Soviet experience in Islamic countries: lessons from the past and the case of Afghanistan, by Alexandre Bennigsen and Chantal Lemercier-Quelquejay The Soviets have obviously not succeeded in adapting to Afghanistan the strategy which had worked so well in Central Asia among somewhat similar populations. The first explanation of the errors they have committed in Afghanistan are firstly ignorance of the real conditions of the country and secondly an under-estimation of its capacities for resisting. In fact, they have failed to take advantage of ethnical and religious rivalry (thereby risking to provoke an explosion of true Afghan national feeling, outcome of common resistance) and put a stop to the solidarity between urban resistance and rur...