College to Work Transition and Human Resource Development of the Youth(Ⅰ)

본 원에서 수행된 연구에서는 대학교육만족도 조사에 기초해서 대학교육의 실태와 이러한 실태가 청년층의 노동시장 이행과 어떻게 연관되고 있는지를 살펴보았고, 청년층의 노동이동 실태를 최근 이슈 중심으로 심층 분석하였다. 또한 대학교육과 노동시장 요구간의 간극을 메워주는 계속교육훈련의 실태에 대해서도 분석하고 있다. 한국노동경제학회에서는 대학재학생의 취업준비 실태를 중심으로, 그리고 한국교육개발원 에서는 대졸 청년층의 전공취업 문제와 관련하여 심층적인 연구가 이루어졌다.1. Data Data for the analyses made in this study draw on numerous sources. First, data from a survey of the cohort of 2001 Spring graduates has been used for analysis. In the survey, graduates have been surveyed with regard to their satisfaction with the quality of college education and its labor market outcomes. Second, data has been drawn from a survey of those who are enrolled in colleges in 2005. Third, a merged data of the register of 2001 Spring graduates and their records in the Employment Insurance DB has been used. Another source of data used in this study draws on the Labor Force Status Survey of 2004 graduates of Junior colleges and Universities, which has been conducted in another study at KRIVET. Lastly, an analysis has been made based on the Employment Statistics Survey of Graduates from Higher Educational Institutions in 2005, which is a national survey by KEDI(Korean Educational Development Institute) where all the graduates in 2005 are surveyed. In the following, we summarize major results of analyses based on these datasets. 2. Satisfaction of the Graduates with College Education Overall satisfaction of 4-year college graduates with quality of college education scores 3.1 out of 5. Satisfaction scores are lower than the average in those area such as 'Do colleges provide chances to explore the world of work?', and 'Is there an emphasis on applications and practicality in class?'. This suggests that college education needs to be improved to strengthen the practical side, focusing more on growing the vocational competencies of the graduates. The results also show that those who have improved their occupational skills at colleges have better chances of employment upon graduation. Also, in the survey of college students who are enrolled at colleges in 2005, students answer that college education does not play as an important role in preparing for work as it should. In the survey of 2001 college graduates, many answer that they would choose a different college and take a different major if they have a chance to enter a college again. These results all point to that there is a need that college education needs to be re-engineered to more focus on practical education. From a viewpoint of international comparison, the level of satisfaction of college graduates of Korea with college education is far lower than that of those countries such as U.K., Netherland, and slightly lower than that of Nordic countries such as Sweden and Finland. It is slightly higher than Germany and France, and far above than that of Italy and Spain. However, this comparison should be taken with reservation though, because although the survey made in Korea tried to emulate the surveys made in the countries listed above, the time point and universe of the Korean survey is rather different from those of other surveys. 