Large-scale paleoceanographic variations in the western Mediterranean Sea during the last 34,000 years : from enhanced cold-water coral growth to declining mounds

Quantitative and qualitative analyses of cold-water coral (CWC) fragments from two sediment cores obtained from the Melilla Mounds Field (MMF) in the Alboran Sea, western Mediterranean Sea, reveal an alternation of periods dominated by distinct CWC species. The lower parts of the cores are dominated by the CWC species Lophelia pertusa, which is successively replaced in the upper parts by the species Madrepora oculata and Dendrophyllids. The transition in the macrofauna coincides with a characteristic change in the benthic foraminiferal assemblage. Benthic foraminiferal assemblage BFAglacmi, in accordance with benthic (Cibicides lobetulus) and planktic (Globigerina bulloides) delta C-13 and delta O-18 values provide evidence for generally high surface productivity, cold and well-ventilated bottom waters lasting from the end of Marine Isotope Stage 3 (33.3 ka BP) reaching a maximum at the transition Allerod-Younger-Dryas. Together with delta C-13 of the organic carbon and Rock-Eval pyrolysis, benthic foraminiferal assemblage BFA(interglacial) established since the Early Holocene indicates that the MMF experienced a decrease in bottom-water energy that caused an organic carbon-enrichment in the sediments and also depleted oxygen waters. Compared to the pre-Holocene interval dominated by the planktic foraminifera Neogloboquadrina incompta and the benthic foraminiferal assemblage BFAglacial/the organic carbon deposited during the Holocene in the MMF contains more refractory components in relation to sea-level rise and modern oceanographic configuration. Based on our data, we suggest that L. pertusa has a higher ecological requirement than M. oculata and Dendrophyllids especially with regard to oxygen and nutrient availability