Milk processing system and uses of milk products in Indonesia : Discussion on spread of milk processing techniques from milk cultural sphere to non milk cultural sphere

The milk processing system and uses of milk products were surveyed in Sumbawa and West Sumatra，Indonesia to understand those characteristics in Indonesia，and to discuss an origin of milking techniques in Indonesia. The milking is conducted from mares in Sumbawa and from water buffaloes in West Sumatra. In both these areas，the technique of fermented milk processing series is adopted such us the natural fermentation of raw milk by maintaining it under non-pasteurization conditions for 1 or 2 nights. Both raw milk and fermented milk are used as supplementary food and not considered part of the staple diet of the inhabitants of Sumbawa and West Sumatra. On the basis of the following observations， it is concluded that the milking techniques used in Indonesia are actually derived from those used in India: 1) the marked difference between the milking techniques，milk processing systems，and uses of milk products in Indonesia and those in northern Asian area，where milking from mares is conducted; 2) the similarity between the milking techniques， milk processing systems，and uses of milk products in Sumbawa and West Sumatra; 3) the long and close relationship between Indonesia and India through seaborne trade and the fact that the word dadih，which refers to a traditional Indonesian fermented milk product，finds its origin in India. Year-round reproductive activity in ruminants from regions that lie to the right of the equator and the abundance of plant-based foods in these regions are considered the core factors responsible for the failure of most of the milk processing techniques in Indonesia; consequently， Indonesians use milk products as supplementary food，a nd not as part of their regular diet.アジア，北アジア，中央アジア，南アジア，ヨーロッパ，アフリカの一部と，主に乾燥地を中心とした地域である(Fig.1)。 Fig. 1は， 15世紀をおおよその目安として作図されたものである。新大陸の北米・南米，アフリカの一部，オセアニア地域，東アジア，そして，東南アジアでは，伝統的に搾乳が行なわれてこなかったことが理解される。インドネシアも本来は乳文化圏ではなかった。しかし，東アジアでは斉民要術1)や本草鋼目2)などの古文書が示す通り，貴族集団で乳利用が薬的に利用されていた。非乳文化圏とされる地域での乳利用は，乳文化圏から非乳文化圏への乳利用の伝播や変遷を考察する上で極めて興味深い。インドネシアにおいても，スンバワ島において馬の搾乳が，スマトラ島においても水牛からの搾乳が行なわれている。そこで，インドネシアにおいて，1)乳加工体系とその特徴を把握し， 2)インドネシアにおける搾乳技術と乳利用の起原について考察するために，インドネシアの西ヌサ・卜ゥンガラ州のスンバワ島，スマトラ島の西スマトラ州において， 2010年10月29日-2010年11月5日まで合計5世帯で現地調査を行なった(Fig.2)。インタビューは，通訳を介してインドネシア語で乳加工の担当者に主に行なった