A conceptual diagram based on generalization from many numerical results, depicting the effect of intra and inter-host fitness on realized fitness.

<p>(A) The realized fitness is a saturating function of intra-host fitness and an exponential function of inter-host fitness. As a result of the different nature of the two curves, RPS like dynamics results which is depicted schematically in (B). Arrows indicate the direction of evolutionary change. Mutants with slightly higher copy numbers can invade lower copy number plasmids owing to higher intra-host fitness. As a result the mean copy number increases, however the effect of intra-host fitness is saturating and therefore at a certain stage the reducing positive increment in realized fitness is over-compensated by increasing negative contribution of inter-host fitness difference. At this stage a low copy number plasmid can back invade resulting into a cyclic evolutionary dynamics.