Semicanonical bases and preprojective algebras II: A multiplication formula

21 pages.International audienceLet $n$ be a maximal nilpotent subalgebra of a complex simple Lie algebra of type $A,D,E$. Lusztig has introduced a basis of U(n) called the semicanonical basis, whose elements can be seen as certain constructible functions on varieties of modules over a preprojective algebra of the same Dynkin type as $n$. We prove a formula for the product of two elements of the dual of this semicanonical basis, and more generally for the product of two evaluation forms associated to arbitrary modules over the preprojective algebra. This formula plays an important role in our work on the relationship between semicanonical bases, representation theory of preprojective algebras, and Fomin and Zelevinsky's theory of cluster algebras. It was inspired by recent results of Caldero and Keller