International audienceVoegelin often cites Bergson’s Two Sources of Morality and Religion. For both thinkers, the openness of society to mankind cannot be achieved without a spiritual mediation. But this apparent agreement hides substantial differences, due to the fact that, in the 1930s, Voegelin has already developed from other sources his own “open-closed” conceptual pair. One of the major differences is that, for Voegelin, the primitive society, far from being a “closed” society, is a “very opened society”. The shift does not operates at the level of the fundamental experience of the soul, but at the level of the articulation of symbols. The “open society” designates a perennial anthropological structure: thus, the “closed society” does...