Phylogenomic structure of Oenococcus oeni and its occurrence in different products unveiled by comparative genomics and metabolomics

Oenococcus oeni is the main lactic acid bacteria found in spontaneous malolactic fermentation (MLF) of wine. During MLF, malic acid is converted into lactic acid, modulating wine’s acidity and improving its taste. The metabolic activity of O. oeni also produces changes in the composition of wine, modifying its aromatic profile. Previous studies have suggested that the species is divided in two major phylogenetic groups, namely A and B. We have examined O. oeni under comparative genomics approaches by the aid of bioinformatics tools developed in-place, unveiling the existence of more phylogenetic groups of O. oeni than previously thought. Moreover, our results suggest that certain groups are domesticated to specific products such as red wine, white wine, champagne and cider. This phenomenon is visible at different levels of the strains’ genomes: sequence identity, genomic signatures, and group-specific features such as presence/absence of genes and unique mutations. With the aim of understanding the impact of group-specific genomic features on the species adaptation to different products, we have selected a set of strains isolated from the same region, but belonging to two different genetic groups and adapted either to red wine, either to white wine. An integrated analysis of genomic and metabolomic data reveals that the genomic features of each genetic group have an impact on the strains adaptation to their respective niches, affecting the composition of the volatile fraction of win