Biofortification of wheat with iron and zinc

U svijetu je više od 3 milijarde ljudi izloženo nedostatku mikroelemenata, pri čemu je nedostatak Fe vrlo čest u zemljama u razvoja dok je nedostatak Zn detektiran kao globalni problem. Najjednostavniji i najbrži način povećanja koncentracije u zrnu je agronomska biofortifikacija. Ciljevi istraživanja su utvrditi utjecaj sorte i aplikacije Fe i Zn u tlo ili folijarno na povećanje koncentracije u zrnu pšenice. Poljski pokus s 4 sorte ozime pšenice (Srpanjka, Divana, Katarina i Zdenka) proveden je tijekom dvije vegetacije na dva lokaliteta u Brodsko – posavskoj županiji uz 7 različitih tretamana aplikacije Fe i Zn (1. kontrola bez aplikacije, 2. aplikacija Fe u tlo, 3. Zn u tlo, 4. folijarno Fe, 5. folijarno Zn, 6. Fe+Zn u tlo i 7. Fe+Zn folijarno). Najveći prosječni prinos zrna ostvarile su sorte Katarina i Zdenka, slijedi Srpanjka te Divana s najnižim prinosom. Aplikacije Fe i Zn u tlo ili folijarno, nisu značajno utjecale na prinose zrna ili ukupne biološke prirode, ali su značajno utjecale na promjenu koncentracije Fe u zrnu. Najveća koncentracija Fe je ostvarena nakon folijarne aplikacije Fe, dok aplikacija Fe u tlo nije utjecala na koncentraciju Fe u zrnu. Najveća koncentracija Zn u zrnu ostvarena je nakon folijarne aplikacije Zn ili Fe+Zn, a najniže koncentracije Zn ostvarene su na kontrolnim tretmanima. U provedenim istraživanjima sorte pšenice su se značajno razlikovale po sadržaju fenola u zrnu, sorta Zdenka imala je značajno veću koncentraciju u odnosu na Srpanjku, Divanu i Katarinu. U sorti Divana utvrđen je značajno veći molarni omjer fitat/Fe nego u sorti Katarina, Zdenka ili Srpanjka. Najveći fitat/Zn omjer su imale Zdenka i Divana te Srpanjka, a najmanji sorta Katarina. Najveću ukupnu antiaksidativnu aktivnost je ostvarila sorta Zdenka, zatim sorte Divana i Katarina, a najmanju sorta Srpanjka. Aplikacije Fe i Zn nisu značajno utjecale na koncentraciju fenola i fitata u zrnu, no dokazan je značajan utjecaj na molarni odnos fitata/Fe i fitat/Zn u zrnu pšenice. Najveći je molarni odnos fitat/Fe zabilježen u kontrolnom tretmanu, a najniži odnos nakon folijarne aplikacije Fe i Fe+Zn. Najviši molarni odnos fitat/Zn ostvaren je u kontrolnom tretmanu, dok je najniži ostvaren nakon folijarne aplikacije Zn i Fe+Zn.More than 3 billion people in the world are exposed to the lack of important microelements, whereby the lack of Fe is very common in developing countries while the lack of Zn is detected as a global problem. The simplest and fastest way to increase the concentration of nutritional deficiencies in the grain is the agronomic fortification. The objectives of the study are to determine the influence of genotype and iron and zinc application in soil or foilar application on increasing the concentration in grain. The field experiment with 4 winter wheat varieties (Srpanjka, Divana, Katarina and Zdenka) was carried out during 2 vegetation in 2 sites in Brod - Posavina County with 7 treatments of Fe and Zn application (1. control without application, 2. application of Fe in soil, 3. Zn in soil, 4. foliar Fe, 5. foliar Zn, 6. Fe + Zn in soil and 7. Fe + Zn foilar). The highest average yield of grain was achieved by varieties Katarina and Zdenka, followed by Srpanjka and Divana with the lowest yield. Fe and Zn applications in soil or foliar have no significant effect on grain or biological yield. Fe and Zn applications in soil or foliar have significantly influenced the change of Fe concentration in the grain. The highest concentration of Fe in wheat grain was achieved after the Fe and Fe+Zn foliar application. The highest concentration of Zn in the grain was achieved after the Zn or Fe+Zn foliar application. The lowest concentration was achieved by control treatments. Research has been shown to have a significant effect on the Fe and Zn application in soil or foliar for Fe uptake ba yield of grain and vegetative parts. In the researches of wheat cultivars, there was a significant difference in the content of phenol in grain, where Zdenka varieties had a significantly higher concentration of phenol compared to Srpanjka, Divana and Katarina. Divana had a significantly higher concentration of phytate in grain than the varieties of Zdenka, Katarina and Srpanjka. Divana varieties also have a significantly higher molar ratio of phytate/Fe than in the varieties of Katarina, Zdenka or Srpanjka. The largest phytate/Zn ratio was in varities Zdenka, Divana and Srpanjka, and the smallest Katarina. Fe and Zn applications did not statistically significantly influence the concentration of phenol and phytate in wheat grains, but there was a significant influence on molar ratio of phytate/Fe and phytate/Zn in wheat grain. At this point, the highest molar ratio of phytate/Fe was observed in control treatment, the lowest ratio of phytate/Fe was achieved after Fe and Fe + Zn foliar applications. Also, the highest molar ratio of phytate/Zn was achieved in the control treatment and the lowest ratio of phytate/Zn was achieved after the Zn and Fe+Zn foliar application