X4 and R5-infected THP1 undergo autophagy.

<p>THP1 were cocultured for 3 days with parental HEK cells (NI = not infected), or with HEK cells transfected with X4 NL4-3 or R5 NL4-Ad8 DNA constructs that produce infectious virions. Cells were examined by TEM by 2 independent investigators. At least two independent experiments were done. The upper graph indicates the percentage of autophagic cells. The presence of intact virions and the number of autophagosomes in the target cell sections were also analyzed. Enlargements of viruses and autophagosomes from cells exposed to viruses are shown.