Climate change impact on plant pathogens and plant disease

The effects of climate change on plant pathogens and the diseases they cause have been examined in some pathosystems. Predicted climatic changes are expected to affect pathogen development and survival rates and modify host susceptibility, resulting in changes in the impact of diseases on crops. The effects of these climatic changes will differ by pathosystem and geographical region. These changes may affect not only the optimal conditions for infection but also host specificity and mechanisms of plant infection. We describe research into the effects of changes in temperature, carbon dioxide and ozone concentrations, precipitation and drought on the biology of pathogens and their ability to infect plants and survive in natural and agricultural environments. Changing abiotic conditions will also affect the microclimate surrounding plants and the susceptibility of plants to infection. These changing conditions are expected to affect microbial communities in the soil and canopy pathosystems, possibly altering the currently observed beneficial effects of these communities. Because both pathogens and host plants will be affected by the changing climate, dramatic changes in the magnitude of disease expression in a given pathosystem, the geographical distribution of particular plant diseases, the economic importance of particular diseases in a given location, and the set of diseases that challenge each crop are expected. These changes will affect the measures farmers use to effectively manage disease, as well as the feasibility of particular cropping systems in particular region