3. Gap between the level of skills at graduation and demand in the Labor Market The gap between the level of skills owned by graduates at graduation and the level of skills demanded in the labour markets is an important indicator that tells how well the college education prepares the graduates for the world of work. First, the overall level of job skills of 2001 college graduates at the time of graduation averages to 3.4 out of 5. The gap between the level of job skills owned by graduates at graduation and that demanded at work averages to 0.6. From the viewpoint of international comparison, the level of skills owned by graduates in Korea is the lowest among the countries surveyed except for Japan. However, the level of skills demanded at work in Korea is as high as in other countries. In other words, the gap between the level of skills owned by graduates at graduation and the level of skills demanded at work is larger in Korea than in other countries. This shows that college education in Korea needs a major improvement when it comes to preparing the graduates for the world of work. Meanwhile, continuing education and training is expected to fill the gap between the skills owned at graduation and those demanded at work. However, this is found not to be the case among the graduates in Korea. Those who have higher skills at graduation and those who have scored higher in Student Aptitude Test to enter the college have higher probability to participate in continuing vocational training after graduation. This result holds even when other control variables are introduced into the logistic model where the possibility to take part in additional vocational training is estimated. This represents a problem since additional vocational education is supposed to fill the shortage between what they learned at school and what it is required at work. However, the result on the graduates show that a polarization is taking place in chances getting additional vocational training among the graduates, thereby continuing education and training(CET) is playing a role of widening the gap between those who have higher level of employability and those who have lower level of employabilty. This result suggests that a policy measure needs to be taken to strengthen the function of continuing education and training among the youth so that it can narrow the gap between those who have and those who have not...요 약 제1장 서론 제1절 연구 필요성 및 목적 1 제2절 주요 연구 내용 3 제2장 청년실업의 실태와 원인 제1절 청년실업 현황 6 제2절 청년실업의 원인 10 1. 질적 담보 없는 고학력화의 급전진 11 2. 노동시장과의 연계가 미흡한 교육훈련시스템 14 3. 청년층의 높은 눈높이 17 4. 채용 구조의 변화 19 5. 이중노동시장 23 제3장 대학 재학생의 취업준비 실태 제1절 조사 개요 26 제2절 대학교육의 취업지원 27 제3절 대학생의 취업준비 노력 30 제4절 대학생의 취업관 41 제5절 대학생의 재학중 취업준비 및 만족도 결정요인 분석 45 제6절 요약 및 시사점 50 제4장 대졸 청년층의 대학교육 만족도와 요구 제1절 대학교육에 대한 평가 54 1. 대학의 교육 충실도 54 2. 대학교육에 대한 만족도 55 3. 대학 졸업 당시의 능력 수준 59 4. 대학교육에 대한 전반적인 평가 68 제2절 대학교육에 대한 요구 74 1. 대학교육이 지향해야 할 방향 74 2. 대학교육 중 강화해야 할 내용 76 3. 직업기초능력의 직업에서 중요도와 괴리 정도 77 제3절 대학졸업 후의 계속교육훈련 84 1. 대학 졸업 후 계속교육훈련 참여에 영향을 미치는 요인 84 2. 계속교육훈련의 내용 91 제4절 요약 및 시사점 96 제5장 대학교육과 청년층의 노동시장 이행 제1절 정규직으로의 취업 102 제2절 하향취업 113 제3절 전공취업 123 1. 「대졸 청년층의 대학교육 만족도와 직업에 관한 조사」자료의 분석 123 2. 「2005년도 고등교육기관 졸업자 취업통계조사」자료의 분석 131 제4절 임금수준 144 제5절 요약 및 정책적 시사점 146 제6장 대졸 청년층의 노동이동 제1절 과잉교육과 청년층 노동이동 152 1. 과잉교육의 정의 및 측정방법 153 2. 자료 및 변수의 구성 154 3. 실증분석 결과 158 4. 결론 및 정책적 시사점 170 제2절 기업규모와 청년층 노동이동 172 1. 문제제기 173 2. 기업규모별 노동이동의 유형화 173 3. 노동이동 유형에 영향을 주는 요인 178 4. 중소기업에서 대기업으로 이동 가능성 188 5. 요약 및 시사점 197 제3절 대졸 이공계 청년층의 노동이동 198 1. 문제 제기 198 2. 취업회수, 이직회수 200 3. 직종 및 업종 이동 203 4. 지역이동 205 5. 직장 이동과 노동의 지위 변화 209 6. 직장이동 요인 분석 211 7. 이공계 대졸 청년층의 전공직종일치 214 8. 결론 228 제7장 결론 1. 대학교육만족도 232 2. 졸업시 능력과 노동시장 요구와의 괴리 233 3. 대학교육과 현재의 취업성과 234 4. 과잉교육의 문제 236 5. 중소기업 취업 후 대기업으로의 이동 가능성 237 6. 이공계 대졸 청년층의 노동이동 237 SUMMARY 239 부표 249 대학생의 취업준비활동에 대한 실태조사 262 대졸 청년층의 대학교육 만족도와 직업에 관한 조사 269 참고문헌 30