Optimizacija omrežja gozdnih cest v sredogorskih in gorskih naravnih gozdovih severne Bosne in Hercegovine

Sustainable forest management requires optimization of forest roads network. Optimization from the point of utilization of timber implies determination of optimal density and spatial layout of forest roads, and at the same time, it is necessary to justify social, cultural and protective forest functions and spatial management. The public natural forests of Northern Bosnia and Herzegovina (BIH) were object of observation and research, and they are naturally renewed from the seeds. It is the most important forest category from the point of quantity and quality of timber and biodiversity. The overall forest accessibility of forests in BIH is 10 m/ha, and density of forest roads in natural forests is 11 m/ha. These forest accessibilities are insufficient for sustainable forest management from the aspect of Forest … (1995) recommendations. Such state of overall and natural forests accessibility requires planning of new forest roads. Planning of new forest roads consists of planning of forest accessibility and designing of forest roads. This task requires analysis of actual forest roads network, determination of optimal density of forest roads, determination of suitability of forest area for the construction of forest roads and designing of forest roads in the end. Actual forest roads network analysis includes determination of forest road density, average skidding distance, relative forest accessibility and coefficient of efficiency of actual forest roads network. These indicators of forest accessibility are used for assessment of quantity and quality of actual forest roads network. Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) allows selection and evaluation of influential factors in relation to planning of forest roads. The tools of Geographic Information System (GIS) allow a complete spatial and statistical analysis and management of data collected from the forest management plans or being surveyed in the field, and obtained by analysis of Digital Terrain Model (DTM) and AHP method. Planning of forest roads was done in hilly Management Unit (the MU) Prosara and mountainous MU Bobija-Ribnik. Optimal density of forest roads was determined by minimization of total transportation cost, it ranges from 16 to 26.5 m/ha. These results showed that natural forests have potential for normal forest management.Za trajnostno gospodarjenje z gozdovi je potrebna tudi optimizacija omrežja gozdnih cest. Optimizacija z vidika rabe lesa pomeni opredelitev optimalne gostote in prostorske umestitve gozdnih cest, hkrati pa je treba zadostiti socialnim, kulturnim in varovalnim funkcijam gozda in upravljanja s prostorom. Raziskovalni objekt so bili državni naravni gozdovi severne Bosne in Hercegovine (BIH), ki se tudi naravno pomlajujejo. Ti gozdovi so najpomembnejši z vidika količine in kakovosti lesa ter biodiverzitete. Odprtost vseh gozdov v BIH znaša 10 m/ha, v naravnih gozdovih pa 11 m/ha. V smislu Forest … (1995) priporočil ti gozdovi niso dovolj odprti za trajnostno gospodarjenje. Trenutno stanje odprtosti naravnih gozdov zahteva načrtovanje novih gozdnih cest. Načrtovanje novih gozdnih cest vsebuje načrtovanje odprtosti gozda in projektiranje gozdnih cest. Ta naloga zahteva analizo obstoječega omrežja gozdnih cest, določanje optimalne gostote gozdnih cest in projektiranje gozdnih cest. Analiza obstoječega omrežja gozdnih cest vsebuje izračun obstoječe gostote gozdnih cest, izračun povprečne spravilne razdalje, izračun relativne odprtosti gozda ter koeficient učinkovitosti obstoječega omrežja gozdnih cest. Vsi našteti indikatorji odprtosti gozda so bili uporabljeni za ocenjevanje obsega in kakovosti obstoječega omrežja gozdnih cest. Analitični hierarhični proces (AHP) omogoča izbor in evalvacijo vplivnih dejavnikov na načrtovanje gozdnih cest. Orodja Geografskega Informacijskega Sistema (GIS) omogočajo popolno prostorsko in statistično analizo ter obdelavo podatkov pridobljenih iz gozdnogospodarskih načrtov ali lastnih terenskih meritev pridobljenih z analizo Digitalnega Modela Reliefa (DMR) in AHP metode. Zgoščevanje omrežja gozdnih cest je bilo izvedeno v hribovitih razmerah GGE Prosara ter gorskih razmerah GGE Bobija – Ribnik. Optimalna gostota gozdnih cest, ki smo jo opredelili z minimalnimi transportnimi stroški, se je gibala med 16 in 26.5 m/ha. Rezultati kažejo, da imajo naravni gozdovi potecial za normalno gospodarjenje