Improvement of systemic insulin sensitivity.

<p>Male C57BL/6J mice, at 5–6 weeks of age, were fed a high-fat diet for 12 weeks and supplemented with palmitoleate (PO) or bovine serum albumin (BSA) via oral gavages for the last 4 weeks. (A) Insulin tolerance tests (ITT). (B) Area under curve (AUC) was calculated based on ITT. (C) Glucose tolerance tests (GTT). (D) AUC was calculated based on GTT. For A and C, mice were fasted for 4 hrs and received an intraperitoneal injection of insulin (1 U/kg) (A) or glucose (2 g/kg) (C). (E) Hepatic levels of triglycerides. (F) Liver NF-κB p65 and phospho-p65 (Ser468). For A – E, data are means ± SE, n = 4–6. ^†, <i>P</i><0.05 and ^††, <i>P</i><0.01 palmitoleate vs. BSA (in B, D, and E) for the same time point (in A and C).