenditures. New legal forms were created, most notably the endowment fund («fonds de dotation») in 2008, as legislation in this field developed. By encouraging to...